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Evver since it first displayed an autonomous mining truck at the 1996 MinExpo show in Las Vegas, NV, Caterpillar has been building the blocks to a fully autonomous mine. In May, the company unveiled another block in that progression, the new Cat MineStar System that it says is ?the industry?s broadest, most comprehensively integrated miner operations and mobile equipment management system.? The full system is comprised of five capability sets ? Fleet, Terrain, Detect, Health and Command ? to help operators define the size and scope of their management system based on the needs of their mining operations. Michael Murphy, technology and autonomy manager for Cat Global Mining, explained that the customers were not ready for an autonomous mining truck in 1996, but that many customers wanted the building blocks to eventually get to autonomous mining. After 15 years of work, Murphy said the building blocks have come together in the form of the Cat MineStar System.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. N. Gow

Acidic treatment of enargite (Cu3AsS4) dissolves both arsenic and copper from the mineral and then attempts to separate them in the leach solution. The reactivity of enargite was examined in acidic solutions, over the pH range 1-7, to determine a potential range for co-dissolution.. Enargite mineral samples from Butte, MT and Quirivilca, Peru were used as working electrodes in a cyclic voltammetry corrosion cell setup, which were then cycled multiple times over -1000 to 1000 mV. Surface reactions and transitions were characterized using in-situ Raman spectroscopy, which were then compared to updated predominance diagrams for the copper-arsenic-sulfur system from a previous study done under alkaline conditions. The region of co-dissolution is limited to > 600 mV vs. SHE and pH < 1 under the proposed diagram.

Feb 23, 2014

By Ottey M. Bishop, William G. Peryam, Fred E. Johnson

THE Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company is the largest copper producer in the Philippines, and the only one that makes a concentrate valuable principally for its copper; also, it has the only productive copper mine situated at considerable distance from the sea, and is the only one in the islands operating its own smelter. The Lepanto mine is in the Municipal District of Mankayan, sub-province of Benguet, near the heart of the Mountain Province of Northern Luzon. It is 165 km. from its shipping point at San Fernando, Province of La Union, on the shore of the China Sea. Elevations at the property range from 3200 to 4500 ft. The climate is very mild; temperatures are seldom below 50° or above 80°F. Annual rainfall approaches 170 in. and is mainly confined to a rainy season lasting from May to October. The months from December to April, inclusive, are usually extremely dry. This climatic pecularity entails the problems of landslides on the roads during the rainy season and water shortage during the dry season. The Mountain Trail, an improved rocksurfaced toll road maintained by the Commonwealth Government, gives access to the property. The 105 km. over this road may be traveled in about 4 ½ hr. during the dry season. Very few sections of the road are straight for more than 100 meters, and about one third of it is a one-way road controlled by gates. All freight for the property is delivered by the Manila Railroad Company to Bauang, La Union, 45 km. west of Baguio and at sea level, where it is picked up by freight trucks and hauled via Baguio to Lepanto. Granulated matte is hauled in bulk from Lepanto in four-ton lots on freight trucks to the storage bins at San Fernando. Freight rates from Bauang to the property amount to [P]8.oo per ton, and from the property to San Fernando the rate is [P]16.00 per ton. The company pays the road toll, [P] 1.00 per truck, each way. THE CAMP The company maintains a modern camp, well separated from the mine and reduction plant. Comfortable and sanitary living quarters, water, and light, as well as free medical service are provided all employees. A hospital staffed by a doctor and two nurses takes care of all medical treatment. Considering recreational facilities of great importance, the company has provided two tennis courts, two basketball courts, and badminton courts for employees. Bowling alleys and a motion picture theater are operated by the company, the profits being expended for other recreational purposes. A moderate sized recreation hall serves for barrio dances, meetings,

Jan 1, 1942

By Foster Fraas

In this Bureau of Mines report, use of the photoemission of electrons to produce electric charges for the electrostatic separation of sonic dispersed minerals, which had previously been ground to pass a 43µ-opening sieve, is demonstrated. It appears that many of the oxides, carbonates, sulfides, and arsenides will respond to photoemission. Minerals least responsive are the oxides of silicon, the oxides of aluminum, and minerals that have a high concentration of these oxides. Although several synthetic ore mixtures did not yield to complete separation in a one-stage operation, it is probable that preliminary neutralization of the initial electric charges produced by powder dispersion will provide complete separation. That the separation can be carried out in air and without the use of reagents or heating, which are required in the present practice of electrostatically separating coarse granular feeds, is of special significance.

Jan 1, 1972

By Q. Cheng

This paper introduces the multi fractal interpolation method (MIM)developed for handling singularities in data analysis and for data interpolation. The MIM is a new moving average model for spatial mapping and interpolation. The model decomposes the raw data into two components: singular and nonsingular components. The former can be characterized by a localized singularity index that quantifies the scaling invariance property of measures from a multifractal point of view. The latter is a smooth component that can be estimated using ordinary kriging or other moving average models. The local singularity index characterizes the concave/convex properties of the neighbourhood values. The paper utilizes a binomial multiplicative cascade model todemonstrate the generation of one- and two-dimensional data with multi-scale singularities which can be modelled by asymmetrical multifractal distribution. It then introduces a generalized moving average mathematical model for analysing and interpolating data with singularities. Finally, it is demonstrated by a one-dimensional case study of de Wijs’ data from a profile in a zinc mine, that incorporation of spatial association and singularity can improve the interpolation result, especially for observed values with significant singularities.

Jan 1, 2015

By H. D. Lelono, M. Walden, G. Johnson

3D modelling can be used throughout the mine lifecycle and has proven to be a powerful tool for consultants and mining companies. One of the most significant benefits of 3D models is their ability to enhance collaboration, communication, and understanding between the mine owner, design engineers, and other relevant stakeholders that have a shared interest in responsible mining and site management. Tailings and mine waste management is an interdisciplinary effort that requires effective coordination and communication between a wide range of consultants, operators, and stakeholders alike. The increased emphasis on Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) highlights the importance for mine operators to engage and communicate with all parties involved in the planning, permitting, operation, and closure of mine sites. 3D models are valuable tools that can be used for development of geotechnical conceptual models, allowing for improved design and monitoring of Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs). A clear conceptual understanding of a TSFs subsurface geology and foundation characterization is essential for proper tailings management, design, and planning. Visualization with 3D modelling can simplify the interpretation of the, oftentimes intricate, mine sight subsurface settings and allows for quick and effective geotechnical conceptualization. 3D models can be used to identify data gaps, optimize field investigations, and streamline the development of numerical stability or groundwater models. They can help communicate the complex nature of subsurface and TSF interactions in a clear, concise, and accurate manner to both technical and nontechnical stakeholders. This paper discusses some of the benefits of 3D modelling in relation to geotechnical analysis for tailings management and provides methodologies for how to improve upon some methodologies that are considered industry standards.

Feb 1, 2023

By Donald J. Murphy

Longevity of structural units, as compared to the planned useful life of a facility, always is a design consideration. Typical concerns include slow decay due to environmental factors, and changes in constitutive relationships governing the performance of the material involved. With respect to foundations, the usual items of interest are corrosion of steel and concrete, and time dependent behavior of the soil/structure system. For piles, as with other foundations, deterioration is precluded, mitigated or otherwise accounted for by assessing properly the ambient situation (sulphates, pH, stray currents, resistivity) and providing safeguards, such as resistant construction products, oversizing, coatings, and/or cathodic protection. On the other hand, long term performance of the pile foundations, as affected by time dependent characteristics of the supporting soil or rock, can be predicted and controlled only with a synergetic coupling of analyses and field tests. The history of a project for which this approach was followed forms the basis for this paper.

Jan 1, 1986

By Fred V. Carrillo

California was the leading state in industrial mineral production value with an estimated value of nearly $2 billion. In total value of U.S. non-fuel mineral production estimated for 1992 by the U.S; Bureau of Mines, California ranked second; 81 % of California&apos;s total production value was derived from industrial minerals. California led all other states in the production of boron minerals, portland cement, diatomite, calcined gypsum and construction sand and gravel, and ranked second in potash and soda ash production. California&apos;s five leading industrial minerals in terms of value were portland cement, construction sand and gravel, boron, crushed stone, and soda ash. California had 13 additional industrial minerals production with reported sales of over $1 million including; industrial sand and gravel, magnesium compounds, lime, salt, potash, natural sodium sulfate, clay, feldspar, crude gypsum, pumice, dimension stone, calcium chloride and perlite.

Jan 1, 1995

By Richard D. Divine

In the Parkes process of extracting precious metals from lead, zinc is added to the molten lead containing gold, silver, copper, and some antimony. These metals, with the exception of antimony, form an alloy with the zinc by reason of their greater affinity for it than for the lead, and this alloy, being lighter than lead, rises to the top, carrying the precious metals with it, whence it can be removed by skimming. These skimmings are further treated for the separation of the zinc therefrom, and the recovery of the precious metals, the zinc being driven off by heat and again used for another operation. In addition to the zinc that combines with the silver, etc., a certain amount is necessary to saturate the lead, and it is therefore necessary to treat the desilverized lead to free it from this residual zinc. TO do this it is heated again in a reverberatory furnace and air or steam is blown through it. This oxidizes the zinc together with a small amount of lead and antimony, leaving the lead free from zinc and antimony, and forming oxides of these metals, which rise to the top and are skimmed off. This process relates to the separation of the metals in these oxides or skimmings. The skimmings are cooled, crushed, and mixed with carbonate of soda and pulverized oil coke. The mixture is heated in a reverberatory furnace on a bath of lead, to about 1,000" C. The metals are reduced by the coke, the lead and antimony go into the lead bath, while the zinc is volatilized and burned to oxide. This impure oxide is at the present time treated at Omaha by the Hall process of electrical precipitation, making a very pure metallic zinc. It can also be very easily refined by the old Schnabel process of using ammonia and carbon dioxide as a solvent. It seems to be in an ideal form for this purpose, and very few changes from the original method are required to obtain the zinc oxide practically C. P., leaving the lead and antimony as residues. There has been considerable difference of opinion regarding the effect

Jan 1, 1915

By J. L. Robson, C. M. Bristow

mass flow rates of particles and air (the loading ratio).

Dec 1, 1994

By Kari Niiranen, Andreas Fredriksson

LKAB (Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB) is operating iron ore mines, concentration plants and pelletizing plants in Northern Sweden. Geometallurgy, which combines geological and metallurgical information is not a new way of thinking at LKAB, but rather a revised and updated version of an old working process. A project called "Silica in the Mine" which started in 2007, was an important reason to set a new focus at the geometallurgy. The target of the project was to develop a simplified method in laboratory scale to predict SiO2 grade in the magnetite concentrate in Kiruna and further predict the physical properties of the crude ore with respect to processing characteristics. The connection between mineralogy and products properties have started to be even more vital and necessary to examine due to the future exploiting new iron ore deposits. Geometallurgy at LKAB can be described as a mental and strategic framework where the Research and Development department (R&D), and others within the organization of LKAB, aims towards the connection of the minerals-production-products. It could in its basics be called "research & development", but it must be clarified that changes have been made, mainly due to the development on the instrumental analysis side. LKAB’s idea is to work quite broad, with internal educations, an active working process in ongoing projects, together with external parties (such as universities), with several PhD-projects and an upgrading on the instrumental side at the LKAB Research & Development department. This paper is a summary about the concept Geometallurgy at LKAB and some of the actions within its framework.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. W. Leomrd, B. A. Donahue

Results of research are presented examining the extent to which the analytical characteristics of the relatively distinct coal bands from a variety of coal seams can be related to each other. This paper dis-cusses an approach for developing a practical coal petrographic quality control program based on conventional analyses, most of which is part of the standard A.S.T.M. procedure. The work is a final follow-up to Part I of this series which was prepared by the authors as an approach to applying conventional coal petrography to single coal seams. Recent published work by the authors entitled Petrography for Coal Mining and Coal Prepration: Part I dealt with interrelating various chemical and physical properties of coal1 measured using conventional analyses made on distinct petrographic bands taken from single coal seams. Since most coal production facilities process coal from a single coal seam or from very closely related coal seams in the same area,2 emphasis on interrelating the properties within a single seam appeared appropriate. The distinct petrographic bands were analyzed on the assumption that such differentiated data would be more representative of a heterogeneous coal seam than the single analytical value commonly used to characterize each property of an entire seam.34 Effort was directed at demonstrating the extent to which the interrelated chemical and physical properties 5,6 could be developed into nomographs or petrographic standardization graphs. Thus, one analysis, determined on a series of petrographic fractions separated from a single sample, was used to estimate numerous other properties in each fraction by referring to the previously established petrographic standardization graphs. This conventional approach to coal petrography was undertaken as a suggested feasible means by which a few coal analyses could be employed to develope a more penetrating knowledge of the properties of coal from any given seam in order to monitor more extensively its performance at the point of utilization. Such procedures can support development of the type of in- formation commonly sought through automated testing and through the use of computers.7 The broad knowledge which can be developed through these procedures is intended for application in the generation of an analytical profile or broad characterization of coal. These estimates were not intended as replacements for individual coal analytical tests. In this expanded second part of the research program, distinct petrographic bands from nine coal seams in the Central Appalachian Region were physically and chemically analyzed to elucidate the extent to which this concept of conventional petrography could be broadened for application to numerous coal seams. In presenting this second phase of work, the relationships developed are presented individually and not in a connecting series of nomographs or petrographic standardization graphs as in the previous work, thus leaving open the combinations of possibilities to individual interpretation and application. MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK Nine coal seams, representing a wide range of rank, from the Central Appalachian coal fields were used in this study. The distinct petrographic bands from the Kittanning, Pond Creek, Jawbone, Tiller, Poca-hontas No. 3, No. 2 Gas, Eagle, Winifrede, and Pittsburgh coal seams were separated by carefully removing a portion of each band at the face of the seam. The following were determined: ash, sulfur, free swelling index, heating value, bulk specific gravity, volatile matter, Hardgrove Grindability Index, and Gieseler Plastometer measurements. Determinations, where procedures were available, were carried out using ASTM standard procedures.8 Bulk specific gravity was determined using a kerosene volume displacement procedure modified from a method applied by Headlee and McClelland of the West Virginia Geological survey,9 Those bands with a bulk specific gravity greater than 1.60, which is generally above the practical specific gravity cleaning range of bituminous coals, were excluded and no analyses were performed. Much of the initial organization of this second phase of work was developed through the extensive use of a computerized statistical monitoring program (see Ref. 4). However, in order to achieve the closest possible interpretation of results, the final organization of data proceeded mainly from exhaustive trial

Jan 1, 1968

By Charles Catlett

THE rapid development of the Portland-cement industry implies that the country is being very carefully searched for material suitable for its manufacture. Such material can be found at a great many places ; but deposits thoroughly satisfactory in chemical composition, and at the same time meeting all the other requirements connected with the economic production and profitable marketing of the product, are exceedingly few, if I may judge from the investigations which I have had to make in a number of States. The raw mixture which by its clinking and grinding forms Portland cement contains approximately 75 per cent. of carbonate of lime. This is found in nature as limestone or marl. The natural rock commonly carries either more than the required percentage of carbonate of lime (in which case it has to be reduced by suitable admixture of clayey ingredients) or less-in which case purer lime carbonate has to be added. The controlling ingredient, therefore, is carbonate of lime, or limestone of the right composition. Among the most serious difficulties is that of finding limestones low enough in magnesia to meet the exacting requirements of certain specifications. All engineers recognize that there is a limit beyond which it is not safe to let the magnesia go; but within that limit there is considerable difference of opinion. Until that difference is finally settled, no one would be willing to invest the large sum of money necessary for a Portland-cement plant, if it were not certain that the usual requirements in this particular could be satisfied. The usual limit in well-established specifications is 5 per cent. of magnesium oxide in the finished cement, but many specifications limit the amount to 3 per cent. These figures

Jan 9, 1907

By M. Gaula

"Gold bearing deposits of the Witwatersrand basin are generally less than 2m thick and require conventional narrow-reef mining methods for extraction and employ explosives as a means of rock breaking. Optimal utilization of explosives is dependent on the overall design of the blast. The under-utilization of explosives arises when shot-holes are drilled inconsistently, overcharged, and when tamping is absent. This can be rectified by emphasizing the importance of good drilling practices as part of induction programmes and refresher courses. The project was aimed at determining whether or not explosives are being optimally utilized at project site. This was investigated through a study of the properties of explosives, mine standards, and recommendations for usage. Underground observations were made to determine whether or not mine standards were being adhered to. Historic data was obtained to establish the historic relationship existing between the quantity of explosives used (kg) and the production output (m2). This was then compared to the quantity of explosives the mine expects to use per unit of production. The results obtained were analysed to determine the presence and extent of over- or under-utilization. It was found that explosives are being under-utilized at the mine. More explosives are ordered than expected per unit of production. The explosives’ properties are not thoroughly exploited during blasting, thereby requiring the use of more explosives than prescribed. Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of BSc. (Mining Engineering)"

Jan 1, 2015

By G. C. Yao

Branch and needle-shaped intermctallic compounds of iron, silicon and aluminum normally exist in the molten aluminum. If a suitable amount of manganese metal is added into molten aluminum, the shape of the intermallie compound particlcs may become lumpish and spherical. According to the difference in electric and magnetic properties of these impurity particles and molten aluminum, these impurity intermctallie compound particles can be separated by applying an alternating magnetic field. In this experiment the alternating magnetic field was formed by a "C" type loop with AC (50Hz) current. The inner vacuum of the fireclay refractory separator is 25>< 15" 130mm3 with a lateral baffle inside. The separator was put into the interspace of the "C" type loop. It was found that the longer the separation time, the larger the amount transferred of impurities. The amount of transferred impurities increases with the increase of separation time and intensity of magnetic field. The addition of manganese metal enhanees signifieantly the efficiency of impurity separation.

Jan 1, 2003

By Zenón Quispe

El presente trabajo describe la importancia de la aplicación de técnicas de análisis de cuencas sedimentarias en la exploración de minerales del área de Cajamarca. Para ello, se determinaron los espesores originales de las Formaciones Chimú, Santa- Carhuaz, Farrat e Inca y los porcentajes de disminución de espesor y con los resultados obtenidos, se diseño y analizó el gráfico de curvas corregidas por descompactación y sin corrección por descompactación. Asímismo, se explica la posible formación de fallas no tectónicas debido a la compactación diferencial y las unidades estratígráficas que comprende el estudio.

Sep 9, 2007

By M. Sandin

According to the world bank1, the mining industry consumes up to 11 percent of global energy use. In comparison, 70 percent of mining projects from the six largest mining companies operate in water-stressed regions. To steer the direction of the process industries toward more sustainable practices, more than 40 governments have adopted a price on carbon. This measure includes additional taxes on the use of fossil fuels, trade programs, new standards for renewable energy, energy efficiency mandates, more stringent emissions regulation, carbon offsets, etc. This emphasis is also supported by investors shifting their priorities to reduce risk by focusing on long-term plans, including environmentally friendly operations. The metals and mining industry is at the core of the green energy mix and electrification of vehicles. This new trend creates an astronomical increase in demand for minerals. Under a 2-degree scenario, according to the latest analysis from the world bank, as new energy technologies continue to grow, it is expected that all minerals to double in demand, and the distribution of these materials will depend on their application. • Solar panels, will account for 87% of the aluminum demand, and more than 95% of silver • Wind turbines and geothermal plants will require 98% zinc and 64% titanium. • Solar and wind energy alone will demand more than 74% of the global supply of copper, and this is without considering wiring or other infrastructure to connect the grid • Battery storage accounts for 100% of the graphite and lithium demand. (Hund, 2020) • Other materials, such as nickel and steel, are also projected to more than double in demand as they are cross-technology minerals. These materials require a manufacturing process that is accountable for the emissions proper of the transformation process. It requires that these processes move from a hindsight mode focused on reporting to a forecasting mode based on run-time measurement of GHG emissions. This is a critical first step in companies realizing an economic return for doing the right thing for the environment and their communities.

Feb 1, 2023

By Lilong Zhu, Shaoda Zhang, Qian Wang, Shengping He

The effects of ZrO2, Y2O3 and Sc2O3, which are transition metal oxides, on the melting temperature, viscosity at 1300 °C, and break temperature of three mold fluxes (two weak-reactive type and one non-reactive type) designed for the high manganese and high aluminum steels, and one another conventional CaO-SiO2 based mold flux is studied. The results indicate that the melting temperature and viscosity increases slightly, and the break temperature increases dramatically with the addition of ZrO2, Y2O3 and Sc2O3 content in the conventional CaO-SiO2 based mold flux system. While, the addition of ZrO2, Y2O3 and Sc2O3 in the weak-reactive or non-reactive mold flux systems has a negligible in fluence on the melting temperature, viscosity and break temperature, suggesting that these transition metal oxides are possible to regulate radiation heat transfer without changing the basic properties of mold fluxes.

Mar 1, 2018

By S Long, D Carnovale, L Louwrens

The Mt Wright underground mine (MTW) is located near the town of Ravenswood in north Queensland and is operated by Carpentaria Gold – a wholly owned subsidiary of Resolute Mining Limited.The Mt Wright mine has gone through many stages, from the conception and implementation of the world first ‘sub-level shrinkage’ stoping (SLS) with continuous fill mining method in 2010, through to steady state production. These have been outlined in detail in papers presented by Mackay (2011) and Mackay, Long and Koen (2014) at previous Underground Operators Conferences.Since the last paper was presented, MTW has experienced significant change in two key areas.The first significant change was the discovery of a previously unknown hazard in the form of flat rilling events (FREs) from closed drawpoints (DPs). These events are believed to be unique to MTW and pose a significant risk to both the safety of personnel and the business as a whole. The paper will discuss this hazard and the evolution of the controls and practices that have been introduced to mitigate the risk posed by the identified hazards. The material involved in these events is extremely dry, fine and hot.The second significant change is an altered stress regime bought on in part by a change in the production front orientation and a general deterioration in ground conditions in some areas of the mine. This has caused some production interruptions at MTW. The second half of the paper will describe the challenges encountered, the mechanisms behind these challenges and the strategies implemented to safely return MTW production to planned levels.It is believed that other operations can learn from the issues mentioned above, and the paper has been written with this in mind.`CITATION:Long, S, Carnovale, D and Louwrens, L, 2017. Mt Wright – managing unique risks, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 295–304 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By N. Moemise, M. B. Shongwe, P. A. Olubambi, M. M. Ramakokovhu

"Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy sorting technology is incorporated in an automated optical mineral sorter that can discriminate between materials using the differences in characteristics when exposed to near-infrared radiation. During September 2014 to April 2015, a pilot plant that utilized NIR technology to discriminate between kimberlite and waste materials was commissioned to determine the viability of including this technology in the diamond winning process flow sheet at Cullinan Diamond Mine. The plant was used to minimize the waste content in the size fraction -70+35 mm that reports to the crushing section and then to the dense media separation process. This paper describes the initial test work, conducted at Mintek, that led to the decision to conduct a pilot-scale study. The mineralogical characterization of the feed and product streams to establish the sorting criteria and the operational data obtained during the pilot plant campaign are described. The results indicated a good possibility of discriminating between the kimberlite and waste material using NIR technology. However, the consistency of discrimination was not good enough to avoid the risk of potential diamond loss. Furthermore, a lower than expected availability of the machine reduced the throughput capabilities. IntroductionUsing near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology for ore sorting is a new concept for the mineral processing and mining industry. NIRS has been used for decades in the laboratory for the identification of pure minerals, and has its roots in the recycling, food, and pharmaceutical industries (Salter and Wyatt, 1991; Robben et al., 2009). Ore sorting in itself is not a new concept; it was introduced during the Stone Age with handsorting being the first method to separate valuable materials from gangue (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2006; Sassos, 1985). However, over the years the scale of mining has increased and hand-sorting has become challenging to implement (Joensson, 2014).Sensor-based sorting is an advanced technology that can help overcome problems such as ore dilution experienced in mineral processing operations. The benefits are lower energy and water costs, reduced ore dilution, lower environmental impact, and improved profit margin (Mathew, 1974; Jonsson, 2014; Salter and Wyatt, 2009; Death et al., 2009). In sensor-based sorting, materials are mechanically sorted based on certain physical properties that are detected by a sensor (Dalm, 2013). Research has found that with NIR scanners it is possible to obtain a ‘fingerprint’ of a sample that is directly related to its mineralogical composition. According to Woutruba et al. (2009), molecules absorb NIR radiation by means of electronic and vibrational transitions. Nowadays, there are many sensors available in the market that utilize different material properties; the choice of a sensor is dependent on the mineralogy of the ore."

Jan 1, 2016