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By M Hawkins

The Clem Jones Tunnel (formally known as the North-South Bypass Tunnel), a A$2.88 billion road tunnel project in Brisbane, Queensland, was successfully completed almost seven months ahead of schedule. The project included two parallel 4.7 km long road tunnels, 740 m of intermediate roadway access ramps and two auxiliary ventilation tunnels. The tunnels incorporate intelligent tunnel systems, best practice fire and life safety standards and typical civil tunnel elements.Over the duration of the project the Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB) and AECOM (formally Maunsell) design joint venture (MPB) were Lead Designers to the Leighton Contractors and Baulderstone Bilfinger Berger Joint Venture (LBBJV). Construction of the toll road commenced in September 2006 and was completed in March 2010, with the tunnel opening then. Contributing to the success of this project was the continued support the lead designers gave throughout the construction period.This paper will focus on some of the structural elements that contributed to the success of the project – in particular the cable tunnel structure, a small precast, culvert shaped element under the pavement of the mainline tunnel, and the fit-out of the Gibbon Street shaft which were designed to be constructed in a combination of precast and in situ concrete.The cable tunnel was incorporated early in the design phase and runs the length of much of the tunnel. This paper will outline the challenges faced by the designers with implementing this system which provided significant construction advantages, among which were being able to install a separate ventilation duct during construction and to start fitting out the mechanical and electrical conduits and drainage system while tunnelling was still underway.The Gibbon Street shaft had a length and width of 20 m by 40 m and an overall depth of 38 m. A 20 m high structure of precast and in situ concrete was constructed in the base to accommodate mechanical and electrical equipment and provide a take-off access for the southern ventilation tunnel. The construction purpose for this structure was to provide a junction between the tunnel boring machine (TBM) and the roadheader-style tunnels, a staging platform for commencing the roadheader tunnelling, and a platform where the TBMs could be dismantled and removed.The design was assessed and reviewed many times throughout the construction process to address the needs of each of these stages. Innovative use of precast concrete was used to minimise construction time.Additionally, the designers provided support to the construction team from the time of design completion through to the tunnel opening. This meant that the changes to the design and adjustment of construction loadings could also be assessed. The fi nal outcome resulted in an efficient construction sequence and a project that has provided an excellent outcome for the client, stakeholders and community.

Mar 8, 2011

ERRATA-AUTHOR'S REPLY IN SEPTEMBER, 1970, JOURNAL: PAGE 52 I. Left half of the page, 4th paragraph, fifth line from the bottom: for 22 / 5 1/2 %, read 22 / 5 1/2 %. 2. Right half of the page, fifth paragraph from the bottom, third line from the bottom: for N(l - p), read N(1 - p)x. 3. Right half of the page, fourth paragraph from the bottom, second line: for: at time t after time zero, read: at time x after time zero. NOTICE TO ALL STUDENT MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY The Institute offers each year for competition among Student Members of the Institute a prize, or prizes, should entries so warrant it, of up to the value of R100 to be awarded to the Student Member or Members who submit the best paper or dissertation on a topic appropriate to the interests of the Institute. In the case of Student Members who are in full time study at a university the dissertation or thesis which they may have to write in part fulfilment of their university curriculum may be accepted provided it is presented in a manner and on a topic suitable for publication in the Journal. The closing date for the receipt of papers shall be 31st December each year.

By Campbell J. McKenzie

Following on from the successful completion of three exploration programs and the discovery of two new inactive Seafloor Massive Sulphide (SMS) deposits within New Zealand?s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Neptune is now poised to take the next step from explorer to developer. Neptune considers that commercialization of SMS deposits represents the future of the mining industry, providing a new source of metals to the world economy, and enabling host countries to benefit from this new industry. Neptune recognizes that marine biodiversity is among the greatest treasures of New Zealand. The geological isolation, range and complexity of habitats, and a number of major ocean currents that influence New Zealand have created diverse marine communities. Neptune, recognizing both the environmental importance of marine biodiversity and the value it provides to all New Zealanders has made commitments to ensure sustainable development. There are many unanswered questions regarding how the marine environment may be affected by SMS development, however best practice environmental management is a key aspect of the Company?s approach to our activities and the code for ?Environmental Management of Marine Mining? prepared by the IMMS has played a part in this approach. Neptune has close relationships with the scientific community to ensure that appropriate environmental strategies and plans are developed in order to minimize the effects of our activities on the environment.

Jan 1, 2008

The American Mining Congress, of which the President is Carl Scholz, and the Secretary is J. F. Callbreath, and of which many of the officers and directors are prominent in Institute affairs, has extended to the members of the Institute a cordial invitation to attend the nineteenth Annual Session of the Congress, to be held at the La Salle Hotel, Chicago, Nov. 13 to 16, 1916, and to take part in its deliberations. The morning sessions will be, general meetings at which the attendance of all members of the Convention is hoped for, and which will he devoted to a discussion of subjects related to the three several heads, "safety," "efficiency" and "conservation." The afternoon meetings will be divided into several sections, each devoted to the discussion of subjects of interest to its special branch of the industry. It is planned to have 811 papers printed and distributed, allowing the author a limited time in which to present the salient features of his address and giving up the greater part of the time to a discussion of the subject presented by members on the floor. By this plan it is hoped to have a free expression of opinion and to provide ample time for reaching conclusions to be embodied in resolutions representing the best thought of the mining industry.

Jan 10, 1916

By Mark S. Stagg, Virgil J. Stachura, John W. Kopp, David E. Siskind

The Bureau of Mines studied airblast from surface mining to assess its damage and annoyance potential, and to determine safe levels and appropriate measurement techniques. Research results obtained from direct measurements of airblast-produced structure responses, damage, and analysis of instrument characteristics were combined with studies of sonic booms and human response to transient overpressures. Safe levels of airblast were found to be 134 dBL (0.1 Hz), 133 dBL (2 Hz), 129 dBL (6 Hz), and 105 dB C-slow. These four air- blast levels and measurement methods are equivalent in terms of structure response, and any one could be used as a safe-level criterion. Of the four methods, only the 0.1-Hz high-pass linear method accurately measures the total airblast energy present; however, the other three were found to adequately quantify the structure response and also represent techniques that are readily available to industry. Where a single airblast measuring system must be used, the 2-Hz linear peak response is the best overall compromise. The human response and annoyance problem from airblast is probably caused primarily by wall rattling and the resulting secondary noises. Although these will not entirely be precluded by the recommended levels, they are low enough to pre- clude damage to residential structures and any possible human injury over the long term.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. Ward Grosz

Reasonable and timely solutions to the complicated mathematical calculations involved in the mine planning, economic evaluation and slope stability studies related to the Ruth Mine would not have been feasible without the modern digital computers. The Ruth Mine was a prosperous underground copper operation in east central Nevada from 1915 to 1948, when rising mining costs finally exceeded the value of the ore. A substantial reserve of porphyry copper remained in the ground, but until recently all economic evaluations indicated that it was at best a marginal operation and a relatively poor risk of capital. There has been a steady progress in improving all aspects of surface mining since the first steam shovel started stripping overburden; however, developments in just two rather specialized areas proved to be critical in changing the Ruth Mine from a reserve of mineralized rock to an economically attractive orebody. One involved the progress made in recent years in the science of slope stability. Applying the latest techniques in this field to mine planning resulted in reducing the stripping ratio from 6.0:l to 4. 2:l. The other major factor was the efficiency and cost performance of large capacity haulage trucks which made it feasible to go down over 1100 ft. in an open pit and recover ore with a high stripping ratio economically.

Jan 1, 1969

By Neil Smith

Mineral processing plants typically procure a range of industrial services from contractors. Their satisfaction and value received is directly affected by how the services are procured, rationalized and delivered. Conventional purchasing strategies often focus on price rather than on optimizing the service relationship between supplier and customer. The nature of this relationship may have the greatest potential to reduce costs and enhance production. It has been documented that a service involves simultaneous production and consumption. A high degree of customer involvement is often necessary for a successful outcome and the expectations and attitudes of the customer can positively or negatively affect delivery of the service. This indicates that the customer can enhance or diminish their own satisfaction and value received and the supplier cannot act alone for best results. The Optimax? Program for industrial services is a service delivery framework whereby a customer and supplier work together to raise the efficiency of the service exchange. The Optimax? Program is intended to help the customer optimize costs and maximize production by connecting the customer and supplier through shared information and objectives. This paper will review the basic nature of services, provide a couple of examples of conventional procurement strategies for services and outline the features of the Optimax? Program. A Case Study showing recent results from implementing the Optimax? Program will be included.

Jan 1, 2006

By Rao A. B, Rao V. D

Northeast of Brazil is situated in the polygon of drought. It covers some very important states like Bahia,Pernam- buco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte, Cea- ra and Piaui , which have a potential for mineral production. Of them the main contributions that comes from Rio Grande do Nor to , Ceara and Paraiba are the scheelite and im portant quantities of granitic pegmatite mine- rals like tantalite-columbites, micas, beryls, precious stones, lithium minerals etc. On the other hand flourishing mineral economy in gold, tin, emeralds, chromium, lead, apatite is most- ly from Bahia; and potassium, salts, and petro- leum are from Sergipe, Alagoas and Bahia res; pectively. The most interesting aspect coninues to be the nucleus of the drought zone constituted of the Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba and Ceara sta- tes.The first two authors have worked for twel- ve years in the region and have dedicated atten tion and time to two systems, namely skarns and granitic pegmatites. Their mineralogy,petrogra- phy, geochemistry, origin and economy is being worked upon from time to time to accompany the progress that is being achieved both in the sec tors of geology and economy. Besides, during the field campaigns, evidences have been sought to find the best guide horizons for mineralisa- tion and options for the location of target areas and prospection methods for scheelite, tantalites and other pegmatite minerals.

Jan 1, 1988

Orange Free State Branch Minutes of a General Meeting held at the Welkom Mine Canteen on Wednesday, 21st November, 1973, at 4-.00 p.m. Present Mr E. T. Wilson (Chairman) in the Chair, 15 Fellows and Members, 12 Associates, Graduates, and Students, and 11 Visitors (Total 38). Book review Symposium on Environmental Engineering in Coal Mining The 20 papers presented at the symposium cover some 14 subjects related to environmental engineering in coal mines, such as dust, heat, gas emissions, ventilation, noise, and lighting. Competition for students Each year the Institute offers a prize (or prizes should the entries warrant it) of up to Rl00 for the best paper or dissertation on a topic appropriate to the interests of the Institute. A.8. & T.8. Trust The A.S. & T.S. Trust has been formed with the specific object of establishing a worthwhile source of funds which can be used to further the progress of science and technology in South Africa. Nim reports Report No. 1573 A pilot-plant investigation of a flotation model. Report No. 1597 The role of sulphur in the flotation of sulphide minerals. Report No. 1599 The analysis of silicate rocks and metallurgical slags by X -ray-fluorescence spectrometry. Report No. 1607 The analysis of ion-exchange resins by X-ray- fluorescence spectrometry. Report No. 1617 An electronic differential precision thermometer.

Jan 6, 1974

By Richard R. Klimpel

In a process-oriented production environment, the first objective of any plant engineering effort is to safely produce sufficient product output with an existing plant layout to provide a profitable return to the plant owners and stable employment for plant employees. In such an environment, the terminology macro-engineering means looking at a plant from a perspective beyond "putting out routine fires" or "keeping the plant running." It means asking questions like: • What are the current equipment bottlenecks in the existing plant? • What portion of the plant is most sensitive to fluctuations in raw feed characteristics or other processing condition changes? • If one had X dollars to spend beyond routine maintenance, how could it be best spent to have the greatest impact on overall plant profitability? • What portions of the plant do we know least about? While these questions may seem obvious, they often go unasked due to time pressures, limitations on people or other resources and poor profitability of the existing plant. Even when the questions are asked, frequently a high level of personal bias or a lack of accurate information lead to less than optimal answers and sometimes a lack of confidence in engineering technology. Therefore, in a majority of process plants, there has been little serious change in the equipment layout or engineering operation practice since the start-up of the original plant design.

Jan 1, 1992

By Alan S. Lock

Large scale feasibility studies for the establishment of oil-seed and cellulose producing crops on mine tailings have been successfully conducted over 1 growing season with the purpose of these crops to be used as feedstock to the biofuels industry. An acid sulphide tailings impoundment in Copper Cliff, Ontario and a near neutral pH goldmine tailings impoundment in Timmins, Ontario were both tested by amending half hectare plots to approximately 1 m thick with residual biosolids from the pulp and paper industry and growing canola and corn on these plots. Full scale agricultural equipment was used to cultivate seed and harvest the plots to prove the full scale feasibility of farming on these biosolids. The vegetation development, growth, yield, quality and composition were assessed to identify the best species that would maximize biomass development for feedstock to the biofuels industry and carbon credits for the mining industry. Groundwater, biosolids and tailings chemistries were investigated to identify potential deleterious impacts of degrading organic matter on tailings metal mobility. Preliminary hydrologic investigations using moisture sensor profiles elucidate potential conservation of water in amended plots. Tailings amended with biosolids have the potential to provide the mining industry with carbon credits and supply feedstock to this new industry while reclaiming brownfields to a new level, utilizing industrial and municipal organic waste material.

May 1, 2009

AustraliaÆs current interest in renewable energy is based on a desire to reduce the countryÆs greenhouse gas emissions. Wood from sustainable sources offers a unique opportunity to combine greenhouse gas benefits with other significant environmental and social benefits, including salinity mitigation, carbon sequestration, soil replenishment and rural industry. The challenge is to make renewable energy from wood in a cost competitive manner, so that this broad range of benefits may be best realised. Bioenergy and carbon products are of great interest as new, commercial forestry products that can drive large-scale environmental tree planting:In Western Australia, Enecon has worked with Western Power Corporation to build the first full-scale plant for integrated processing of mallee eucalypts, to produce activated carbon, renewable power and eucalyptus oil. It is intended that this plant is the first of a number of such plants to help catalyse environmental tree planting in Western Australia. New technologies being developed overseas may provide competitive bioenergy in areas where traditional markets for wood do not exist. For example, pyrolysis converts wood into a bio-oil that may be transported to remote sites for power generation in gas turbines. Pyrolysis also produces wood char. Pyrolysis and wood-to-ethanol technologies, coupled with short rotation coppicing trees, offer the long-term prospect of large-scale production of renewable fuels around the country.

Jan 1, 2006

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Engineer of many years' experience in mining engineering, construction, public works, contracting, water-power development and operation, having heretofore retired on a sufficient competence, wishes to have employment with thoroughly reputable concern where his experience would be of value; the question of remuneration is of secondary importance. A-2591. Engineer, in military service nearly two years, desires, when discharged, to secure permanent position offering future opportunities. Experienced as mechanical and metallurgical engineer, investigator, teacher. Technical graduate and post-graduate from two of best American schools. Ability as executive, organizer and industrial leader. Especially fitted for industrial position of administrative nature or as technical assistant to industrial manager. Salary expected $4500 to $5000. A-2619. Member A. I. M. E., age 36, twelve years' experience in smelting and hydrometallurgy of copper ores, desires research or works position with responsible company. Speaks fair Spanish. Can handle men. Will welcome difficult metallurgical problems. Salary $5000. A-2627. Mining engineer, recently discharged from the Army as Captain, Engineers, age 38, 15 years' experience in the Southwest and in Mexico in gold, silver and copper mining, engineering, surveying, sampling and assaying, with special training in prospect and mine examination and the development of prospects. Speaks Spanish; immediately available; references. A-2136.

Jan 6, 1919

By Edward J. Way

+1KLEINFONTEIN GROUP CENTRAL ADMlNISTRATION, BENONI, TRANSVAAL, S. AFRICA. The cost and the speed of sinking a shaft are factors of so great importance in operating a mine, that the data given in Table I., herewith published, will be of interest and value to all engaged in practical mining; and for this reason the data are communicated for permanent and accessible record in our Transactions. The figures 'of cost cover the period from January 1, 1903, to May 31, 1903, during which time the total depth sunk was 858 ft. So far as I know, the cost of sinking per foot (£13,15s., 11.04d.) of a shaft of the dimensions 21 ft. by 6 ft. in hard rock, is the cheapest yet on record; and the speed of 213.5 ft. per month, which was attained during May, 1903, is also the best record for speed in sinking in rock so hard as that of this shaft. During the period from January 1 to May 31, 1903, there were 144 rounds worked, involving 4,032 holes, of a total depth of 28,963 ft. 2.4 in., which is equivalent to an average depth of 7 ft. 2.2 in. per hole bored. These data are of added interest from the fact that the work was done practically by native labor.

Jan 1, 1905

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, mining engineer, technical education, married, 15 years' experience as foreman, superintendent, manager of examination and exploration work. Prefers Pacific Coast or Alaska, but will go anywhere. Available Nov. 25. No. 422. Mine manager or mill superintendent. U. S. A., Canada or Mexico preferred. Age, 33. Member. Five years mill superintendent, mills up to 2500 tons a day-gold, silver and lead; 6 years mining from bottom up to manager. No. 423. Member, mining engineer, technical graduate, age 40, 17 years' experience, having filled every position at a mine; superintendent of large mine at present. Familiar with all kinds of mining machinery. 'Best of reference. Available after Jan. 1, 1918. No. 424. Member, age 41, with 20 years' experience in design construction and operation of mining and smelting works and steam, electric and water-power plants, etc., who has held positions of responsibility in important concerns, desires a position requiring executive or engineering ability, or both. No. 425. Member, age 37, graduate mining engineer, with 29 years' experience in all phases of anthracite and bituminous mining, at present engaged as manager of one bituminous mine and consulting engineer for others, desires position as manager of a coal mine or consulting engineer for banking interests. No. 426.

Jan 1, 1918

By Carleton K. Smith

Due to special job or client requirements, there will always be some variation in the philosophy of organizing and controlling construction under a project management contract. In typical cases, however, some standard procedures apply. Controls on a construction project are best described only in general terms. They should apply to the total job and can be most effective only when all pieces of the job organization fit together to support a control system for the entire project. Controls are more than a system of reports, schedules, and tabulations-they are the result of an integrated organization dedicated to getting a job done on time and within budget. One of the most important aspects of project control is the construction organization. It must include the right people, facilities, and site equipment, as well as the authority to do what's necessary to accomplish the work. This should be set up to function with as little involvement from off-site or the home office as possible. However, the jobsite construction group must work within established policies and guidelines and is subject to continuous off-site or home office monitoring. In other words, the job-site leaders need to have a clear definition of their responsibility, their authority, and the necessary people and equipment to make things happen. With that philosophy in mind, this is how Bechtel sets up a new job to be

Jan 10, 1980

The Raymond Memorial Volume, which the Members of the In-stitute have been so anxiously awaiting since the beloved man's death, is nearly ready for publication. It will contain about 45,000 words and some illustrations and a frontispiece portrait. This book promises to fill every expectation of the contributors to the volume and the host of admirers of the genius who so long guided the destiny of the Institute. It will contain one of Doctor Raymond's best stories, entitled "James and Jim;" his famous article on "Job on Mining;" and one of his poems entitled "The Grand Canyon." A biography of Doctor Raymond has been written by his daughter, who is the wife of a member of the Institute. The memorial addresses delivered by Dr. Henry F. Drinker and T. A. Rickard at the annual meeting in New York in 1919 will be included. There will also be very interesting reminiscences by H. M. Howe, A. S. Dwight, C. W. Goodale, R. W. Hunt, Lyman Abbott, J. F. hemp, T. A. Rickard. The volume has been edited by T. A. Rickard, which promises all that can be wished for the volume from a literary standpoint. The edition will he limited so that it is very desirable that orders for this volume be sent in to the Institute as promptly as possible. The price will be $5.00.

Jan 12, 1919

By Rebecca L. Jones

The paper addresses the application of XPAC AutoScheduler at the Fort Hills Energy Oil Sands Project to complete fast turn around ?what if? scenario testing of different mine schedules. Traditional scheduling approaches involve engineers making a ?best guess? at the required mining sequence, loading this sequence into a scheduling package and testing the results to determine if the schedule meets corporate objectives. This process is iterative and can be very time consuming. Autoscheduling techniques, on the other hand, are based on the engineer pre defining the mining rules and constraints of the deposit. The software then automatically selects a sequence of mining which the schedule should try and achieve, based off specified corporate objectives. Under this system the engineer is able to adjust the objectives and rules to evaluate numerous scheduling scenarios quickly and easily. An XPAC AutoScheduler model was built, documented, and implemented by Runge and Petro-Canada Oil Sands Inc. personnel in a month. It is currently being used by Petro-Canada Oil Sands Inc. to run multiple schedule scenarios, most taking less than ten minutes configure and ten minutes to schedule. The results of each schedule are tabulated with supporting graphs on; the bitumen grade profile, strip ratio, ore inventories and mined tonnage. In addition to this, the block model may be animated to show the progression of the resources mining the schedules.

May 1, 2008

By J. van der Walt, A. Whillier

Reference is made to the approach to mine cooling in which the service water is used as one of the means of distributing refrigeration, and attention is drawn to various engineering disciplines or functions necessary for effective distribution and reticulation of cold water from refrigeration plant. The demand for service water is intermittent, the peak flow-rates being typically two to three times the average flowrate. The refrigeration plant, on the other hand, must preferably be operated steadily throughout the day and night, with the result that a large storage dam for cold water must be incorporated into each system in order to even out the surge in demand for water. These dams should be operated as constant-temperature, variable-volume reservoirs. The conventional cascade system involving dams on each level is not the best for sending water down mines, and schemes are described that avoid the need for such dams. Reference is made to various tests that were carried out, and to several large systems that were installed. Management and organizational problems that could arise as a result of new technological developments in mine cooling are referred to, and cost figures are quoted to indicate the large potential savings, In addition to the improved environmental conditions, that can be achieved through the use of integrated water systems.

Jan 1, 1979

J. J. RUTLEDGE,* McAlester, Okla. (written discussiont).-Research work has often a more immediate and practical application to the in-dustries than even the investigators themselves realize, but coal mining has not attracted the investigator, except in so far as the mine-accident prevention work and fuel investigations are concerned. In future, the coal geologist will study the subsurface geology of the various coal seams as the petroleum geologist now studies the oil sands, and from the results of these studies the coal operator will be able to locate his shafts to the best possible advantage and to avoid faults that would interfere with underground work. There would have been many thousands of dollars saved, and perhaps some reputations, if a good stratigrapher. had been called into consultation in the southern part of Somerset County, Pa., where a local seam of coal, quite thick, was mistaken for the Pittsburgh seam, which, if ever present at that point, had long since been eroded. Why will the Quemanhoming coal carry more sulfur without injuring the grate bars than George's Creek Big Vein? Only the investigator can answer and yet the fact that the above is true means a greater price for the thinner coal. The owner of the land in Oklahoma receives one-fourth of the cotton crop produced by the tenant who farms his land and one-third of the

Jan 11, 1919