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o Resource production is essential for society. o Demand for resources will increase as population grows.o Resource industries are the main consumer of trained geologists.o The lead time from(1) training to productivity(2) research to resource production is measured in years.o An adequate supply of well trained geologists and successful geological research is an important agent in ensuring cost effective, adequate supply of mineral resources for society. Therefore the main beneficiary of geological education is society itself.o Society is paradoxically apathetic or antagonistic to the resource industry because (1) it represents change(2) lobby groups working for other causes have successfully moulded a bogey man image for the resource industry in the public eye.Professional training and research for resource industries consequently lack popular support. Funding is at an absurdly low level in comparison with the economic importance of resource supply.

Jan 1, 1990

Develop a user-friendly, personal computer-based numerical modeling program that performs structural analyses of underground tabular deposits, making these readily available to the mining industry. Background When ore is extracted from an underground mine, the overburden weight is redistributed to unmined areas, recompacted gob zones, and artificial structures such as packwalls and/or cribs. This redistribution of stresses continually changes throughout the mining cycle and can be especially complicated when multiple-seam mining is involved. Numerical mine structural analysis methods provide a way of calculating the redistribution of overburden stresses and the resulting loading for any given area of an underground mine, thus enabling engineers to design safer and more productive mines. In 1973 Crouch and Fairhurst developed a mine structural analysis computer program called MINSIM. This computer program was based on the three-dimensional displacement-discontinuity approach, a subvariation of the boundary-element method. In 1979 Sinha expanded MINSIM's capability to provide an analysis of parallel multiple seams. Sinha called his program MULSIM. During 1984 and 1985, the Bureau of Mines upgraded and completely restructured MULSIM into what is now called MULSIM/BM.

Jan 1, 1990

Structural Controls Interpretation of regional aeromagnetics, radiometrics and satellite image data has identified three structural domains (fig 2): The Fairyland Domain: a general N - S structural trend. The Cracow Domain: a general NW - SE structural trend. The Bald Mountain Domain: a general N- S structural trend. Known mineralisation is confined to the Cracow Domain in which there occurs two major NW - SE trending fault zones. The Cracow Fault Zone (CFZ) and the Immy Creek Fault Zone (ICFZ). Enhanced detail of the CFZ (fig 3) shows three main structural trends within it: NW-SE structures which include the mineralised White Hope South fault zone and the Golden Mile fault zone. NE-SW structures which have an influence on mineralisation in the Orange Creek, Fernyside and Golden Plateau areas. N-S structures comprising several major structural zones.

Jan 1, 1990

By Jeff W. Butwell

Mill flotation tailings impounded at the Gooseberry Mine site between 1976 and 1984 were determined to be an economic source of gold and silver recoverable by standard heap leach technology in conjunction with feed agglomeration. Metal recovery at 85 percent Au, 75 percent Ag is attained on properly agglomerated (pelletized) tailings which average 85 percent -75 micron. Because the impounded tailings averaged over 18 percent moisture (32 percent moisture maximum at depth) in place behind the storage dam, the mining method, mixing and agglomeration technique, and materials handling practice were major considerations in making this operation a financial success.

Jan 1, 1990

By Ed D. Doney

Based on the subsidence data collected through a comprehensive subsidence monitoring program con: ducted over two longwall panels in an Illinois coal mine, mathematical models have been proposed for predicting final and dynamic subsidence in the Illinois coal basin.

Jan 1, 1990

The Great lady gold deposit presented the challenge of providing a new grade control system for an usual type of orebody in the Eastern Goldfields. Mineralisation occurs as secondary enrichment about a quartz sand - granite saprolite contact 30m below surface. The ore horizon, which averaged 2.5m thickness, was near-horizontally disposed in contrast to the typical steeply dipping, shear hosted deposits of the region. A trial mining operation was undertaken on the richest, most continuous portion of the deposit to test the economic viability of this type of orebody. Controlling and minimising vertical ore dilution was considered crucial to the profitability of the operation.An understanding of the grade distribution combined with the practicalities of mining produced a grade control system which allowed for the mining of 1/2rn composited grades on level lm benches. Ore mining was combined with strict monitoring of levels, truck destinations and ore boundaries. Ore reconciliation results showed this system to be effective.

Jan 1, 1990

By D. W. I. Griffiths, J. C. Bélanger

"La Division Matagami de Minéraux Noranda inc. a profité de la construction de sa nouvelle mine (Isle-Dieu) pour continuer sa modernisation.L'utilisation d'automates programmables (PLC) s'est intensifiée pour contrôler et automatiser de plus en plus d'équipement dans ses minessouterraines, au concentrateur, dans les atelierset bureaux.Tous les PLC comrnuniquent entre eux et les IBM PC sont utilisespour exterioriser l'information et faire Ie lien entre Ie personnel et les automates. Le système Central IBM 36 emmagasine les donnees traitees par lesPLC (a travers les PC). Ces donnees sont transmisesau programme d'entretien de chaque equipement et compile les heures, cycles, tonnes, etc., fait imprimer automatiquement les feuilles d'entretien préventif ', etc.Les principales realisations adate et en progrès pour la mine Isle-Dieu sont:• automation complète du système de remblayage du concentrateur ala mine Isle-Dieu situee a2 km de la mine principale;• automation du fonctionnnement des ventilateurs qui comprendra la position des portes de ventilation, Ie chauffage, Ie débit, etc.;• automation des pompes, surveillance des sous stat ions électriques, concentration des gas (CO, SO2) à chaque niveau en tout temps et du propane à l'entree d'air frais;• tonnage et cycles par Ie treuil; et• contrôle d'autres équipernents à differénts niveaux. D'autres travaux furent egalement effectues par les employes, tels que:• la conversion d'un Scooptram ST5A de diesel à électrique;• I'installation complete de systèmes de depoussierage a I'eau (scrubber) pour le concassage secondaire;• I'installation d'un marteau hydraulique avant les concasseurs coniques;• la rénovation des cellules de flottation ; et• l'installation d'un système de gardiennage par caméra. D'autres projets seront effectués ou étudiés:• automation d'un Scooptram"";• automation d'un marteau hydraulique;• récupération de Scooptrarn; téléguidé:• gestion de l'énergie, contrôle de la demande, surveillance et contrôle de l'équipernent de machines fixes(compresseurs, boulloires, pompes à vide, génératrices, débits et pression d'air, eau pour diagnostiquer les problémes, analyser les coûts;• concasseur portatif pour fabriquer de la pierre concassée pour utiliser dans les chemins sous-terre, et• utilisation de micro-ondes pour transmettre les images captées par camera."

Jan 1, 1990

Improve the effectiveness of person-wearable self-contained self rescuer (PWSCSR) training by enhancing the memory retention of trainees in proper donning procedures. Background In the fall of 1989, a total of 185 miners and inspectors were trained by Bureau of Mines personnel to don the SR-100 PWSCSR using the Bureau's 3+3 method. With the exception of a few individuals, miners were trained underground in an area set up within their working sections. The instructional protocol was as follows: (1) after placing an SR-100 simulator (equipped with a cleaned and disinfected mouthpiece assembly) on the mine floor in front of the worker, a researcher guided him or her step-by-step through the complete donning procedure, (2) the miner was required to perform each step slowly, methodically, and correctly while being talked through the sequence, (3) following this pre-practice instruction, the apparatus was repacked and the subject donned the device without coaching, while being evaluated, (4) if an error was made, the worker received corrective feedback, the unit was repacked, and the entire donning trial was redone. This procedure was repeated until the miner achieved a perfect 3+3 sequence.

Jan 1, 1990

In 1975 the US Bureau of Mines (BOM) under contract with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), began a systematic mineral resource evaluation of Indian reservations in the United States. The purpose of the BIA/BOM program was to stimulate economic development on Indian lands through exploration and mining ventures with the mining industry. Since that time, 109 phase I reports (literature studies) and nearly 45 phase II and phase III (field studies) reports have been written by the BOM. The various tribes in conjunction with the BIA have access to these reports for decision making regarding mineral resource development.

Jan 1, 1990

By Mules GJ

Geotechnical investigations have played a key role in influencing decisions for development of the Porgera Gold Project in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Porgera is located 130 km west-northwest of Mt. Hagen in steep mountainous terrain with high rainfall. Much of the site is underlain by weak mudstone of the Chim Formation and creeping colluvial soils. Landsliding is common on the steeper slopes and in the valley floors. Structures have had to be sited to avoid areas susceptible to these movements. Early stage feasibility investigations included studies of tailings dam and waste rock dump sites, processing plant sites and hydroelectriic schemes. Further studies, leading into the design stage included the Enga Highway upgrading, water supply and power supply schemes. As construction for the project proceeds geotechnical input remains at a high level, with emphasis now on maintaining viable stable sites and refining data on which designs were based.

Jan 1, 1990

By Olson H, Kincaid R

The marine portion of the Pacific Basin and Rim constitutes a significant part of the world's surface in which the mineral resources are virtually undeveloped. Indications of substantial resources have resulted in speculation and uncertainty with regard to their potential in the near term. The main issues are centered on the markets for the resource materials, the technology needs for their recovery, and the possible impacts of their development on the environment. While the governments of Japan, France, the Soviet Union, India, China, and Korea are financing new programs in deep ocean mining, the US is consolidating its early leadership by the continuation of NOAA's authority under the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act and the Sea Grant Act, Interior's authority under the outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, and by the development of a new Marine Minerals Technology Center within the Department of Interior's mineral institutes program, managed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The Center has a Continental Shelf Division (CSD) located in Mississippi, and an Oceans Basin Division (OBD) located in Hawaii. Research and training in the divisions is directed toward the practical aspects of mineral recovery from the nearshore and deep ocean environments with a strong bias for the OBD toward industrial and international cooperative programs in the Pacific Basin and Rim. In terms of resource development, the marine minerals in the Pacific Basin may be favored in some cases, in competition with land sources, by political and environmental considerations.

Jan 1, 1990

By R. C. Bunge

A magnetogravimetric separation is the consequence of two competing forces with opposing directions, i.e., magnetic buoyancy and gravitation (or centrifugal force). While magnetic buoyancy is a function of particle volume, gravitational force depends on particle mass, thus permitting a separation according to specific gravity. Since magnetic buoyancy is not a phenomenon of common knowledge, this chapter is meant to briefly introduce the theory of magnetogravimetric separations. A particle that is suspended in a magnetic fluid which is exposed to an inhomogeneous magnetic field experiences a repulsive force -the so called magnetic buoyancy. In order to illustrate this effect, an analogy with the more familiar hydrostatic buoyancy is drawn. Hydrostatic buoyancy occurs due to unsymmetrical pressure distribution 'above' and 'below' a suspended particle (fig. 1).

Jan 1, 1990

Mr Philipus Albertus von Wieligh, a former President of the Chamber of Mines and Executive Director of Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company, died in Johannesburg on Thursday, 28th December, 1989. He is survived by his widow, a daughter, and two grandchildren. Mr Von Wieligh served the mining industry for 45 years. The P.A. von Wieligh Park in Hilshaven on the West Rand is named after him.

Jan 1, 1990

By Hinde J. S

The Fitzpatrick Orebody is a three and a half million tonne fault bounded portion of the early-middle Proterozoic Broken Hill Orebody.The Fitzpatrick Orebody was discovered in 1975 by diamond drilling from the 36 Level Exploratory Drive. This followed persistent geologically oriented exploration and a courageous decision by mine management to deepen No. 3 Shaft to provide exploratory development across the Globe Vauxhall Shear and allow effective drilling of the target area.The stratiforrn oebody consists of three lenses, the lead rich No. 2 and 3 Lenses and smaller zinc lode. They represent a down plunge extension and boudinaged, fault-bounded portion of the main Broken Hill ore lenses. The surrounding host rocks are extensively faulted and jointed due to complex history of movement on the bounding shears. This results in extremely poor ground conditions during mining. The ore was delineated for mining development using three dimensional fan drilling from exploratory and hanging wall drive drill sites.

Jan 1, 1990

Professor R.F. Sandenbergh matriculated at Germiston Afrikaans High School, and then he obtained the degrees of B.Eng. (Chem.) in 1972, M.Eng. (Chem.) in 1975, and D.Eng. (Met.) in 1983-all from the University of Pretoria. Mr J.A.D. Britz matriculated in 1958 at the Roodepoort Hoerskool, and joined the mining industry in 1959 as a student mine official at the Rand Mines Training Centre. Mr J.A. Cruise matriculated at Durban High School and joined Union Corporation as a Learner Official in 1962. He was awarded a scholarship to read for B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in mining engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand

Jan 1, 1990

By R. Watts, R. A. Laybourne

This paper describes how a 'mined out' coalfield is being mined successfully by opencast methods. The coalfield is that at New Vaal Colliery, which is situated in the Vereeniging-Vanderbijlpark-Sasolburg industrial complex. Al three coal seams at New Vaal had been mined previously, when the better-quality coal had been removed. The coal-preparation plant at New Vaal, which is also described, supplies coal to the 3600 MW Lethabo Power Station. The Colliery has been designed to supply 600 million sales tons of coal over its forty-year life.

Jan 1, 1990

High interest to basic-ultrabasic rocks is ex-plained by their specific, sutural, geotectonic po-sition and by deep level of generation of ultraba-sic magmas. These two factors allow us to treat this group of rocks as valuable source of informa-tion about the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth. Basic-ultrabasic xenolith series is another source of information about the interior of the Earth. Detailed studies of the xenolith series give valuable material to geologists as to how endogenic deposits are fed and what is their source.Besides, the interest is explained by attempts to understand the relationship between basic-ultra-basic complexes and deposits of metalliferous and non-metalliferous mineral material.Absence of genetic boundaries in manifestation of metalliferous and non-metalliferous minerals, their temporal and spatial relationship allow us to treat the minerogenesis of ultrabasic complexes as a result of one ore-forming process manifested in Koryak-Kamchatsky, Sakhalin-Japanese, Ryukyu-Korean and Taiwan-Philippines island arc systems which re-present, in the opinion of the authors, one eastern Asian chain of the Pacific ore belt (Radkevich, 11)87).

Jan 1, 1990

In discussing the Asia-Pacific region weare talking about a region which has more than 60% of the world's population, a regional economy which will in 10 years be larger than the European Economic Community, and a group of countries with some of the highest electricity generation growth rates in the world. It is economically the most dynamic region in the world.

Jan 1, 1990

By Rudolf E. Greuer, Linneas W. Laage, Xinton Chang

Data or input files are used to describe the mine's ventilation system and physical characteristics necessary for ventilation calculations as well as the physical or mechanical disturbance to be modeled and simulated Data files are organized into lines of categories or groups of information Each line contains multiple sets of information or data items Data lines are read by the program, and the data items provide information to the program variables The data file is in American Standard Code for Informa¬tion Interchange (ASCII) format, sometimes called a DOS text format Creation or modification of a data file is accomplished with text editor software Most word pro¬cessors are also capable of making the required ASCII type files A sample data file and its associated output are included in appendix B. When selecting software for editing the data files, the user should be aware that the software will also be used for viewing the output of the simulation The output file can be quite large (several megabytes), if a lengthy simulation is performed The output can be sent to a printer for a hardcopy fisting, however, the user should also be aware that most printers currently used with PC's print at rates of 100 to 300 characters per second and large output files may take several hours to print Viewing the output with a text editor can save much time and paper DATA FILE MANAGEMENT The data files describing the event and mine to be simulated can reside either on a floppy disk or in a directory on the hard disk drive When the program starts, the user is prompted for the data file location and name The user response is in the form of a standard DOS path and file name For example, if the data file is on a floppy disk located in drive B and the disk has a directory MYMINE with the data file MYDATA DAT in that directory, then, at the prompt

Jan 1, 1990

By Travis Q. Lyday

Australia was one of the world's principal producers of minerals and metals, and its minerals industry was a leading catalyst in promoting growth of the country. Australia was the world's largest producer of alumina, bauxite, diamond, ilmenite, monazite, opal, rutile, sapphire, and zircon. It was the premier exporter of alumina, coal, ilmenite, refined lead, monazite, rutile, and zircon, and was the second leading exporter of iron ore, after Brazil. Ranking behind China, the United States, the U.S.S.R., the German Democratic Republic, Poland, and the Federal Re-public of Germany, Australia was the seventh largest producer of coal (all grades) in the world. Australia was the fourth largest gold producer in 1988, after the Republic of South Africa, the Soviet Union, and the United States. It was the second largest producer of zinc, the third largest producer of nickel, the fourth largest producer of uranium, and the seventh largest producer of copper. 2 The country's mineral wealth was so extraordinary that it was virtually self-sufficient in most mineral commodities. Endowed with abundant resources of coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and uranium, Australia was one of the few market economy countries that was a net exporter of mineral fuels. About 90% of Australia's consumption of crude oil was supplied by domestic production; this was expected to decline significantly about 1990, unless significant new oilfields were discovered.

Jan 1, 1990