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By W. Porter Place

The Trolleyphone was the first successful application of carrier current techniques to a DC power distribution system to provide voice communication between fixed points and moving locomotives and traveling cranes, This was a significant breakthrough because this not only in itself provided a useful new tool for industry, but the knowledge gained in the transmission of voice communication is paving the way for many other things, chiefly, remote control and indication systems which promise to have a far reaching effect during the upcoming age of automation. Once it has been established that we can communicate between men who operate machines, the next step will be to operate the machines themselves.

Jan 1, 1958

By Charles W. Rountree

Industrial Engineering in the industrial world is a relatively new field, having been conceived about the turn' of the century by Frederick W. Taylor, who was not satisfied with the hit-or-miss methods of evaluation and estimation. Through crude Industrial Engineering techniques never before used, he completely changed the bricklaying industry so that work accomplished was more than doubled. To help us better understand what we mean by Industrial Engineering, I think a very simple definition Is in order. Industrial Engineering is a scientific approach to problems in cost, production and operations: and is designed to provide a means of increasing producitivity and reducing costs through standards measurement and standardization of the best methods, practices and equipment, There are many complicated definitions, but pure and simply, it all boils down to providing the means for increasing productivity and reducing the cost. Industrial Engineering has been applied in manufacturing since Frederick W. Taylor?s time and in the last 20 years has grown in stature by leaps and bounds. It is a basic function of successful manufacturing companies and is an accepted fool firmly entrenched in manufacturing organizations. You may know of some successful manufacturing companies that do not employ Industrial Engineers as such, but someone in that organization is doing Industrial Engineering work. They have standards and controls whether they call it Industrial Engineering or not. The manufacturing industry has benefited from this tool; other wise, it would have been discontinued long ago.

Jan 1, 1958

By Marlin E. Sandlin

NORTH-CENTRAL United States is now, and will continue to be, a natural market for Canadian crude oil. This area is a natural market for many basic reasons. There are no physical barriers along the border of our countries. This market is in dose proximity to Canadian production. This market is already joined by crude oil pipe-1,ines to numerous producing areas of Canada. The tariff barriers are reasonable. We are not handicapped by mandatory quota restrictions. There are many of us who desire lo sell Canadian crude oil in this market. Further, and what is really important, there are many of us who desire to buy Canadian crude oil for this market. It is fundamental that for crude oil to be sold in the world market, it must ?be sold at competitive prices. At the same time, it is important that such competitive price must result in a fair price for the crude oil at the we1lhead. The factors of nearness to market, cheap pipe line transportation, and reasonable United States tariffs, all tend to make ?possible a competitive market and a fair wellhead price.

Jan 1, 1958

By R. A. Hemstock

AREAS in which the surface de-posits consist of organic material -known in some parts of Canada as muskeg and in Europe, more generally, as peat lands -have long been some of the least rewarding of lands of the north temperature zone. Even in such countries as Great Britain, Holland, and Denmark where a good deal of incentive exists to develop all available land, the use of peat land has been negligible except as a source of fuel. Only recently have efforts shown promise in re-claiming these lands for farming or for forestry. Russia has large areas of peat and use is made of it for power generation. The Russian people have also ?developed a variety of machines for handling peat, which would indicate that they are well ahead of the Wes tern World in their technical and physical ability to solve some of the problems. Certainly in Canada, where there are over 500,000 square miles of muskeg, the economic aspects of this problem are important. This is especially true in considering the shifting emphasis to northern development. Not only is muskeg in possession of great stretches of terrain, thereby rendering it useless for agricultural purposes, but it is apparently moving into forested areas and reducing their productivity. In addition, it lies as a great barrier to movement in the search for and development of such natural resources as petroleum, natural gas and minerals generally. This situation has long been recognized in Canada but only recently have organized efforts been made to study the problems and search out ways of overcoming them.

Jan 1, 1958

By William J. Campbell

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a rapid, accurate method of analysis for small amounts of calcium in wolframite concentrates. This analysis is necessary to determine if the wolframite concentrates meet United States National Stockpile Specification P-57R2, which limits the calcium content to 0.2 percent. Because of the small depth of the sample analyzed in fluorescent X-ray spectrography, the calcium Kaline intensity was a function of the chemical composition of the calcium-bearing particle as well as the total matrix composition. This particle-composition effect was particularly important in this analysis, as the calcium may be present as a carbonate, tungstate, phosphate, etc. Three methods of preparing the sample eliminated the variation of calcium Ka intensity with mineralogical occurrence: (1) Reduction in particle size by extensive grinding, (2) chemical fusion with sodium carbonate, and (3) solution of the calcium by an acid attack.

Jan 1, 1958

By W. J. Bennett

WHEN Dr. Horace Fraser, your President, invited me to speak to you today I advised him in confidence that I was leaving my present positions on April 30th. In the circumstances it seemed to me that this audience might prefer to have as its speaker one who wo.uld J1ave a continuing association with the atomic energy programme. Dr. Fraser was kind enough to suggest that my re-marks might he of special interest to you, since I would be able to sum up my views on the atomic energy programme. I hope that I will not disappoint him or you on that score. I am particularly pleased that my last public appearance in my present positions should be at the Annual Convention of the C.I.M. since, as all of you know, a very important part of my work has been in the mining field. As it happens, my first public address on the subject of atomic energy and its raw material -uranium -was made at your Annual Convention in Montreal in April, 1949. It seems fitting that my final address should also be made at this convention -nine years later.

Jan 1, 1958

By L. D. Wooddy, W D. Moore

Water drives may be natural or artificial. For the case of a natural water-drive reservoir, the volume of water influx corresponding to reservoir pressuve-production history may be calculated by means of the material bal-ance-unsteady state equation. For the artificial water drive or pattern injection water flood, the material balance equation is sufficient to determine the reservoir pressure-production, injection history. However, for both cases to reliably predict reservoir performance, it is necessary to calculate the saturation distribution of the reservoir fluids at different stages of depletion. This paper consolidates the various equations used to determine the performance of water-drive reservoirs into one approach that is applicable to any reservoir that has a natural water drive or is to be produced by water injection. The numerical procedure has been simplified considerably, and the solution is adaptable to either hand calculations or digital computer operation. INTRODUCTION A water-drive reservoir is one in which the predominant source of energy for production of oil results from the encroachment of water into the oil zone. The water drive may be either natural or artificial. Water invasion takes place by expansion of water in the aquifer as a result of the pressure decline transmitted from the oil reservoir. Because water is practically incompressible, a natural water drive requires an extensive aquifer containing a volume of water many times the volume of oil in the reservoir. Provided the permeability of the formation is reasonably high, a moderate decline of reservoir pressure usually causes adequate water influx. If the reservoir pressure decline becomes excessive because of low permeability or a high rate of production, part of the oil production may result from the liberation of dissolved gas which may cause excessive quantities of free gas to be produced along with the oil. In extreme cases, reservoir pressure may decline so rapidly as to cause the oil to be produced predominantly by dissolved gas drive, leading to abandonment of the reservoir before the advancing water has had a chance to flush the entire reservoir. In reservoirs that are not connected to extensive aquifers, an artificial water drive may be created by injecting water into or around the lower edges of a reservoir. Sometimes water is injected within the reservoir through wells interspersed among the producing wells. When injection is carried out in such fashion, the reservoir is in effect subdivided into a number of separate producing segments, in each of which the displacement of oil is simultaneously taking place, and the shapes of which are fixed by the well patterns employed. Because of the natural tendency of oil and water to segregate according to their relative densities, water will tend to migrate downdip regardless of where injected. Accordingly, the injected fluids can be retained within the intended reservoir segments only when conditions are unfavorable to their migration under the force of gravity. Pattern injections are usually confined, therefore, to reservoirs having low structural relief, or low permeability, or when production and injection rates are such that fluid movements in the reservoir are dominated by the pressure gradients rather than by the force of gravity. In the case of natural water-drive reservoirs and artificial water-drive reservoirs in which the water is in-

Jan 1, 1958

By J. E. Campbell, G. D. Calkins, N. M. Ewbank, M. Pobereskin, A. Wesner

GRINDING for size reduction affects the economics of many processes and products. It is essential as the first step in many industrial processes and is also a finishing step for materials with properties depending on particle size, such as talc, cement, and silica sand. Intermediate and fine grinding are vital operations in the U. S. cement industry, which is producing more than 250 million bbl of cement per year.' Wear of the grinding media is a large part of the grinding operation cost. Problems encountered in grinding cement are so complex that evaluation of efficiency and economy of grinding media is difficult.2 It has been especially difficult to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different types of balls because there are no good testing techniques. Many other industrial operations can be evaluated on a laboratory scale with reasonable accuracy. This does not hold true for evaluation of grinding balls. The consistent results obtained in a laboratory test under a given set of conditions are not always borne out in field application. Rough evaluations of the effectiveness of various compositions and types of grinding balls have been made in the field by using a full charge of one type in a mill and comparing the production record with another run using another type of ball. This method is time-consuming and not very precise, as the second run may not have been carried out under identical conditions. Laboratory-scale tests, on the other hand, have yielded inconclusive results, and many investigators have turned their attention to the development of a field testing technique. Field testing small sample lots of grinding balls has been impractical because it is difficult to identify and recover the test specimens from the grinding mill, and individual groups of balls that have undergone different heat treatments can not be separated.".4 To overcome these difficulties, previous investigators have identified the balls by distinctive marks, notches, and drilled holes, but this procedure has three serious drawbacks: 1) Grinding characteristics and quality of the steel balls may be affected. 2) Physical markings may be worn away in the grinding process, especially during a prolonged run. 3) Recovery from the bulk of the charge will be extremely difficult because the markings are hard to see and may be masked by a coating of the product. To circumvent these difficulties, a radioactive-tracer technique was proposed for recovery and separation of steel grinding balls and subsequent evaluation of the various compositions of the balls. The proposed technique involved five basic operations: 1) Thermal-neutron irradiation activation5 of each group of test grinding balls to a different level of specific radioactivity. 2) Addition of groups of radioactive steel-ball specimens into a ball tube mill. 3) Recovery of radioactive steel-ball specimens from the bulk of the mill charge. 4) Separation of the various groups by their specific radioactivity. 5) Evaluation of actual grinding ball wear. Before any physical tests were performed, required neutron irradiation intensity and time were calculated. Probable composition of the steels to be used was ascertained. An examination was made of the radioactive nuclides8 to be formed which would contribute measurably to the radiation level immediately after irradiation and during the test operation. The radioisotopes formed, their types of radiation, and their half lives are listed in Table I. Of these radioisotopes only iron-59 and chromium-51 were significant for the actual wear test. The intensity of radiation that could be detected by a Geiger counter when the test was completed was the basis for the minimum activation level established. The intensity of radiaton that could be safely handled at the beginning of the test was the basis for the maximum activation level, although this was not considered a major problem. Ten groups of grinding balls of various composition and/or surface or heat treatment were to be tested. One group was designated for the minimum irradiation time. The remaining groups were designated for irradiation periods that increased by increments of 33 pct from that of each preceding group. This difference was considered enough for separation and identification of the groups by comparison of specific activity. Potential Hazards: Possible radiation hazards that might be encountered during this experiment were evaluated for the three important phases: 1) the radiation hazard of placing balls and removing them from the mill, 2) contamination of the product cement by radioactive material worn from the balls, and 3) contamination of the steel by the radioactive balls left in the mill. The radiation intensity expected from the whole group of radioactive balls was calculated to be 250 milliroentgen per hr at 1 ft. This meant the balls would require special shielded packaging and warning labels on the shipping containers. In a radiation field of 250 mr per hr a man can work for 1 hr without exceeding maximum permissible weekly exposure. Since the balls could be dumped into the mill in a matter of seconds, relatively little radiation exposure was anticipated at this stage of the operation. If the weight loss in the balls was 7.7 pct per month and the cement feed through the mill was

Jan 1, 1958

By C. A. Fothergill

An improved blotter model is described which makes use of a plastic sheet as base for the blotter field and pins to represent the input wells. The model is simple to construct and adapt and is particularly useful for demonstration purposes. Operational details are given. INTRODUCTION The blotter model was first applied to the investigation of oilfield problems by Wyckoff, Botset and Mus-kat,' primarily in order to demonstrate the flood patterns which could be expected from various arrangements of input and output wells in waterflooding projects. In recent years the model has been largely superseded for analog studies by the potentiometric and electric analog models which are more refined and versatile, since they can simulate the form, and, in certain cases, permeability variations which it is not possible to do with the blotter model. However, the latter is still used for analog studies where the reservoir can be represented as being uniform in thickness and permeability, and where a visual record of the flood advance is required. Ramey andNabor,2 for example, have applied the model to the investigation of areal sweeps in oil recovery by in-situ combustion. Because of its limitations, the blotter model can be used in general for only very simple arrangements of input and output wells, but within these limitations it has a definite advantage over all other types, in that it provides a picture of the advancing flood using the simplest and most easily constructed apparatus, by contrast with the gelatin model, for example, which requires more elaborate equipment. Moreover, the experiments can be quickly repeated and modified if necessary, whereas considerable time is required to prepare a gel field, compared with that required for the preparation of sheets of conducting blotting paper. For these reasons the blotter model can be very useful for demonstration and teaching purposes, enabling the student to experiment for himself with different arrangements of input and output wells. A model has been constructed for this purpose which is simple to operate and adapt. The model (Fig. 1) consists of a base platform or box, approximately 12-in. square, on top of which are screwed three lathes of 1/2 -in. square section to form three sides of a square 6 in. in length. This forms the support for a sheet of Cobex, transparent plastic, thickness .003 in., on which is carried the blotting paper representing the field. The plastic is flexible and relatively soft, and can be attached to the support by cellulose tape so that it can be easily removed when required. The input wells are represented by brass drawing pins pressed through the plastic sheet from the underside until the points are just projecting through the top; these are connected in the circuit as shown in Fig. 2. The sheet of blotting paper of required shape and size is saturated with a solution of 0.2 n-potassium sulfate to which has been added a saturated alcohol solution of phenol-phthalein at a strength of 10 cc/liter of stock solution. The surplus water is removed and the blotting paper placed in position on the plastic sheet making contact with the drawing pins and the sheet (which is an insulator). The anode consists of a second sheet of blotting paper cut as shown and saturated with the same solution. This is suspended from a laboratory stand, being connected to the conducting wire by means of a crocodile clip and making contact with the horizontal blotting paper at the projecting point. This is the method used by Ramey and Nabor and which permits the hydroxyl ions or colored front to reach the anode. As shown in Fig. 2, the electrical voltage used is 220-v DC and a shunt is placed across the terminals to step down the voltage as required. Further adjustment can be made as necessary using a lamp board in series with the shunt to obtain the

Jan 1, 1958

By W. F. Netzeband

This paper, which describes mining methods and practices at the Rialto zinc-lead mine American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co., in northeastern Oklahoma, is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States, The Rialto mine is in the SE1/4 SW1/4 sec. 20 and the NW1/4 sec. 29, T. 29 N., R. 23 E., Ottawa County, Okla. (fig. 1). The 200-acre property is southwest of and adjacent to the town of Picher in the central part of the Picher field of the Tri-State zinc-lead mining district (fig. 2). Other mines of the company adjoin the Rialto on the east and south. Zinc-lead ores have been mined almost continuously from the Rialto tract since 1916. The property was acquired by American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co. late in 1951, and the mine was operated thereafter by the Nellie B Division of that company until the end of 1955, when it was subleased to the Residue Mining Co.

Jan 1, 1958

By Frank B. Fulkerson

Mining began in Pend Oreille and Stevens Counties about 1885, Lead and zinc have been the principal products, and the area has supplied nearly all the output of these metals in the State. Fend Oreille County's output of lead and zinc from 1902 to 1956 was 110,700 and 229,600 tons, respectively. The Stevens County total was 54,100 tons of lead and 87,600 tons of zinc. Copper ore was produced mainly from the United Copper mine, Chewelah district, from 1912 to 1920; the principal gold mine was the First Thought, Orient district, which was active from 1904 to 1942. Approximately 225 mines and prospects produced; most of the ventures were on a small scale. The total value of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced from 1902 to 1956 was $75.2 million in Pend Oreille County and $39.4 million in Stevens County. INTRODUCTION In compiling the figures for this report, use was made of Bureau of Mines permanent records of nine production, the annual tabulations of producing mines, and the Minerals Yearbook. Requests to publish individual data, obtained from the annual production canvass, were made to the latest recorded operators of all mines in the area. Response to this request was good; therefore, it was possible to make the tables nearly complete. In a few instances the producer requested that the production data remain confidential, and in others it was not possible to reach the mine operator at his last known address. The district and county tables combine statistics for all mines, including those mines whose output could not be published separately.

Jan 1, 1958

It is a very great privilege for me to be able to address you tonight and I am deeply sensible of the honour which has been done me. I am equally sensible of the inadequacy of my training for the position of President of your Institute.May I say at once what a very great pleasure it is to have so many members from the mainland States visiting us here in Tasmania. We do hope that you will find pleasure and profit in your stay.Since the Annual Conference is always held in the vicinity of one or other of the great mining fields, it has become the practice for the Presidential address to review the history of the particular field and t(j) indicate its place in the economic structure of the country.I propose to follow this practice and to try and present to you a short picture of thÇ mineral industry as it has existed in Tasmania. None of the information is new it is available in diverse and remote geological reports and in publications such as Witham's Western Tasmania and the more recent Peaks of Lyell. The last composite approach was written twenty years ago by P. B. Nye and published as a Geological Survey Bulletin.I have enjoyed preparing this address because on occasion I find it refreshing to look back and see what was known and what was accomplished in the days when the going was a little tougher than it is now, and to speculate upon the reasons that drove men to do what they did. I shall therefore discuss the search for minerals in this State; the discoveries over the years; the elation with which the new fields are greeted; the disappointments attending some of them; the mines that have come and gone; and the...

Jan 1, 1958

By R. E. Morgan

Two sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite were gasified in the new-type Lurgi pressure generator at the Dorsten, Germany, works of the Steinkohlengas, A. G. These tests demonstrated that Chestnut-size anthracite and a Rice-Buckwheat mixture containing 27 and 19 percent ash, respectively, could be gasified satisfactorily at an elevated pressure in a fixed bed with oxygen and steam. These coals were especially prepared to approximate a rough-cleaned coal and a washed and screened product. The operating data obtained from the two tests and materials requirements are summarized. A wide range of reactant ratios could not be tested, nor could optimum operating conditions be determined, as the generator was being used throughout the testing program, employing normal operating practices, to produce gas for the gas grid; and the most economical coal, steam, and oxygen ratios may not have been used. Comparative costs are presented of the raw materials required for producing a high-B.t.u. gas, based on the operational data obtained from these tests and, to some extent, on data extrapolated from laboratory experimentation. A flowsheet of a proposed process for producing a high-B.t.u. gas by Lurgi gasification, followed by methanation, is also included.

Jan 1, 1958

Ten years ago we surveyed in "Uspekhi Khimii" the mechanism of the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H2 (1).5 With new data obtained since then, mostly by Soviet researchers, our previous work (2), dealing with new forms and catalysts of the synthesis, is brought up to elate by reviewing research in this field. FORMATION OF CARBIDES The hypothesis that carbides are intermecliates in the synthesis assumes that carbon monoxide reacts with the metals of the eighth group and that this reaction is connected with the reversible reaction 2CO[=]C +CO2 (1) in a certain range of temperatures (3).

Jan 1, 1958

By J. W. McCammon

WHEN times are booming and metal prices are high, most mining men pay little attention to the industrial mineral industry. However, when metal prices drop and mines close down, many mining eyes begin to scan the less glamorous non-metallic field. For some this proves a temporary diversion, but others find this branch of mining, with its generally more stable conditions, to their liking and enter it permanently. The resulting gradual influx of trained mining men into the industrial mineral industry ?has been one of several factors responsible for the rise in production of non-metallic materials in our Province. Another and ?perhaps the most important factor influencing the production of industrial minerals has been the growth in the population of British Columbia. Because most industrial minerals .are low priced and either heavy or bulky commodities they are normally sold on relatively local markets. Thus the extent of the development of the industrial mineral industry of a region is largely governed by the size of the population and the level of industrialization of that region. This point is well shown by com-paring population and industrial mineral production statistics for 1936, 1946, and 1956 (see Figure 1)9. Note that not only has the overall production rate grown with the population increase, but that the per capita production has risen greatly.

Jan 1, 1958

By J. Howard Bird

The purpose of this publication is to discuss grounding mediums and the phases of grounding related to corrosion and cathodic protection. The material presented is believed to contribute to a better understanding of this subject. It also indicates more effective methods of reducing corrosion damage to metal structures and equipment in the mining industry by cathodic protection. The authors do not intend to discuss technical aspects but rather to explain the general principles of this method of inhibiting corrosion. The relationship between soil resistivity, protective grounding, and corrosion is presented. Corrosion causes the annual loss of billions of dollars; which can be greatly reduced. Losses in the mineral industry can be excessive owing to the extensive use of direct-current power, the presence of considerable dampness, and the frequent, indiscriminate use of dissimilar metals.

Jan 1, 1958

By G. R. Phare

Explosives formulation is dictated by desired field performance, which in turn is dependent on such physical properties as strength, velocity of detonation, sensitivity, and water resistance. The design of explosives to obtain these properties is discussed with some reference to detonation and rock mechanics theory.

Jan 1, 1958

By P. C. McLeod

THE GECO OREBODY, located north of lake Superior in the Thunder Bay district of northern' Ontario, was discovered in 1953. Diamond drilling in the following year indicated a 15,000,000-ton ore-body, and production plans were made for the shipment of copper and zinc concentrates in three years. To accomplish this, the Geco Project was initiated. The property was in an undevdoped, inaccessible area, and the project involved the conversion and extension of a logging road to the property, the construction of two railways and seventy miles of hydro transmission line, the erection of a municipality, the building of a plant, and the development of an underground mine to produce 3,300 tons per day. This paper describes some of the methods used in the underground development phase of the Geco Project.

Jan 1, 1958

By Paul B. Crawford, Bobby L. Landrum

An electrical model study has been mode to estimate the effect of horizontal fractures in thick reservoirs on pattern conductivity. For the patterns studied, it is shown that fracturing all the wells in the pattern in-creases the conductivity considerably more than frac-turing only single wells. For certain conditions one large fracture is more effective in increasing conductivity than several fractures of half the radius. Particularly in thick reservoirs and with large fractures, the center of the pay is found to be more responsive than other locations. For the seven-spot pattern fracturing the center well is more effective in increasing pattern con-ductivity than fracturing all outer wells with fractures of the same size. INTRODUCTION Although commercial fracturing has been used for some time very little quantitative information is known about the effects of fractures on reservoir behavior. The purpose of this work was to estimate the effect of horizontal fractures in thick reservoirs on the con-ductivity of various flooding and cycling patterns.2 Circular fractures originating at the wellbore and extending symmetrically into the pay were considered. ANALYSIS Electrical models were used in making this study. Horizontal fractures were simulated by copper sheets shaped like the fractures and of a proportional size; the wellbore was simulated by a copper wire. A dilute salt solution served as a conducting medium. A con-ductivity bridge was used to measure the conductivities of the various patterns studied. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL FRACTURES ON CONDUCTIVITY Fig. 1 shows the effect on square and staggered line drive patterns of horizontal fractures located in the center of the pay. The model is shown schematically in the insert. The upper and lower groups of lines show the effect on conductivity when all wells are fractured, and when only one well is fractured, respectively. In general, pattern conductivities are substantially improved by fracturing all wells. Fig. 2 shows the effect of multiple horizontal frac-tures on the conductivity of a line-drive pattern. At

Jan 1, 1958

By A. A. Wallach

During the early design stages of the San Manuel Concentrator, numerous questions were raised concerning the required slope for tailings pipelines. The tailings disposal area which had been selected was so situated, that an average down-slope of 5% existed. A gravity tailings disposal system was to be designed and it was necessary to determine the optimum pipeline slope for design purposes. This information was also necessary to determine the life of the available disposal areas before tailings pumping would be required. At approximately the same time as this problem arose, it was reported that a concentrator in the southwest was having considerable operational difficulties due to periodic plugging of tailings lines. These factors combined made it seem desirable to conduct some sort of test work which might give information concerning the flow characteristics of the tailings to be produced, from the San Manuel Concentrator. It was felt that the maximum information could be obtained if a tailings line could be erected which would allow for varying slopes, varying heads and accurate measurement of pulp velocity. A five-foot Denver Agitator was installed on a bank overlooking a cut for a rail- road track. Approximately 160 feet for new &-inch pipeline with victaulic connections was installed on low trestles along the track, with provisions made for varying the slope of the line by use of accurately constructed sets of shims, A valve discharge was installed on the tank so agitated pulp could be run into a standpipe at controlled volumes. This standpipe was 10 inches in diameter and approximately 5 feet high. A 4-inch nipple welded into the side of the standpipe approximately one inch from the bottom was connected to the 4-inch pipeline. At the discharge end of the 4-inch pipeline a launder arrangement was so constructed that the entire discharge could run into a pump sump or into 50-gallon measuring vessels. In normal operation the flow was from the agitator to the standpipe through the pipeline into the pump sump and from there pumped back to the agitator tank.

Jan 1, 1958