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By Renato Drescher Subtil

A tecnologia de cominuição de minérios através de Prensas de Rolos de Alta Pressão vem se destacando nos diversos segmentos da mineração, o que faz com que as usinas de pelotização de minério venham introduzindo Prensas de Rolos em seu processo produtivo. Apesar dos benefícios dessa mudança, observa-se pouco conhecimento da influência das variáveis intervenientes ao processo de prensagem e sua relação com o Ganho de Superfície Específica. Essa compreensão é fundamental para a maximização do desempenho de prensagem. Esse artigo utiliza Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) para predição dos resultados no Ganho de Superfície Específica e quantifica a relevância de cada variável no processo de prensagem. Os valores preditos gerados pela RNA obtiveram ótima aproximação com os dados reais, o que indica que utilização de RNA possibilita a intervenção proativa no processo produtivo podendo resultar em uma melhoria de desempenho da prensa.

Aug 17, 2017

By Caroline Gomes de Oliveira

As fibras lignocelulósicas representam vantagens econômicas, técnicas e ambientais em comparação com as fibras sintéticas, como fibra de vidro por exemplo, quando se considera as alternativas de reforço aos compósitos. A fibra natural usada no presente trabalho é a fibra de eucalipto, que é largamente cultivada em território brasileiro. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar uma análise estatística da correlação entre o diâmetro e a densidade da fibra de eucalipto. Para isso, foi aplicado o método de Weibull. O diâmetro foi obtido por meio de medições em projetor de perfil, enquanto a densidade utilizou determinações precisas da massa e do volume de fibras. Os resultados revelaram uma dependência inversa entre o diâmetro da fibra de eucalipto e sua densidade

Aug 17, 2017

By Ronaldo Santos Sampaio

This paper call attention to increasing ratio of oxygen depletion from atmosphere besides the global worries about CO2 concentration increase in the atmosphere. It highlights the big mistake in considering Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS, as a way to reduce the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. As a hypothetical example it presents an existing pseudo-ecosystem of manufacturing that has real windows of opportunity to increase its share in the global materials production industry, even in highly industrialized countries. As a suggestion and example the author point out possibilities to almost fulfill the proposed simple rules to be considered inside an ecosystem of manufacturing utilizing the production of steel via biomass versus fossil coal. A relevant and difficult rule to be attained in a quasi-ecosystem of manufacture is to be a near zero atmosphere oxygen depletion integrated process. The industrial alternatives that utilizes the actual photosynthesis are the ones that can reach a higher ecosystem of manufacture’s index. It is presented an ideal integrated steelmaking process where the gaseous, liquids and solid residues generated in one part of the system are or can be utilized in the other parts of the same system. A potential ecosystem of manufacture to produce primary iron is illustrated in the paper.

Aug 17, 2017

By Jean Igor Margem

Materiais sustentáveis estão sendo investigados para substituir os materiais sintéticos, os compósitos com matriz polimérica têm sido aplicados em componentes, tais como capacetes e blindagem para os quais a resistência em um requisito importante. O presente trabalho avalia a classificação energética de impacto Charpy e Izod da matriz de epóxi compósitos DGEBA / TETA, reforçado com até 30% em volume de fibras de malva contínuas e alinhadas (Urena Lobata, L). Os testes de impacto foram realizados em amostras padronizadas em matriz de epoxi obtidas por aplicação de pressão em molde com cura a temperatura ambiente por 24 horas. Os resultados mostraram aumento significativo da energia de impacto com a fracção de fibras incorporadas de malva. A superfície de fratura foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, SEM. O desempenho das amostras incorporados com 30% de fibras, sofreu apenas ruptura parcial devido a dificuldades impostas ao quebrar-se as fibras, e, consequentemente, a natureza dos quais fendas tendem a propagar na interface entre a matriz de fibra / resina epóxi, o que ajuda a absorver a energia do impacto.

Aug 17, 2017

By Gustavo Nucci Franco

A indústria do aço passa por seu pior período no Brasil e as empresas vêm buscando soluções para minimizar custos e garantir as operações com menos recursos. Ponto importante nessa busca de ganhos potenciais, a Logística vem, assim, merecendo uma atenção especial. Este trabalho apresenta esforços da AM Juiz de Fora, em parceria com a Franco Arbeit Engenharia, para reduzir o tempo de permanência de veículos em sua unidade e, com isso, evitar custos com o pagamento dos novos valores de permanência. Para isso, foram utilizadas modernas ferramentas de Simulação em Computador para que as soluções mais adequadas pudessem ser implementadas com sucesso.

Aug 17, 2017

By Fabiano Soares

Strand guide rolls in continuous casters are crucial components for guaranteeing an optimum process for the production of high-quality steel grades. The properties of these rolls greatly influence the quality of the slab produced. The most commonly used designs so far have been the axle roll and the solid roll. A quite new roll concept is the STEC-Roll®. It combines the advantages of the axle roll with those of the solid roll. This paper explains the development of this roll type and shows the current design. The characteristics of the STEC-Roll® are presented in greater detail and are underlined by a number of simulation results. Beside the design itself, the benefits for casting and maintenance are explained, including for example the easy assembly and dismantling or the use of the roll for dry casting. A brief examination is made of the TCO for the STEC-Roll® and an estimation is provided of the exchangeability of this roll. To conclude, an overview on the current applications is presented.

Aug 17, 2017

By Gabriela Olsson Schneider

Dentre os materiais que representam a crescente e alarmante quantia de resíduos sólidos gerados nos últimos anos, destacam-se polímeros como o poliestireno expandido (EPS), material largamente depositado no ambiente natural. Propõe-se, portanto, seu uso na composição de uma resina veículo para tinta, em adição ao óleo essencial de casca de laranja. Assim, estabelece-se o objetivo de avaliar as propriedades do fluido resultante e da película seca, incluindo sua interação com diferentes superfícies de madeira. Observa-se que a resina possui viscosidade elevada e tendência ao comportamento não-newtoniano pseudoplástico, bem como alta homogeneidade e mais de 95% de adesão a superfícies de pau-marfim. Avaliações da resina aplicada em MDF sugerem que se deve evitar a aplicação em faces fibrosas de blocos e placas deste tipo de madeira, dado que, ao contrário de sua superfície lisa, não há formação de revestimento visível mesmo após a aplicação sucessiva de três camadas de resina. Conclui-se que, considerando a aplicação de resina em superfícies lisas de madeira, há viabilidade técnica de produção de tinta a partir da resina veículo em estudo.

Aug 17, 2017

By Luke A. Balzan

Access to information is a key component for making improvements to any process. This is particularly true for all aspects of the iron mining and steelmaking process. The ability to make rapid control decisions can significantly influence process outcomes, including ensuring product specification, mining quality, transportation limits, upgrade factors, waste bypass and direct shipping, among many others. While traditional laboratory methods provide feedback for such processes, having access to analysis results in real-time can lead to positive reactive and predictive control decisions to be made rapidly, leading to significant improvements throughout the process. Scantech has been designing, manufacturing and supplying technological products to the minerals industry since 2002 to enable the availability of such realtime information to a mine or plant, with the benefits being enjoyed by a wide range of operators. This paper provides a summary of the available technologies used in the iron ore and steel industries, as well as providing a case study of their use at an Australian site, and a description of the potential benefits of a range of analysis equipment.

Aug 17, 2017

By Douglas Glenn Stalheim

Production of structural hot strip coils in yield strengths up to 700 MPa and higher is increasing worldwide. In addition to requiring higher strengths, structural designs require good formability, toughness and weldability. Toughness and formability come from optimization of ductility properties while weldability comes from lower carbon equivalent alloy designs. The key to the production of optimized cost effective hot strip produced structural coils is to create the correct balance of a proper alloy/processing design to create as fine and uniformly distributed cross sectional grain size as possible. In addition to the creation of the fine/uniformly distributed cross sectional grain size, the correct microstructure needs to be created. In the higher yield strength grades, not only does the grain size/distribution play a role but a proper understanding and control of microalloying precipitation kinetics is required. This paper will present various examples of hot strip alloy designs to produce cost effective hot strip structural coil in yield strengths up to 700 MPa with good ductility and weldability. In addition, steelmaking/casting parameters will be discussed to assure successful production. Optimized reheating, rolling and cooling parameters of these alloy designs will be introduced in an accompanying paper.

Aug 17, 2017

By Ismar Antônio Sardinha

Usually outer straight steel tubes are used to blow supersonic oxygen into LD converters (BOF) to make liquid steel, although conical tubes are used too. Inner tube for oxygen blow and intermediary tube for water IN and water OUT are normally straight steel tubes. Present paper shows the influence of outer tube shape and metal used to in lance cooling and, consequently, a skull retention on lance surface. There are two parameters more important related to lance cooling: velocity of water out and the total lance cooling by addition of thermal conductivity of outer tube metal to it. For this comparison outer tubes are made of carbon steel or copper, and can be straight or conical. As related to velocity of water OUT, outer straight tubes have bigger efficiency than conical tubes. As related to total lance cooling, outer tube metal made of copper has much bigger efficiency than steel because of its thermal conductivity 7 to 12 times more depending on work temperature. The lance cooling has much bigger efficiency for the patented SKULLS3® technology with no skulls on the lance and no skulls into the mouth of LD converters (BOF).

Aug 17, 2017

By Theodore James Kurela

Analysis of adverse technical issues has traditionally relied on a snapshot of the state of the operation complemented with both the melt shop’s archived data and eyewitness accounts of adverse events. The GrafTech ArchiTech System is helping EAF shops solve problems faster by combining continuous analysis of information with statistically based alerts of process deviations. After one year of system implementation, a number of cases have been detected and communicated to melt shops worldwide. The objective of this paper is to examine a few of these cases; the early detection, statistical analysis, deviation reporting and the resulting countermeasures implemented.

Aug 17, 2017

By Cristiano José Scheuer

Experiments were carried out aiming to study the influence of micro-abrasive wear test variables and plasma treatment parameters, on the tribological characteristics of low-temperature plasma carburized AISI 420 steel. The first part of this study was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of abrasive particle size, normal load and counter body rotation speed on carburized sample wear behavior; and the second part was conducted in order to evaluate the treatment temperature and time effect on carburized samples wear behavior. Plasma carburizing treatments were performed at 8 and 12 h, for temperatures ranging from 350 to 500°C; and at constant temperatures of 400°C for times between 12 to 48h, and for 450°C for times of 4 to 16h. Micro-abrasive wear test were performed by mean of a calowear ball-cratering equipment using a polished ball of AISI 52100 steel rotating at 80, 120 and 160 rpm, for sliding distances from 2.6 to 104.2 m. Alumina abrasive particles with sizes of 0.05, 0.3 and 1.0 ?m were employed. The normal loads applied on this study were 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 N. Carburized sample was characterized by mean of OM, XRD and hardness measurements. Worn crater characteristics were evaluated by confocal laser microscopy. Results showed that the transient wear regime prevails along the outer layer length (composed by Fe3C and ?’C), and the steady-state wear stabilizes in the diffusion layer region (composed by ?’C). It was verified that the wear rate and wear coefficient decreases with treatment temperature in the range of 350–450°C and increase for 500°C. It was also verified that the wear rate and wear coefficient decreases with treatment time in the range of 12–36 h (for 400°C cycle) and 4–12 h (for 450°C cycle), and increase for larger treatment times due the chromium carbide precipitation. It was also found that the wear coefficient increases with the increase of abrasive particle size, and decrease with the increase in counter body rotation speed and normal load. Lastly, the analysis of the worn craters indicates the occurrence of grooving and micro-rolling abrasion wear mechanisms.

Aug 17, 2017

By Ricardo Tadeu Meneses Sodré

O mercado siderúrgico vive nos últimos anos um de seus maiores desafios de toda história. As empresas buscam, a todo instante, formas de redução de custo visando a manutenção da operação dos seus ativos. A gestão eficiente de estoques é parte fundamental para a redução de custos e garantia da segurança das operações da empresa. Para a classificação da criticidade dos sobressalentes não existe um critério claro e bem definido. Outro ponto importante é que sobressalentes realmente importantes podem não estar contemplados no estoque. O trabalho estabelece um modelo para melhorar a gestão de sobressalentes na ArcelorMittal Tubarão incluindo a correta identificação dos sobressalentes críticos, a priorização desses sobressalentes com foco no que deve ser comprado imediatamente e o que podemos postergar, a reclassificação dos sobressalentes de manutenção quanto a sua criticidade e à criação de alternativas para gerenciar e manter nos estoques os sobressalentes realmente críticos e dispor/criar alternativas para os sobressalentes não críticos. Essa nova metodologia foi aplicada como piloto na Linha de Acabamento e Linha de Tesoura da ArcelorMittal Tubarão indicando ganhos expressivos.

Aug 17, 2017

By Natália Caixeta Rocha

O Terminal Integrador de Santa Luzia (TISL) recebe materiais de origem siderúrgica (fio máquina, bobinas, fardos e chapas grossas) dos clientes Arcelor Mittal Monlevade, Aperam e Usiminas por via ferroviária e os armazena até que sejam despachados para os clientes finais, por via rodoviária. O fluxo inverso (recebimento rodoviário e escoamento ferroviário) é realizado para o cliente Gerdau (tarugos e vergalhões) e para o minério da Usiminas. Os fluxos ferroviários são realizados por vagões Gôndolas, GDE e Plataformas, os quais possuem um ciclo dimensionado para o atendimento ao volume orçado anual, sendo um importante indicador de performance para o TISL, assim como o ciclo de permanência rodoviária. Inicialmente, o tempo de permanência de vagões e carretas estava muito acima da meta determinada e, com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo destes ciclos, foi desenvolvido um projeto de aumento produtividade no terminal. O projeto teve como base a implantação da cultura TPS na busca pela melhoria contínua dos processos, juntamente com a estruturação apresentada na metodologia do PCDA, resultando em grandes ganhos em produtividade.

Aug 17, 2017

By Patrick Tassot

Increased worldwide highly competition in steel market imposes innovative measure for the steelmaker targeting cost reduction and climate-friendly steelmaking process in order to have the ability to withstand the pressure of the market. At the same time the demand for high purity and highest quality steels continues to grow from year to year, especially in the sector automotive in transportation of oil and gas, in the construction Industry and in the manufacture of heavy plate. As they allow producers to be up to the requirements while allowing expanding their product mix, new secondary metallurgical treatments have become a must additionally to standard equipment elements of steel plants modern. Most of these treatments occurs in the steel ladle increasing the pressure to ensure a reliable and as possible neutral reactor. Intelligent solutions for refractory lining ladles should integrate better adaptation to the operational process parameters and the high reliability/availability at the best cost/performance. This challenge has conducted Refratechnik to develop new concepts to overcome the frontier between shaped and unshaped materials and that’s what will be covered in this paper.

Aug 17, 2017

By Thomas Schanz

Current steel market conditions require small investments only to lower operational cost. SMS Concast has developed new products which optimize continuous casting process cost for long product steel production. This paper describes a selection of three products. All three systems are patented (patent pending for CONDRIVE). CONSAFE, a non-radioactive mould level measurement system for reliable mould level measuring on open stream casting CCM’s; CONSTIR-MWS, an improved control software for electromagnetic stirrers which lowers energy cost by 35%; CONDRIVE, a brand new oscillation drive system which provides the features of a hydraulic oscillator, however with a cost efficient electric drive.

Aug 17, 2017

By Léo Daiki Shinomiya

O planejamento de cenários é uma ferramenta empregada como um mecanismo competitivo que entrega uma visão para um futuro passível de acontecer, baseado em fatos atuais e históricos. Adaptado para ser aplicado a resíduos industriais, este método de planejamento de cenários pode ser descrito em oito etapas. Neste trabalho é apresentada a 1ª etapa, que mostra o uso de pesos e critérios para definir as aplicações mais adequadas para a Lama Vermelha a partir de uma infraestrutura disponível localmente. A Lama Vermelha é gerada em larga escala pela indústria do Alumínio, somente no estado do Pará são gerados 5,4 milhões de toneladas anualmente, que impacta diretamente nos custos desta indústria em função de seu tratamento e estocagem. Os resultados guiam definições para as aplicações mais adequadas para a Lama vermelha, sendo destacado o emprego na fabricação de cerâmica vermelha e na produção do cimento.

Aug 17, 2017

By Douglas Glenn Stalheim

Hot strip structural steel coil used in construction, engineering, transport, structural applications and other applications are widely used in yield strengths from 300 – 700 MPa. However, structural design engineers are now not only requiring various strength levels but also other mechanical properties, primarily good formability, toughness and weldability. To produce a balanced approach to a cost effective structural steel, hot strip coil requires an understanding of utilization of an optimized alloy composition designed for the layout/equipment capabilities of a given hot strip mill to produce the desired metallurgy for optimum mechanical property performance. The term “cost effective” does not just focus on alloy design, but also ease of overall processing from steelmaking, casting, rolling and cooling, stable mechanical properties with a statistically normal distribution, no downgrades/rejections and a product that the end user recognizes as being superior to others. The desired metallurgy is simply understanding what will be the optimum microstructure and cross sectional grain size/distribution needed to meet the mechanical property requirements. This paper is a follow up paper that previously described optimum base alloy designs along with steelmaking/casting processing considerations and will focus on proper reheating, rolling and cooling metallurgy/processing strategies to produce quality cost effective hot strip structural steel coil.

Aug 17, 2017

By Andreas Rohrhofer

Reliable high end automation and process optimization systems are main factors for excellent product quality, safe operation and maximized plant performance in the steel industry and its designated environmental plants. Primetals Technologies introduces new automation packages for consequent safe and cost efficient production. Many areas within the steelplant interested to be monitored and measured automatically are not implemented in the automation system due to limited access or technical reasons. A wireless, self-organizing network facilitates wide ranging data transmission in previously inaccessible areas and opens up a wide range of new opportunities. With Fluid Guard a system to detect leakages with highest accuracy and reacts properly for all kind of water cooled circuits is available, improving the safety in steelmaking process. Lance Guard can be utilized for all fully automatic and semi-automatic lance appliances, but is especially suitable for the products of Primetals Sublance Standard/2.0 and LiquiRob applications, since these systems make seamless integration particularly simple. Manual lance appliances may also be tested and diagnosed. Environmental plants have become a main part in steelmaking plants. Highest performance in combination with optimized energy consumption is the main target in Primetals Technologies’ innovations in automation optimization packages for dedusting systems. A new approach for preventive maintenance and operator assistance is introduced with the Acoustic Expert System. In combination with the new Ask cloud based system, Primetals enables a 24/7 monitoring and a whole lifetime observation of any equipment within a steelplant. Furthermore it is now enabled to check the condition of the plant at a fingertip at any time.

Aug 17, 2017

By Pedro Augusto David Machado

The hot metal produced in small blast furnaces runs with a highly heterogeneous charcoal. The result is a significantly higher hot metal chemical composition variation, especially for the silicon content, which varies from 0.4 to 1.5% in Mini Blast Furnaces - MBFs, designed to feed an EAF and/or a BOF. These MBFs operate with frequent variation in their productivities to feed preferably only one of the steelmaking reactors, that is, EAF or BOF. The hot metal suitable amount, chemical composition and temperature, to be delivered at the steelmaking vessel, become the major concerns in the integrated operation MBF to EAF or BOF. In order to cope with those undesirable frequent variations, a solution has been proposed based on the existing technologies of oxygen jets and ladle refining techniques adapted to a hot metal ladle or to a Torpedo Car. The proposed technique is not only able to adjust hot metal temperature and chemical composition, but it also generates the adequate conditions for refinement from P and S, as well as “cleaning” hot metal ladles and Torpedo Cars by melting pig iron skulls. Therefore, this new technique development results in high hot metal yield, an adequate chemical composition and bigger campaign of hot metal ladle.

Aug 17, 2017