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The Pueblo plant receives its principal supply of iron ore from the Sunrise mine, located in Platte County, Wyo., and Iron Mountain, southwest of Cedar City, Utah. Limestone from Monarch quarry located on the continental divide above Salida, Colo., is shipped into Pueblo to be used as a flux. Of importance to the successful operation of the blast furnace plant is the ore preparation unit at Pueblo. Due to the geologic structure of both the Utah and Wyoming deposits, the ores, both high in grade, are quite variable in chemical and physical nature.

Jan 11, 1953

By Fordyce Coburn

RICHARD ore mine of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp. is an underground magnetite operation located in northern New Jersey approximately four miles northeast of the town of Dover, and 40 miles west of New York City. The mine is situated on the southeastern flank of one of the many gneissic ridges having a northeast-southwest trend

Jan 11, 1953

By D. J. Bourne, G. E. Atwood

The new potash refinery of Duval Sulphur & Potash Co. produced its first tonnage of muriate of potash in November 1951. Full capacity was attained in early 1952. Excellent extraction efficiency is being obtained by the process, which is basically froth flotation. System temperature control is practiced and has proved to be of great metallurgical value through high potassium recovery and low reagent cost.

Jan 11, 1953

By M. L. Sisson, G. H. Rupp, R. L. Hair

THE iron ore supply for the Pueblo plant of CF&I is obtained from the Sunrise mine in Wyoming and the Duncan and Blowout mines near Cedar City, Iron County, Utah. The Sunrise mine is an underground operation while those in Utah are open pit.

Jan 11, 1953

By Hobart M. Kraner

THE mineralogy of blast furnace sinter is of interest because its mineral content is one of the important factors contributing to its character. There are so many other factors affecting the properties of the sinter, however, that it is well to mention them here. The proportion and character of the raw materials, that is, raw ores, concentrates, returns, and fuel, as well as the mixing and the water content, all have a marked effect on the physical properties of the product and the degree to which sintering action can be carried on. The process of sintering is a relatively fast operation. In as much as appreciable time is required to carry on processes of fusion in such masses of low thermal conductivity, large lumps of hematite ore frequently remain unfused and partly unchanged in state of oxidation in the sintering process. The kind, the grain size, and the amount of fuel used affect both the completeness of the fluxing reaction and the prevailing atmosphere. The rate of reduction in laboratory tests is not only dependent upon the state of oxidation of the sinter but also upon the sizing and porosity.

Jan 11, 1953

By A. M. Riddle

GROWING out of the nation's most colorful era of railroad building, and with the vision of early pioneers who foresaw a great future for the Western Empire, the Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp. set as its objectives The establishment and building of colonies, towns, schools; industries such as coal mining, iron making and manufacturing works; canals and roads. This was the beginning of CF&I in the year 1872, and from this small western beginning has grown a company that has achieved national importance, ranking ninth in size in steel producing capacity, with over 22,000 employees and operating 14 plants in strategic locations throughout the United States.

Jan 11, 1953

Contents A - Metal Mining B - Minerals Beneficiation F - Coal H - Industrial Minerals I - Mining Geology L - Geophysics

Jan 11, 1953

By Robert E. Delavault, Harry V. Warren

IN the worldwide search of buried orebodies and for entirely new areas of mineralization, geo-chemistry is taking on an increasingly important role. Indeed, geochemistry itself is splitting into various specialties-hydrogeochemistry, pedogeo-chemistry, and biogeochemistry. This article primarily relates to developments in these fields in British Columbia, but many of the remarks are applicable to the whole continent.

Jan 10, 1953

By M. L. Brashears

IN the last 15 years industrial use of ground water has more than doubled, and in 1951 amounted to 5 billion gallons per day. A similar sharp increase in the utilization of ground water for irrigation and public-water supply occurred in the same period. In many areas rapid increase in withdrawal from wells has taken place almost entirely unhampered by regulatory control and with little or no integration of effort. As might be expected, the chief interest in many regions has been maximum production rather than sustained perennial yield. As a result, widespread depletion of underground reservoirs and deterioration of the quality of the water stored in them has taken place in many areas, even though total pumpage in the United States is far below ultimate potential. Of even more concern is the fact that excessive withdrawal has drawn salt water into the reservoirs beneath many heavily populated centers along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, causing costly abandonment of pumping plants.1

Jan 10, 1953

By Herbert H. Mellus

TODAY the tractor-drawn carryall scraper has a very important role in the Open Pit div. of Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. Carryalls have already moved over 3 million tons of material at costs comparable to or lower than for conventional truck and shovel operation, and a major program of scraper stripping and ore production schedules has developed from early isolated scraper applications.

Jan 10, 1953

By John H. Hearding

Induction heating, together with automatically controlled tempering and hardening is giving Oliver faster and more accurate bit sharpening, while experiments with bit taper promise to offer increased footage per bit.

Jan 10, 1953

By Eugene P. Pfleider

Research indicates that the cube diamond is a superior stone for drill bits. It can be oriented to combine a long cutting edge with structural strength and high resistance to wear. Test bits set with preferred orientation give double the bit life at astoundingly low diamond loss in comparison to oriented octahedral diamonds.

Jan 10, 1953

By William Y. Holland, Roger H. Cook

In view of the increasingly widespread deterioration of concrete structures as the result of the interaction of the alkalies sodium and potassium released by hydration of portland cement and susceptible rocks and minerals in aggregates, it is believed that a paper summarizing the geographic distribution of these aggregates will be of interest to producers and users of concrete, concrete products, and concrete-making materials.

Jan 10, 1953

By Robert C. Emmett, Donald A. Dahlstrom

FOR many years gravitational classification has been employed as a basic tool in beneficiation of minerals and coal. While improvements have been made to increase efficiency and fields of application, the basic flow pattern has remained relatively unchanged in most gravitational classifiers. Feed slurry is introduced into a settling pool wherein the coarser solids settle against either an upward or horizontal fluid current, or a combination of both, and are withdrawn in a concentrated underflow stream. The finer solids below the classification point possess too low a settling velocity and thus are primarily swept out through a weir overflow by the bulk of the fluid. Because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low power and maintenance costs, gravitational classification finds a wide acceptance for separations in the range of 20 to 325 mesh.

Jan 10, 1953

By C. E. Schwab

A lead-zinc orebody, in fairly strong quartzite and with a dip of 35° to 60°, is block-caved by use of scrams in a stair-step pattern up the ore footwall. Scram linings to handle coarse muck and permit the use of folding scrapers are developed by the use of end-grain wooden blocks to reduce maintenance and keep operating cost to a minimum.

Jan 10, 1953

By James E. Lawver

A SURVEY of Minerals Beneficiation Div. membership indicated genuine interest in automatic process control, but revealed that the average mill is operating with a minimum of self-regulating devices. Apparently, the mill operators are content to continue without controls until the practicality of self-regulating devices is more generally accepted, or, in the opinion of the writer, until automatic controls become a necessity to meet economic demands of product quality and cost. Both to stimulate interest in control, and to solicit publication of technical know-how by members and equipment manufacturers, this paper presents a cross section of control problems in two general categories: (a) Control problems that can usually be solved by reference to the literature, i.e. controls that have proven successful in the mineral or chemical industries; (b) Problems that are troublesome and frequently unsolved due to unavoidable adverse conditions in the mill circuit to be controlled.

Jan 10, 1953

By A. J. W. Headlee

RECENT interest in germanium centers around its use as a semi-conductor of electricity in electronic devices. It is generally believed that germanium transistors, diodes, triodes, photocells, and rectifiers will largely replace the present-day vacuum tubes. The germanium electronic devices are much smaller, lighter, and more resistant to shock, and they require only a small fraction of current required for conventional devices. Hence only a small amount of heat is given off by the equipment. This development will require many times the quantity of germanium now being produced, which in 1948 was approximately 1000 lb1 and was obtained almost entirely from zinc ores in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. No one knows with certainty what the demand will be for germanium by 1956. It may be 40,000 lb.1 Known concentrations in zinc ores are not sufficient to

Jan 10, 1953

By G. A. Vissac

The drying of fine coal involves special techniques, which are discussed and analyzed. Types of dryers employing these techniques are described. Calculations are presented for new methods of deal ing with the entrained dust that is always present in fine coal drying operations.

Jan 10, 1953

WHEN geologists began probing the grayish rock mass, natives of Adams County, Pa., called soapstone, they were paid scant attention. However, the soapstone, at first misidentified as pyrophyllite, was in reality sericite schist, a hydrous aluminum silicate whose chemical analysis resembles pyrophyllite, except that it has a slightly higher iron and potash content. In addition to its grayish color, sericite schist is foliated and has a greasy feeling much like that of talc.

Jan 10, 1953

By Katherine Mather

This paper is an attempt to put together petrographic, physical, and chemical data about the large and varied group of rocks generally called limestones. Results of the properties of these rocks on their performance as concrete aggregates are discussed.

Jan 10, 1953