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By W. R. Dengler

In Canada, most of the rock being broken in underground metal mines is being done by using traditional drilling and blasting methods. Despite advances being made in hardrock boring and other, more exotic techniques, Dynatec believes that the traditional methods will prevail for many years. It is also believed that modest research efforts expended on the traditional methods will result in substantial financial benefits to the mining and rock tunneling businesses. Dynatec has pursued productivity improvements through the use of long rounds in shaft sinking and lateral development. The concept of longer rounds was developed by Dynatec on the Craig Shaft Sinking Project (RETC, 1991). This technology was subsequently used to sink the two shafts at Aur Resources with great success. The development of a Long Round Jumbo for tunneling is a natural progression of the long round technology developed for the Craig Shaft. The Dynatec Long Round System has been patented in the United States and South Africa, with additional patent applications pending in Canada and Australia.

Jan 1, 1993

By Pollmans GJ, Hoberg H, Schneider FU

The Institute of Mineral Processing at Aachen University of Technology has been engaged in fine and ultrafine comminution for several years. Former investigations had been dealing with the mechanical activation with the aim of increasing the solubility of highly resistant oxides such as tantalite and niobite while research on the product of ultrafine powders is of major importance at the moment. Materials of that kind are of increasing interest in the production of extremely resistant ceramics, in the development of new raw materials, in powder metallurgy and in the production of fillers (extender pigments) and pigments. The creation of ultrafine powders is difficult and very expensive. They can be produced by means of condensation or dispersion methods. One important method of dispersion is mechanical comminution. Due to long and intensive research and development all over the world important advances have been achieved but still a great number of questions and problems occur especially in producing materials of submicron and nanometer grain sizes which could be answered or solved only insufficiently up to now. These mentioned difficulties refer especially to: ò the required energy input into the feed material, ò the forming of strong agglomerates and wall stickings, ò the required product qualities, and ò the entire and reliable characterisation of the products. Basic investigation aim to clarify the micro and macro processes of ultrafine grinding and work towards solutions to the difficulties mentioned above. The aim of the Institute's research is the development of a new grinding device for producing ultrafine powders. First results of a laboratory scale mill of that type will be presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. Raghavan

The thermodynamic activities of MgO in the solid solutions that can exist in the system NiO-Mg0-Zn0 are determined by measuring the EMF of the cell: O2 (g), Pt / MgO, MgF2 // MgF2 // x MgO + yNiO + (1-x-y)ZnO / Pt, O2 (g) / MgF2 in the temperature range 1190-1237 K. Equilibrium phases were prepared along the quasi- binary lines MgO/NiO = 0.1765,0.3333, 1.0,3.0 and 5.667 with the ZnO contents being 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9. The crystal structures of the phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. Results obtained so far show that a single phase MgO-rich cubic solid solution exists upto 0.2 ZnO content and for compositions above 0.25 ZnO, a second ZnO rich wurtzite phase forms in addition. Activity measurements show that for low MgO and ZnO contents, the MgO activities exhibit ideal to slight positive deviation from ideality and at higher MgO contents, a negative deviation is shown. Further studies are in progress.

Jan 1, 1993

By I. Iwasaki, X. Cheng

A series of batch flotation tests was performed on chalcopyrite-quartzite, on pyrrhotite-quartzite and on chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-quartzite mixtures. Pulp potential measurements in the flotation tests with single sulfide minerals indicated that each sulfide mineral had its own optimal potential range for flotation. When these results were used to select the potential ranges for the separation of the two minerals from their mixture, their flotation responses changed, and the selectivity of separation was adversely affected. A possible mechanism involving surface alteration through galvanic interaction is discussed, and a method to improve the selectivity of flotation separation is proposed.

Jan 1, 1993

By D. M. Bodily, M. D. Deo, E. M. Whitney

Field data from coalbed methane wells indicate a significant variation in composition as a function of flow rate and time. In particular, San Juan Basin wells have displayed an increase in C02 concentration over time. Prediction of gas quality is critical to the economic evaluation of any coalbed project. Previous models have forecast only pressure and production profiles, ignoring compositional variations. In this study a multicomponent model that incorporates binary isotherms for methane and carbon dioxide has been developed. An extended Langmuir isotherm is used for the adsorption representation and a constant separation factor (similar to relative volatilities in distillation) describes the phase distribution of the species. This separation factor depends both on the surface characteristics of the coal and on the adsorbing species. The chromatographic separation equations have been superimposed on Darcy's law flow. The formulation allows decoupling of the pressure and compositional partial differential equations. The equations have been cast in dimensionless form and solved for pressures and compositions. It is observed that the composition of the preferentially adsorbed C02 increases at the wellbore as a function of dimensionless time. The dimensionless time is directly proportional to the real time and coalbed permeability and is inversely proportional to the gas viscosity, coal porosity and the square of the length of the reservoir. As the separation factor increases, the compositional variation increases. This variation in produced C02 concentration is also greater when the initial C02 concentration in the reservoir is higher. A sensitivity study has been performed to identify the effects of important parameters such as isotherm variables and reservoir characteristics on pressure and composition profiles.

Jan 1, 1993

Hydrocyclones are widely used in both mining and various industrial sectors. Considerable fundamental research work on the modelling of hydrocyclone classifiers has been carried out through the past 25 years. Based on the similarity principle, the hydrocyclone classification was taken as a whole physical process and a group of similarity numbers were obtained with the help of dimensional analysis in this paper. Then, the functional dependences of the similarity numbers have been established. The variables optimisation was carried out with the multiple objectives linear planning programs developed in this study.

Jan 1, 1993

By Kadoya H, Kondo Y

The Harima works were established in 1964 and started operation in 1966. The initial capacity was 3500 t/month of zinc and 1500 t/month of lead. Until 1990 a lot of improvements had been made and the capacity had increased 6600 t/month of zinc and 2200 t/month of lead without enlarging the furnace size. During the ten weeks campaign shut-down at the end of 1990, many modifications were carried out including the enlargement of the furnace shaft area. By these changes, the capacity has gone up to 7500 t/month of zinc and 2500 t/month of lead. In the sinter plant, the amount of SO2 rich gas supplied to the acid plant was raised to 50 000 Nm3/h from 43 500 Nm3/h. An electrostatic precipitator was adopted instead of a venturi scrubber to clean the rich gas. Oxygen enrichment has been continuously operated since August 1991, because the furnace capacity is more than the rate of sinter production. Utilisation of the sinter plant is high being as much as 97 per cent and the sulphur burning rate has been increased. In 1990 the furnace was replaced except the hearth. The shaft area was enlarged to 19.4 m2 from 15.3 m2. The target blast was designed to be more than 36 000 Nm3/h. Tuyere layout was changed to prevent slag breakouts. Due to these modifications shaft condition has been very good. Automatic launder jacket cleaners were installed to increase the lead cooling efficiency. Many other improvements and developments were also made. Coke powder injection from the tuyeres has been successfully operated since April 1987.

Jan 1, 1993

By Clift N

Lead concentrate from the Isa and Hilton lead-zinc concentrators of Mount lsa Mines Limited is smelted at Mount Isa to produce a lead-silver bullion. This bullion is cast into four tonne blocks and shipped to Britannia Refined Metals Co Ltd, NorthDeet, England and to plants in Asia for refining and marketing. The traditional treatment stages at Mount lsa are sintering, smelting, and drossing and casting, with some of the sinter plant feed being pre-treated through an Isasmelt plant.A commercial scale lsasmelt based lead smelter was commissioned in early 1991.

Jan 1, 1993

By Masayoshi Matswnoto

The Kosaka Smelter and Refinery produces copper and lead, and has a history of more than 100 years as a metallurgical department of Dowa?s Kosaka Mine. The Smelter treats complex sulfide concentrates which are difficult to smelt. Valuable metals are recovered using various processes developed by Kosaka Smelter and Refinery. Effluent waters from the smelter contain large quantities of heavy metals. This paper describes how Kosaka Smelter and Refinery recovers valuable metals from various effluent waters and handles overall waste waters in order to meet strict environmental standards.

Jan 1, 1993

By B. R. Satio, P. G. West-Sells, D. B. Dreisinger, B. J. Y. Leong, G. A. Kordosky

Electrolytic techniques have historically been used to remove arsenic, antimony and bismuth from copper refining electrolytes. However, both solvent extraction and ion exchange techniques have been heavily researched and in a number of cases commercially introduced. In this study a large number of solvent extraction reagents and ion exchange resins were screened to determine the selectivity of the reagents for impurity removal. Solvating extractants were found to efficiently remove arsenic from electrolyte. The extent of arsenic extraction increased in the following order: TBP < DBBP < DPPP < Cyanex 925 < Cyanex 923. Antimony and bismuth extraction from electrolyte were demonstrated with the reagent 2EHAP04. The ion exchange resins UR-3300 and Duolite C-467 were found to strongly extract antimony and bismuth from electrolyte. C-467 appeared to be superior to UR-3300.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. K. Kawatra, T. C. Eisele

Under normal conditions, a significant amount of pyrite is recovered in the froth during flotation of high-sulfur coal. To reduce this pyrite recovery, it is first necessary to determine the primary recovery mechanism, because different measures are required for reducing entrainment, locked particle flotation or true hydrophobic flotation. In this paper, evidence is presented that suggests that hydrophobic flotation is not the major mechanism for recovery of liberated pyrite; instead, the bulk of the recovered pyrite results either from simple entrainment or from being physically locked with floatable coal particles.

Jan 1, 1993

By R. D. Grove

The control of Florida phosphate flotation plants is largely based on the visual observations of experienced operators, both in recognizing good and bad froth conditions and in making judgments about the composition of feed, concentrate and tailing streams. Chemical analyses lag the process by at least two hours and, therefore, only assist in recalibrating the operators&apos; vision when major deviations occur. An image analysis system was developed by IMC Fertilizer to improve the accuracy and precision of the composition estimation process. It still relies on the operator taking a representative sample, but provides a measurement in about 15 minutes after that sample is obtained. Background The search for a quick and inexpensive technique for estimating phosphate flotation stream composition continues. There have been attempts at using "wet chemistry," nuclearmagnetic resonance, neutron activation, X-ray diffraction and other techniques reported on in the past several years. None of these have yet found its permanent place in the flotation plants of the Florida phosphate industry. IMC attempted to use wet chemistry to provide 7.5-minute estimates of final concentrate insol and tailings BPL. This was aborted after 36 months of plant operation due to the high operating costs for chemicals and an operator. There was also no significant economic improvement in the plant&apos;s operation. Another factor was the necessity to limit these crude analyses to only a few process streams, which were insufficient to achieve improved plant operation.

Jan 1, 1993

By Weller KR, Lim IL

The high pressure grinding rolls is one of the few new comminution devices that offer substantial savings when compared with traditional crushing and grinding circuits and with SAG milling. The machine has been well accepted in the cement industry, but mining companies have been more cautious in adopting this technology, partly because of wear and availability problems, and partly because of uncertainties in designing circuits which will deliver the power savings without complicating downstream processing. This paper addresses the latter problem by providing a model structure for predicting power draft and throughput from measurements made with small pilot scale high pressure rolls. Three existing models for predicting product size distributions are assessed and suggestions made for future work. The model structure comprises a power equation, incorporating measurements of torque and rolls speed previously used by the authors. Transport through the mill is assumed to be plug flow. Throughput is governed by the equilibrium gap between the rolls, which is determined both by machine settings and the physical properties of the feed material, including its size distribution. Therefore some form of physical testing in a model machine is required to determine throughput parameters. Results from copper and nickel ore experiments covering a wide range of machine conditions are presented and compared with model predictions. Model assumptions are discussed and directions for future work Suggested.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. W. Cavender

The analysis of the results of metallurgical experiments is often complicated by experimental errors and uncertainty, the complexity of the system being studied, and the confusion of correlation with causation. Consequently, comparative statistics are used to determine if a difference exists between the outcomes of tests, an estimate of this difference, and the precision of the estimate. This paper reviews the use of significance tests and confidence intervals for the comparison of results from two tests, the use of reference distributions, and blocking and randomization techniques to reduce unavoidable sources of variability. These techniques are demonstrated using plant and laboratory data.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. Monette, D. B. Dreisinger, D. Vleeschhouwer, G. B. Harris, G. A. Kordosky

A new process for the recovery of pure (>99.95%) palladium and platinum is described. The process, which has been tested at the pilot scale, comprises (i) the simultaneous solvent extraction of palladium and platinum by a new Schering Berlin reagent, TN 1911, (ii) washing of the loaded extractant to remove co- extracted impurities, and (iii) differential stripping of first platinum at pH 3, and secondly palladium with strong hydrochloric acid, and (iv) precipitation of palladium and platinum salts, followed by reduction to metal. The process is, unusually, a non-ammonia one requiring only small amounts of ammonia at the end where final purification may be necessary for particularly complex feed solutions.

Jan 1, 1993

By R. J. Lambert

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of mine design to the North DeLamar pit of NERCO&apos;s DeLamar Mine. Many discussions on mine planning and design focus on computerized mine modeling but neglect the final step of operating design development. Mine planning and design criteria used for the final layback in the North DeLamar pit are included along with a comparison of designed and as-built tonnages, grades and topography.

Jan 1, 1993

By Bryan Morris

Quebrada Blanca (QB) is a copper project located in the semi-arid Andean highlands of northern Chile. The operation is situated 170 km ( 105 miles) southeast of the port of Iquique and 30 km (18 miles) west of the border with Bolivia, at an altitude of about 4300 m (14,000 ft) (Fig. 1). The QB ore body is a secondarily enriched porphyry copper deposit containing reserves of 85 Mt (93 million st) grading 1.3% copper. Underlying the enriched zone is a significant primary ore zone containing several hundred million tons grading about 0.5% copper. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Falconbridge and its affiliates spent $20- $30 million exploring the deposit and conducting feasibility studies. Falconbridge, however, decided not to develop the property. It was returned to its owners, Empresa National de Mineria (ENAMI), a Chilean state mining corporation. In 1988, ENAMI announced its intention to privatize the property through public bidding. Cominco Resources, then 61% owned by Cominco Ltd., examined the property and the extensive data base developed by Falconbridge. In conjunction with its parent company, Cominco Resources submitted a proposal to ENAMI to construct an open- pit mine, with heap leaching and solvent extraction/electrowinning (SX-EW) processing facilities. The plan would use patented heap leaching technology developed by Sociedad MineraPudahuel (SMP), a privately owned Chilean mining company. At that time, a $150-million project that would produce about 45 kt/a (50,000 stpy) of cathode copper was envisaged.

Jan 1, 1993

The extinction of zinc from steelmaking dusts has been studied with a laboratory scale reduction-vapour deposition (RVD) process in the absolute pressure and temperature ranges of 13 - 1300 Pa and 1333 - 1513 K respectively. This process consists of pre-reduction of iron oxide by carbonaceous agent, carbothermic reduction of zinc oxide under reduced pressure to produce zinc deposits and subsequent re-evaporation of the deposits to liquedify the zinc. In the RVD, the gas mixture of Zn and CO quenched from the hot zone is separated into Zn deposit and CO which is transferred to the pumping system. The Zn are a layer of fine metallic zinc powders accumulated on the cold wall and removed to the vacuum distillation chamber. The experimental works have been carried out according to the following items: carbothennic reduction of zinc oxide under vacuum, carbothermic reduction o zinc ferrite under vacuum, and 3. distillation of the Zn deposits. It has been concluded from these experimental results that the recovery of metallic zinc from the EAF dusts is successful by this process, and a new concept for a practical zinc winning process has been proposed.

Jan 1, 1993

By Bekturganov NS, Satayev I

The paper deals with the effect of sodium polysulphides in chrysocolla flotation. Activity of elementary sulphur adsorption on the mineral surface is discussed. The mechanism of polysulphide action in the process of sulphidisation and formation of sulphur on the mineral surface is proposed. Sodium pentasulphide is shown to be the most effective modifier of chrysocolla flotation.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. G. Zahony

The Moris gold deposit resides in a massive ridge-forming sulfide-poor epithermal quartz and calcite vein system and consists of a mineable reserve of four million tons of 2.1gm Au/ton. Post-mineral normal faulting along the hanging wall of the main fissure has caused a hogback-like exposure of the vein, allowing for inexpensive opencut mining. The vein formed between pre-Cretaceous(?) phyllitic clastic sedimentary units in the footwall and Tertiary andesitic volcanic rocks in the hanging wall. Part of the ore reserve is hosted in a Tertiary conglomerate that rests unconformably atop the phyllitic footwall sequence. The original unoxidized vein material contained substantially less than 1 gram Au/ton. A four-fold upgrading of gold occurred by enrichment when gold recrystallization took place in the electric fields of oxidizing pyrite cubes.

Jan 1, 1993