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By Greg J. Hasenfus, Allison M. Haines, Joshua M. Silvis

The floodable volume of longwall gob can be of great importance in developing accurate coal mine operation plans, particularly for mine water management and environmental control strategies. Given the inaccessibility and difficulty in direct measurement of gob characteristics following gob recompression, hydrologic, geomechanical, and spatial data and principles were used to solve for the porosity and height of the residual gob using a mathematical model framework and bulking-based techniques. Based on this approach, gob porosity of Appalachian longwalls appears to be tighter than previously reported, ranging between 4.99 and 14.31%. Residual gob height, as normalized with respect to mine extraction height, ranges between 1.90 and 2.45. A novel, bedding-based bulking approach is ampliative with respect to existing roof caving and bulking fundamentals, as it has greater explanatory value compared with the traditional, lithologic-based bulking application. The efficacy of using the residual gob characteristics determined by the mathematical model and bedding-based bulking is examined using a causal comparative method, whereby time series prediction of historical groundwater rebound is compared with observed mine pool elevation data. Prediction accuracy is significantly improved using a prototype model to calculate void volume of longwall gob, specifically, the dependence of porosity of the gob material upon the longwall width to overburden depth ratio for movement basins of subcritical and critical panel widths. The potential implication of these findings toward hydrologic, geomechanical, and ventilation studies of longwall gob could be significant.

Aug 13, 2021

By R. Simon, P. Pagé, L. Li, P. Yang

The Mathews-Potvin stability method is widely used in the Canadian mining industry as a starting point to determine the maximum dimensions of mine stopes. However, it cannot be applied to inclined (more frequently encountered) mine stopes without conducting numerical modelling to obtain the stress factor A, defined as a function of the ratio of unconfined compressive strength of intact rock to the induced principal stress on the exposed stope walls. The need to conduct numerical modelling significantly limits the application of the Mathews-Potvin method. In addition, given its empirical nature and main application for preliminary design, it is deemed undesirable to conduct numerical modelling, especially elaborate modelling. Alternatively, theoretical methods can provide a much simpler and quicker way to estimate stresses around stopes and the corresponding stress factors. Over the years, a large number of studies have been conducted to estimate stresses around openings excavated with various crosssections. However, theoretical or graphical solutions remain unavailable for mine stopes that typically consist of horizontal floor and roof, and two parallel inclined walls (hangingwall and footwall). To remedy this situation, a series of numerical simulations is first performed for openings with vertical and inclined walls, including typical stopes commonly encountered in underground mines. A group of empirical solutions is then formulated to estimate the induced principal stresses at the roof centre and mid-height of the stope walls. The validity and predictability of the proposed solution have been verified using additional numerical simulations. The proposed solution can thus be used to calculate stresses and the resultant stress factors A around typical mine stopes with any inclination angle and height to width ratio, under any in-situ stress state, without conducting numerical modelling.

Aug 1, 2021

By P. C. Pistorius, D. Kruger, Y. Kacar

Because of its superior properties, stainless steel has been widely used for many applications. Nonmetallic inclusions can influence the quality of stainless steel products. A set of samples was used to track the response of inclusion composition during processing of a heat of titanium-bearing 18% chromium steel, from deoxidation after decarburization, to the solidified slab. The oxide inclusions responded as expected to additions of deoxidizers and calcium treatment, changing from silica to alumina and spinels, and then to calcium aluminates. The samples confirmed that titanium nitride can nucleate on liquid calcium aluminate during steel solidification.

Aug 1, 2021

By B. P. Watson, D. P. Roberts, R. A. Lamos

The Upper Group 2 (UG2) chromitite reef is a shallow-dipping stratiform tabular orebody in the South African Bushveld Complex, which strikes for hundreds of kilometres. Mining is extensive, with depths ranging from close-to-surface to 2 500 m. Pillars are widely used to support the open stopes and bords. Little work has been done in the past to determine the strength of pillars on the UG2 Reef and design was done using formulae developed for other hard-rock mines. This has led to oversized pillars with consequent sterilization of ore. In this paper we describe a back-analysis of stable and failed UG2 pillars on the Bushveld platinum mines, and provides a strength formula for UG2 pillars. The formula may be used cautiously on all Bushveld platinum mines with similar geotechnical, geometrical, and geomechanical conditions to the pillars in the database.

Aug 1, 2021

By B. P. Watson, A. Carpede, W. O. Kekana, N. Fernandes, W. Theron, M. P. Mahlangu, G. Betz

The research described in this paper was done to confirm the Upper Group 2 (UG2) PlatMine peak pillar strength formula (Watson et al., 2007), which was determined from a back-analysis of failed and unfailed pillars. Underground measurements were made on a stable pillar that was loaded by firstly reducing it’s length and then by mining the surrounding pillars until pillar failure took place. The pillar was instrumented with suitably positioned strain cells and closure meters, which allowed both the average pillar stress and strain to be determined. The paper describes the methodology applied to identify a suitable position for the instrumentation, as well as the results. A stress/strain curve is presented for a UG2 pillar with a w/h ratio of 2.0, at Booysendal Platinum Mine. The measured pillar strength was similar to the predicted strength using the PlatMine pillar strength formula for UG2 pillars. The PlatMine formula has been successfully implemented on Booysendal Platinum Mine, and about 3 670 pillars have been cut without a single failure. An additional revenue of US$1.3 billion was calculated for the 25-year life of the mine as a direct result of the improved pillar design, given the January 2020 platinum group metals basket price. An extended life of mine and better mining efficiencies will also be realized.

Aug 1, 2021

By Yun-tao Xin, Yu Yi, Kang Yan, Gang Li, Xiao-dong Lv

This study investigated the selective removal of arsenic from high-arsenic dust in alkaline systems and the effects of different leaching conditions. The results indicated that the liquid–solid ratio, NaOH concentration, and sulfur dosage had a significant influence on the process. The leaching efficiency of arsenic reached 99.57%, while that of lead was as low as 0.03% under appropriate conditions. In particular, the addition of sulfur can effectively promote the leaching of arsenic and reduce the dissolution of lead in the solutions. An artificial neural network was used to model the leaching process. It consisted of a back-propagation artificial neural network model with a “6–10–2” structure that could effectively simulate and predict the value with more than 99% accuracy. Based on the difference in weights of the different parameters in the neural network model, the relative importance of the parameters related to arsenic and lead leaching efficiency was obtained, which followed the order of NaOH concentration, liquid–solid ratio, sulfur dosage, temperature, time, and stirring speed.

Jul 29, 2021

By Neel Gupta, Brijes Mishra

Coal mining activity disturbs the natural equilibrium of in situ stress state such that the induced stresses deform the surrounding rock mass. Although the installation of roof supports typically prevents rock deformation, rock mass failure may still occur in bolted roof. The erratic failure of rock mass after few days to months and years of excavation is the result of time-dependent deformation of roof rock under constant surrounding stresses. In the current research, the triaxial laboratory creep experiments proved that Marcellus shale exhibits time-dependent deformation under constant stress that was smaller than the failure strength. However, unlike conventional experimental results, the time-dependent deformation did not depend on the level of constant stress. The often-neglected initial state of specimens and intrinsic heterogeneity highly influenced the time-dependent failure of Marcellus shale.

Jul 27, 2021

By Nikhil Dhawan, SHAILA MIR

The emerging problem of electronic waste has promoted the interest in exploring metal recovery from secondary sources under the umbrella of urban mining. This study presents the physical and chemical characterization of various components present in end-of-life laptops to help ascertain the sites of metallic values and develop sustainable and environment-friendly recycling. The recycling potential of a laptop is evaluated by sequential disassembly, separation, and characterization of components such as body (49.8 wt.%), printed circuit board (9.7 wt.%), hard disk drive (4.9 wt.%), and battery (12.4 wt.%). The printed circuit boards comprise metallic values, majorly copper (25 wt.%), tin (5.8 wt.%), and lead (3.1 wt.%). The precious metals (Au, Ag) with an economic advantage are abundantly present in electronic components such as integrated circuits, capacitors, resistors, and processors. Critical elements such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements are detected in the discarded laptops' batteries and hard disk drives. The recycling potential representing the amount of material that can be recycled in various components, depending on the type, concentration, and purity, is determined in the range of 36–100%. On average, a unit laptop contains~ 386 g of Cu (14.45 wt. %), 49.73 g Co (1.86 wt. %), ~346 mg Ag, ~141.2 mg Au, ~650 mg of rare earth elements (Nd, Dy). This study presents a database for investigating integrated and economical recycling techniques from different components of a laptop, and an overall process flow is also proposed.

Jul 24, 2021

By Farzad Moradpouri, Kianoush Barani, M. R. Azadi

The aim of this paper is to assess the effect of microwave treatment on copper sulfide ore for ball milling and bed breakage. Liberation analysis of ground products in eight size fractions showed that microwave pretreatment liberated more chalcopyrite particles from the bed breakage product than the ball mill product. In bed breakage, microwave pretreatment caused a 2% increase in chalcopyrite liberation on average. Microwave pretreatment produces more elongated particles in ball milling and more rounded particles in bed breakage, respectively. Microwave pretreatment produces coarser chalcopyrite particles with a wide range of sizes. This effect is more significant in bed breakage compared with ball milling. Micro-flotation test results showed that in ball milling, treated and untreated materials have similar metallurgical performance and there is a little difference (1%) between the average Cu recovery values. However, in bed breakage, the average recovery for the treated materials is about 5% higher than the untreated materials.

Jul 8, 2021

By TUIJA MONONEN, LUDGER BENIGHAUS, CHRISTINA BENIGHAUS, Virginia del Rio, SARI KAUPPI, JUHA M. KOTILAINEN, JAVIER GÓMEZ, JARI LYYTIMÄKI

The understanding of public debates over mineral exploration and mining largely originates from exceptional situations such as mining accidents of conflicts. Less is known about how mining is portrayed and understood under more conventional settings. What storylines dominate the local day-to-day public debate? This article presents results from a comparative case study focusing on newspaper coverage of mineral exploration and mining in three European countries representing different geological and socio-economic contexts. Newspaper articles from the Geyer-Erzgebirge region in Germany, the Andalusia region in Spain, and Northern Finland are studied. The sample looks into the period between September 2018 and February 2020 and shows that regional newspapers report about mining issues relatively intensively even in the absence of major accidents or other media events causing peaks of attention. The tone of the articles is generally neutral to positive towards mining activities, reflecting the specific local settings, historical experiences, and future expectations. Despite the different contexts of the three countries, there were considerable similarities to the topics highlighted, including common themes of mining revival, mining events and social interaction, history of mining, and damages related to mining. Past, present, and future employment opportunities related directly or indirectly to the mining sector are key storylines. Another recurrent underlying theme is the need to balance environment and safety risks and socio-economic prosperity, typically covered through ordinary disputes among the mining sector, public authorities, regional non-governmental organizations, and local initiatives.

Jul 6, 2021

By M. J. Kanda, T. R. Stacey

Thin spray-on liners (TSLs) have been used as sealants and rock support in tunnels for over 25 years. Laboratory tests have indicated satisfactory properties that can provide adequate strength, adhesion, toughness, and elasticity as part of rock support systems in mining excavations. These characteristics are, however, not always demonstrated in practice, when mine environmental conditions do not correspond with laboratory environmental conditions. The shortcomings of TSLs experienced in the mining industry have raised concerns, resulting in scepticism from some operators regarding their utilization. The research described in this paper aims to investigate TSL performance in environmental conditions similar to those experienced in mines. Brazilian indirect tensile (BIT) specimens were prepared from precast shotcrete and coated with TSLs. The specimens were then exposed to different environmental conditions for up to 112 days before BIT testing under various conditions: laboratory room temperature and humidity; saturated room temperature; and combined saturated and high temperature (50°C). Additional uncoated shotcrete and TSL BIT specimens were prepared for comparison purposes. The results of the BIT tests showed that environmental conditions have a significant influence on the tensile strength enhancement of shotcrete by TSLs. Water-based TSLs are most likely to be suitable for high humidity environments, although their performance decreases at higher temperatures. Numerical modelling of TSL-coated BIT samples confirms the potential limitations of designing TSL support based only on laboratory testing carried out under room conditions.

Jul 1, 2021

By G Burton, S Fityus, J Li, S Vaughan, D Payne

Daunia and Caval Ridge coal mines, owned and operated by BHP, have been co-disposing rejects and dewatered tailings within spoil dumps from the beginning of their operations in 2013 and 2014, with the purpose of minimising environmental impact and geotechnical risk. Following the recent large failures of tailings dams around the world, BHP Coal, through its Coal Tailings Program, plans to transition other coal mines to deliver “dry” tailings and produce mixed plant rejects (MPR) for inpit co-disposal. This will materially reduce future tailings dam risk exposure. Previous laboratory shear strength testing was conducted on rejects with a maximum particles size of 20 mm, and some concerns were raised that this might not represent the mechanical properties of the actual full particle size distribution (PSD) rejects. BHP was also aware that using different technologies to dewater the tailings, such as belt press filters (BPF) and solid bowl centrifuge (SBC), could produce thickened tailings which could significantly modify the physical behaviours of the MPRs, particularly the bonding between particles. Therefore, laboratory testing on both coarse rejects and mixtures of the coarse rejects and dewatered tailings (MPRs), with full PSDs, was carried out. Testing was performed using the large direct shear machine developed by the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) project C20019 in 2017, as well as a 300 mm diameter triaxial apparatus at the University of Newcastle (UoN). This paper presents details of the laboratory testing program and results for the rejects from the first studied mine of the BHP Coal Tailings Program. It compares the shear strengths measured at full scale with those tested on modified (scalped or crushed) specimens in the past; and discusses the tailings dewatering technique selection from geotechnical aspects based on the testing results, and finally presents some dump and tip head stability analysis results using the testing results.

Jul 1, 2021

By P J. Chapman

Recent catastrophic failures of tailings storage facilities (TSFs) continue to highlight the need for a detailed understanding of failure modes and the defences that are in place within the design to mitigate the failure modes. However, in many cases the instrumentation devices and monitoring approaches selected during operation do not link back to the design defences and inappropriate or redundant instrumentation is often installed. Candidate instruments and monitoring approaches (critical controls) are presented and matched to critical failure modes, with clear linkages to the intent of each instrument/monitoring approach. Commentary on where complementary measurements with independent technology types are recommended to provide greater assurance of trends to the design engineer or TSF owner is also presented. In response to the recent TSF failures, an increasing focus is being placed on instrumentation and monitoring relating to slope instability and safeguarding against the potential for static liquefaction, using a critical state soil mechanics framework. To support selection of appropriate zoning within a stability model, three complementary devices are recommended – vibrating wire piezometers to provide an indication of pore pressure and allow the phreatic surface to be inferred, tensiometers to confirm the presence of unsaturated conditions (and hence low potential for undrained failure) and moisture content sensors to provide an indication of void ratio, and hence state parameter, in saturated zones. The combination of VWPs and tensiometers will provide complementary measurements in the saturated and unsaturated zones, and also provide information on the extent of any near-saturated zones, provided that sufficient instruments are installed.

Jul 1, 2021

By J Lapwood, S Pal, M Pascoe

The devastating failure of Dam I at the Corrego do Feijao iron ore mine near Brumadinho in Brazil on 25th January 2019 left at least 270 people dead or missing. In the immediate aftermath of this event, many mining companies commenced reviews of their tailings and water storage facilities (T&WSFs), and Rio Tinto was no exception. Rio Tinto has an interest in over 250 T&WSFs across 47 sites in 13 countries as owner-operator, as managing JV partner, and through non-managed partnerships and other ownership arrangements; T&WSF experts from Rio Tinto’s Surface Mining Centre of Excellence visited the sites in order to complete Technical Risk Reviews of each facility. These reviews looked beyond the day-to-day operational aspects of T&WSF management, and the site’s compliance with local regulations and Rio Tinto’s internal D5 Standard – Management of tailings and water storage facilities, in order to provide a strategic, second line of assurance perspective. The reviews focused on design and construction; operational controls; risk control framework; and competencies and capabilities of personnel involved in the design, operation and closure of the facilities. Additional activities were carried out in parallel with these reviews, including the development of a consistent approach to dam break studies; the public disclosure of information on Rio Tinto’s tailings storage facilities and their management; and contribution to external programs such as the initiatives being co-ordinated by the International Committee on Mining and Metals. This paper provides an overview of the tailings and water storage assurance work undertaken by Rio Tinto’s Surface Mining Centre of Excellence Tailings Validation Taskforce to date; work that will continue to improve governance and assurance for all of Rio Tinto’s T&WSF.

Jul 1, 2021

By E J. Coyle, L A. Millington

Tailings storage facilities are geotechnically complicated structures that develop heterogeneous strength profiles and varied porewater conditions. The monitoring of porewater pressures is one of the only direct measurements that can be performed to monitor the performance of a facility throughout its life and is of particular importance in upstream facilities. Foundation underdrainage, continuous and staged tailings deposition, climate inputs (rain, snow, humidity, evaporation, etc), and stratified tailings permeabilities can complicate this critical measurement that introduces uncertainty to stability analyses. These difficult conditions manifest in vibrating wire piezometer measurements as very low or negative pressure readings, both of which are within the instrument’s range of accuracy. However, the data can be difficult to interpret, and a range of interpretations are adopted from optimistic low phreatic surfaces to conservative fully saturated tailings. Where tailings are potentially liquefiable, these very low readings introduce further uncertainty regarding the pore space saturation ratio and liquefaction potential above the estimated phreatic surface. This area of uncertainty is the vadose zone, and its affect on tailings behaviour is not well understood. The two facilities analysed in this paper are upstream, raised embankments with tailings classified as clayey, sandy silt that have been found to be potentially liquefiable. The vibrating wire piezometers (VWP) at both sites show very low or negative readings when they are initially installed near the surface and then go through cycles of re-saturation and de-saturation. Eventually the readings settle as the VWPs are buried deeper within the tailings. The instrumented sections within the tailings column do not show consistent readings that would be indicative of a hydrostatic phreatic surface at either site. Rather, they are highly variable and can be interpreted as either representing a high phreatic surface within the tailings or as a ‘perched’ phreatic zone within the tailings layers. How the VWP data is interpreted has a significant impact on how the facilities are raised and operated. The design outcome for Site 1, which adopts a lower phreatic surface, results in an embankment that meets factor of safety (FoS) requirements under residual strength conditions without any buttressing. Conversely, a conservative (high) phreatic surface has been adopted for Site 2 and has resulted in the facility requiring a significant buttress to meet FoS under residual strength conditions.

Jul 1, 2021

By M Player, R Klug, N Schwarz

There are several technologies available for thickening and dewatering of mining process slurries. The most commonly used are thickeners and filters, but technological developments have made solid bowl decanter centrifuges a viable option and their use, as a modern and alternative technology, is being considered more and more. In terms of tailings, the main goal for all mine operations is to minimize operating costs and the environmental impact of the disposed material. The high potential risk of wet tailings storage in tailings dams is causing this technology to become unpopular, and there is a strong drive in many parts of the world, by governments, communities and environmental agencies to limit any further construction and use of such facilities. For the alternative disposal method of dry disposal of tailings, two aspects of the process have to be evaluated, namely the maximum dryness of the separated solids and the maximum liquid recovery. For most mining operations dry disposal is a new concept. Presenting these companies with examples of operations where this processing option has been successfully applied and proven, will help them to adapt to the changing requirements in the future. Focus has been placed on adapting decanter centrifuges to the mining environment. Modern decanters stand out in terms of their small footprint, low water demand, high availability and their high degree of automation, combined with the excellent cost / performance ratio. Decanter centrifuges have started to play a key role in applications such as tailing dewatering, drilling and tunnelling muds processing, hydrometallurgical processes of gold, nickel or zinc and separating crud in solvent extraction plants. This paper will present advantages of decanter centrifuges compared to the traditional technology and corroborate these advantages by case studies.

Jul 1, 2021

By R Blin, R Walde, R Belli, D Inaudi

A fiber optic distributed sensing system allows the monitoring of parameters useful to determine the short- and long-term behaviour of the structure in response to the external actions, including, eg seismic activities as well as long-term phenomena such as seepage, tunneling, sinkholes, and other geo-structural movements. Monitoring of large retaining structures with such a system provides direct strain/deformation and temperature measurements on the broad interior area with an arrangement of several sensing cable lines, enabling early detection, localisation and sizing of subsurface damages. Measurements are provided every meter along the entire sensing cable, this is particularly important in such cases where the location of defects and damages cannot be predicted. Fiber optic distributed sensing cables are generally available for retrofit installation inside the dam structure using trenches on the downstream face or laid during construction below the geomembrane liner within the bedding sand layer. Mapping the cable route enables exact correlation between a linear coordinate on the cable length and a position in the dam. Cable installation is envisaged to be carried out during further raising of the embankment; additional cable sections are plugged to the previously installed cables and measured with the existing measurement system, requiring only an update of the mapping. The measurement system is placed remotely from the sensing area since a section of sensing cable can be used to link to the sensing area at the storage facility several kilometers away. The system is available for on-line, 24/7 real-time operational data management. Such fiber optic distributed sensing systems allow storage facilities to be monitored with long, accurate, continuous and precise data for geotechnical diagnostic purposes. This contribution will introduce the principles, benefits, and limitations of this technology.

Jul 1, 2021

By N Yarahmadi

Characterization of pore pressure is critical for appropriate design of tailings dams. Furthermore, if seepage rates through tailing embankments increase unexpectedly or become uncontrolled, undesirable conditions may prevail to progress piping or internal erosion that could lead to the dam’s instability or ultimate failure. A three-dimensional seepage analysis was performed on a tailings dam using finite element method to find the rate of seepage and pore water conditions in the embankment and foundation. The results were then compared to a conventional two-dimensional seepage analysis carried out on the typical cross section of the embankment and the field data acquired from the instrumentation system. Considering the monitoring data, comparison of seepage analyses results for the two and threedimensional models, showed that the results of the conventional two-dimensional seepage analysis are significantly underestimating reality. Relying on two-dimensional seepage analyses might result in underestimation of seepage rates and impact the safe operation of tailings dams. Similarly, unrealistic prediction of pore water pressure conditions, based on simplified seepage analyses, can lead to overestimation of the rate of strength gain of material and consequently safe embankment raising rates.

Jul 1, 2021

By J Hartnett, B Tarrant, A Rayner, D O’Toole, P Davies

Since 2009, the Northern Territory and Australian governments have been working under a national partnership arrangement to inform a rehabilitation plan for the former Rum Jungle uranium mine. Part of the rehabilitation strategy is to backfill a flooded former pit (Pit), which extends down to 100m below the current pit lake surface and was historically partially backfilled with uranium tailings. It is proposed to utilise the remaining pit volume below water level to sub-aqueously store Potentially Acid Forming (PAF-I) waste rock which currently occupies large stockpiles across the site. The rehabilitation design and planning process undertaken to develop a strategy commensurate to project objectives and construction constraints involved the establishment of key constraints derived from the analysis of historic data sources and preliminary design efforts. Tabled strategies were balanced against dependent project tasks and project objectives, especially surrounding minimising disturbance of highly contaminated materials within the Pit. Ideas were developed in conjunction with industry input and review of case histories to develop a remediation solution that is constructible within the project timeframe and constraints.

Jul 1, 2021

By H Arvidson, A Walker, N Pollock

Following the recent tailings tragedy in Brumadinho, the Investor Mining and Tailings Safety Initiative was formed representing institutional investors in the mining industry. This Initiative, led by The Church of England (CoE), requested data from 726 mining companies on each of their Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs). What this exercise confirmed was that there was no public database of TSFs, and that there was a clear gap in tailings management systems within the disclosing companies. We present an approach using technology to support best practice TSF management, governance and disclosure which was originally submitted as part of University of Cambridge Post-graduate studies in Sustainability Leadership in January 2020. The aim of the paper is to discuss how technology could be used to deliver a Tailings Management Solution (TMS) that is aligned with the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM), and supports rigorous governance leading to disclosure. Subsequently the goals of the plan are aligned with that of the co-conveners of the GISTM (the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)) which is to facilitate operators’ trajectory towards zero harm to people and the environment. Most of the focus to date around tailings management post Brumadinho has been on monitoring technologies, of which there are many. It is obviously important to acknowledge the critical role of monitoring technologies; however, our approach is agnostic to monitoring technologies and assumes that all of them are relevant. Our focus is on the data management, reporting and governance leading to disclosure of the information. Critical components of developing the TMS include adapting existing software products and solutions, recognising a system thinking approach is needed, strategic partnerships to deliver an accessible solution faster and more cost effectively, and, new ways of collaborating. The TMS should also accommodate relevant regional geotechnical codes and standards. The industry need for a TMS is well established and urgent, with significant pressure from regulators and civil society for the industry to address this significant issue.

Jul 1, 2021