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By Horst Kappes

Tradicionalmente, a escória é descartada em poços secos ou granulada com água, gerando um produto de maior valor agregado devido à vitrificação e consequente aproveitamento na indústria de cimento. Com larga experiência em granulação e mais de 260 referências do sistema INBA®, a Paul Wurth agora apresenta a solução mais robusta do mercado para granulação a seco. Promovendo a granulação através da injeção de esferas de aço, comprovou-se, através de uma série de testes, características iguais ou superiores à da escória granulada com água. Uma apresentação desta tecnologia bem como uma narrativa de sua trajetória e os resultados parciais obtidos é descrito neste trabalho.

Aug 2, 2018

By AIME AIME

NO ADEQUATE salary scale, at the present time, can ignore the increase in the cost of commodities 'during the last few years or- afford to assume that this increase is merely temporary. A study of the change in prices and wages during and after the Civil War is of interest in connection with changes that have taken place from 1913 to 1919. The curves on the accompanying figure, based on reports of the War Industries Board and Department of Labor, show these changes. During the Civil War retail prices rose to 164,2 per cent. of the prices of 1860, during the next 8' or 10 years. It is interesting to note that the rise in wages during the Civil War was almost simultaneous with the rise in the prices of commodities. During the World, War, the rise in wages has lagged about a year behind the rise in prices. Furthermore, in the period immediately, following the Civil War, wages continued to rise after prices started to fall, The present price level is not considered merely temporary by such of our Government agencies as the Department of Labor and the Federal Reserve Board or by such economists as Irving Fisher' and J. S. Holden.2 Sub-

Jan 1, 1920

By Lynch K. S, Street R. P

Hamersley Iron's pellet plant at Dampier involves ore drying, dry grind- ing in ball mills, disc balling and, indurating by use of the straight grate system. After five years of operation, the plant's output has been increased from the design capacity level of 2 M.T.P.Y. to 2.5 M.T.P.Y. Steps taken in equipment modifica- tion, improvements in process control, and changes in maintenance procedures are described.

Jan 1, 1973

By D. E. Sullivan

The Bureau of Mines investigated the availability of potash from 68 mines and deposits in 12 market economy countries (MEC's) containing, at the demonstrated resource level, approximately 11.7 billion metric tons (mt) of potash in assay terms of contained K2O; K2O as used by industry as a standard of comparison for the different forms of potash. These resources include almost 190 million mt in the United States, 9.63 billion mt in Canada, approximately 430 million mt in Western Europe (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), 1.24 billion mt in the Middle East (Israel and Jordan) and over 220 million mt in other countries (Brazil, Chile, and the Congo). This analysis his determined that future production of potash in MEC?s will most likely continue to be from the large resources associated with producing operations in Canada. Based solely on the demonstrated resources included in this study, potash mining in the United States would decline while overseas production from MEC's can continue into the next century at near current production levels. However, timely development of new or inferred resources would offset any such decline. Producing mines in Canada have the resources to increase and maintain increased production well into the next century. For U.S. potash users, Canada is a long-term stable and secure source.

Jan 1, 1986

By Anton Gronningsater

AS we know, Sir Henry Bessemer introduced Bessemer converting in the steel industry about 1855. It was not until twenty years later that the principles were adopted by non-ferrous metallurgists. In 1880, Manés first produced blister copper from matte in a converter, a very important forward step in copper metallurgy. For thirty years, up to about 1910, bessemerizing of copper matte was carried out in the acid-lined converter. It is not necessary here to enumerate all the shortcomings of that operation, one of which was that it strictly limited the grade of matte that could be treated; a 35 per cent matte was low in those days. From the early days of copper converting, many and repeated attempts were made to use a basic converter lining, and the older metallurgists will remember the numerous reports and discussions in connection with such experiments. These make interesting reading. I quote from a book published in 1900: ?'The siliceous lining is as much a part of the process of copper converting as magnesia lining is in the basic bessemer treatment of phosphoric iron, and it is suicidal to attempt any other kind of lining, either water-jacketed or basic.' "Even if the silica could be introduced in this way (through the tuyeres), it would still produce another trouble in the converter. The small particles of silica, being cold, would combine very imperfectly with the iron oxide and produce granulated and pasty slags, which could not be skimmed or poured out of the vessel".

Jan 1, 1942

By D. G. Skinner, J. H. Griffiths, F. T. Williams, A. G. Withers

"The absence of homogeneity, in dust-clouds underground indicates the use of a method in which the volume of air sampled is an appreciable proportion of the total volume under consideration. Of the available methods, only the impinger and gravimetric techniques seem to comply with this requirement. In practice, greater efficiency of collection of the smaller particles is possible by the use of a gravimetric filter than with the impinger. For this reason if, as seems desirable, a standard method of sampling be sought, the adoption of a gravimetric technique is to be recommended.Provided that the amount of dust collected is reasonably large, the paper filter would seem to be preferable to the solid crystal type of filter on account of its greater convenience in use.Alternative methods of sampling are desirable to cover the wide range of practical conditions."

Jan 1, 1947

By JOHN BUZARD

In the following pages the writer has endeavored to give an account of the many methods, advantages, and disadvantages of preparing and burning powdered coal. For much of the information jmparted the writer is indebted to various firms in the United States and Canada whose plants he visited, also to the technical press. Manufacturers and operators of coal-fired furnaces can not afford to disregard the possible advantages of pulverizing their coal before burning it. Hence the purpose of this bulletin will be fulfilled if it leads them, after making careful estimates, either to abandon their present method of burning cGal on grates or stokers, and install the pulverizers, conveying system, powdered-coal feeder, and burner best suited for burning powdered coal in their plant, or to reject, as uneconomical, the replacement of their present system of burning coal by a system for pulverizing and burning it. No research work on the combustion of powdered Canadian fuels has been carried out by the Mines Branch, Department of Mines; but if this research work were carried out scientifically by competent engineers, chemists, and physicists, it would show how powderedcoal furnaces and burners should be designed to gi ve an efficiency higher than they give at present.

Jan 1, 1923

The Bureau of Mines has reviewed those portions of the "Tariff Schedules of the United States Annotated 1963" that are of interest to the minerals industry. This study shows to what extent rates of duty were altered (increased or decreased), and provides a bridge where possible from the old Schedule A classification sys tem to the new TSUS system of statistical reporting of import data. In general the new tariff has corrected previous classification defects and inconsistencies, but the rates of duties have not been materially changed.

Jan 1, 1965

By S A. McManus

With the advances in software speed and capability, many of us now are running multiple scenarios on entire models rather than just testing small areas or a few blocks. In the authors experience both the geological and geostatistical academic theory and our rules of thumb, often prove un-useable or incorrect in the real world we work in. The only way to truly validate and tune our models is to complete the entire model and ‘see if it works’. If it lacks some property we were expecting, then we need to find out why and/or run different scenarios to see what changes. This is not always possible with tight project timelines but we find ourselves doing more and more of this sort of thing, and in so doing, understand that every deposit is different and requires its own ‘rules’ to get valid and useful results. For the purposes of this paper, this process is termed Empirical Geostatistics. Take Clayton Deutsch’s ‘all realisations all of the time’ concept a step back. Before you even think of simulating, test the alternate realisations generated by alternate parameters such as different domaining, varying search neighbourhood parameters etc.

Mar 22, 2022

By cheng Peng-fei, TANG Hai-yan, guo Xiao-chen, LI Jing-she, Liang Yong-cang, Zhao Baojun

In the process of oxygen blast furnace, the lower coke ratio and the higher coke load make the skeleton coke more important. To understand the dissolution of coke in melting and dropping zone, the influence of FeO content, temperature and reaction time on the dissolution of coke with slag were studied by single-factor experiment. Meanwhile, the three factors and three levels orthogonal were conducted. The dissolution degrees were characterized by the weight loss ratio and diameter variation. The results showed that the weight loss ratio increased and the diameter decreased with the increase of FeO content, temperature and time. The three factors and three levels orthogonal test showed that time was the most significant factor on coke dissolution, FeO content of the second, and finally the temperature. The microstructure of coke after reaction indicated that the dissolution occurred on coke surface.

Jan 1, 2016

By XUEWEN WANG, Bowen Li, Mingyu Wang

A novel technology characterized by higher extraction of vanadium and recovery of valuable elements was developed to recover vanadium from stone coal. The brief flow of the novel technology mainly includes low temperature sulphation roasting, water leaching, recovering potassium, aluminum, copper and selenium, solvent extraction enrichment vanadium, precipitation of red vanadium, removal sodium from red vanadium and calcinations. The total recovery of vanadium reached 76.3%, which was higher than the current applied technology. The novel technology was environmentally-friendly and could extract vanadium from the stone coal, in which the content of V2O5 was less than 0.8%.

Jan 1, 2015

By Qinghua Gu, BUQING XUE, XUEXIAN LI, JIANGSHAN SONG, Qian Wang

Updating the openpit vehicle transportation network has the problem of being time consuming and low precision. To address this problem, a high-precision road network model construction method for unmanned vehicles in openpit mines is proposed. This method can be divided into two steps. In the first step, an improved deep learning image processing model named DeepLabv3+C (DeepLabv3+Concat) is presented, and the road information extracted by the DeepLabv3+C network is used to construct a three-dimensional model of the openpit mine road network. In the second step, aiming at the time-consuming problem of unmanned vehicles meeting in openpit mines, a vehicle meeting strategy is proposed. This strategy is used to guide the navigation of unmanned vehicles in openpit mines. At the end of the study, vehicle running simulation was carried out on the road network model using Unity, a 3D visualization simulation software. The high-precision unmanned road network model of openpit mines studied in this work can further promote the construction and development of smart mines by acting as a high-precision map for unmanned vehicles.

By H. G. Rushton, A. S. Romaniuk

"The opening chapter of this volume, by A. Ignatieff, places in perspective Canada's coal resource base as part of the world scene. This chapter will focus on the Canadian scene.Units of measurement in this report are in the International System of Units (SI) as approved for official use by the Canadian Standards Association and Metric Commission Canada. These units have been adopted by the Mining Association of Canada and the Coal Association of Canada. To assist with the shift to metric units these two associations have published ""Metric Practice Guide for the Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Industries"", 1978(1J, Appendix ""A"" lists some useful conversion factors along with SI prefixes. The last official assessment of Canada's coal resources and reserves was done by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and presented in Report ER 79-9 ""Coal Resources and Reserves of Canada"", published in December 1979 and authored by H.U. Bielenstein, L.P. Chrismas, B.A. Latour and T.E. Tibbetts(2). The Geological Survey of Canada has a continuing project concerned with coal resource assessment as does CANMET, whose concern is with coal reserve assessment and coal quality. As well, Alberta's Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) has a continuing assessment program for coal in Alberta and publishes an annual reserves report, the current issue of which is cited as reference No. (3). The difference in resource and reserve terminology as used by EMR and ERCB has a major effect on derived tonnages for Alberta. This difference will be discussed later. In 1982 the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources produced a map titled ""Canada-Coal""<4J which outlines coalfields and illustrates coal import and export movements for the years 1981and1980. A copy of this map is contained in the map pocket of this publication. Two other resource assessment reports are noteworthy, the first is ""Coal Resources of Southern Saskatchewan: A Model for Evaluation Methodology"", by J.A. Irvine, S.H. Whitaker and P.L. Broughton<SJ which is one of the major outputs of a joint federal-government study of southern Saskatchewan's lignite deposits. (Another output from this same study' is the Geological Survey of Canada's SASCO file, a computer processable file holding borehole and coal quality data.) The second is ""Deep Coal Resources of the Interior Plains, Estimated from Petroleum Borehole Data"", by G.D. Williams and M.C. Murphy(6) which identifies coal resources from nearly 4,000 petroleum exploration boreholes distributed uniformly over an area spanning Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia."

Jan 1, 1985

By John A. Brooks

The description of a phosphate flotation operation is repeat information for many people, except for variations in flow sheets. This paper is written to show the variations in flows, and to give enough. of the overall flows to allow anyone not familiar with the operation to be able to formulate a fair idea of the operations.

Jan 1, 1962

By E. Ozberk

The copper and nickel smelting industries are important contributors to the technical and economic well-being of Canada while some of the smelters are among the largest sources of sulphur dioxide emissions in Canada. A review of the operations in six smelters - Falconbridge Limited, Falconbridge, Ontario; Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. Limited, Flin Flon, Manitoba; Inco Limited, Copper Cliff, Ontario and Thompson, Manitoba; Noranda Mines Limited, Horne Division, Noranda, Quebec and Gaspe Mines Division, Murdochville, Quebec - have shown that about 80% of the total sulphur input to these smelters was emitted to the atmosphere in 1980. A simultaneous review of the existing and emerging technologies which can directly or indirectly reduce the sulphur dioxide emissions indicated that it is possible to reduce the emissions to below 20% of the sulphur input to these smelters. This can be achieved by varying degrees of modifications to the smelting operations and installing sulphur fixation facilities at significant costs which may increase the metal production costs. This would consequently make the competitiveness of the Canadian copper and nickel producers more difficult in the already tough world metals market.

Jan 1, 1983

By G. W. Jones

Phthalic anhydride is a solid having the formula C8H4O3. It is an important intermediary in production of anthraquinene, alkyd reins, and plasticizers. The combined annual production of phthalic anhydride reported by 10 major manufacturers for 112,250 tons. The raw materials in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride have been the source of numerous fires and explosions. Consequently, the need was felt to determine the temperature flammability and the ignition temperatures crude basic raw material in most phthalic anhydride production crude phthalic anhydride, and pure phthalic anhydride.

Jan 1, 1950

By Joseph W. Mullan

The today status of air pollution control legislation and regulations can best be described as an exaggerated state of environmental limbo. The &apos;70&apos;s began but one and one-half months ago yet it already has been very appropriately named "the decade of the environment." This certainly will be the decade for new legislation - new regulations and hopefully "Clean Air." Already Washington is faced with legislators playing "pollution politics" to the crowds. Students have redirected their efforts from Vietnam to the cleansing of the environment and everyone including the man on the street has become an environ¬mental expert. This is the decade we all face, but where are we today? Pollution is not a new problem. It has been with us for centuries and while much is left to be done, much has already been accomplished. I will try to make some comparisons of what I believe to be the good and bad points in the national air pollution control picture and hopefully will generate within each of you sufficient concern as to which comparisons are sound.

Jan 1, 1970

By D. M. Wyslouzil

"This paper was prepared for presentation at the 16th Canadian Mineral Processor's Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Jan. 17 to Jan. 19, 1984.This paper gives an account of the development of treatment procedures for the differential flotation of refractory copper-zinc ores. Special references are made to the effectiveness of various zinc depressants and their combinations.Studies carried out on refractory copper-zinc ores demonstrated that conventional zinc depressants such as cyanide and zinc sulphate were not particularly effective when secondary copper minerals were present in the ore; the flotation activity of sphalerite was enhanced in the presence of cyanide.Among the various zinc depressants evaluated, the following depressant combinations were found most effective: Zn(OH) 2-S02 , 802-CaO, Na2S-Na2S03-S02, Na 2 S-S02 and Na 2S-S0rDS22.The practical application of any of these systems depends on the type of ore treated and other conditions such as pH, levels and points of collector and depressant additions.In this paper the effect of each depressant combination on different ores is described with reference to the selection of collectors."

Jan 1, 1984

By Steve Kral

The Northwest Mining Association (NWMA) has been an advocate for the U.S. mining industry since 1895. For several decades, the organization has represented mining members located mostly in the Northwest and some southwestern Canadian provinces. Today, though, the NWMA?s membership is located in 42 states and seven provinces and has become a national voice for the mining industry. So, during the association?s 119th and final meeting as the NWMA, a name change was announced. The organization is now called the American Exploration and Mining Association (AEMA). But that?s not all that has changed, according to the association. The new name reflects more closely the diversity and location of the AEMA?s membership. It will still be an advocate for the mining industry, dealing with land, environmental and community issues on state and federal levels. The conference, held in December 2013 in Reno, NV, attracted about 2,500 attendees. And the accompanying exhibit included 230 equipment and service suppliers in 246 booths. Technical programming ran the gamut of mining industry issues and technologies, including surface and underground mining; high technology systems and automation in mining, metallurgy and exploration; along with social issues, finance and safety. The following is a sample of some of the sessions.

Mar 1, 2014

By Sudhir Srivastava

India hosts a wide range of globally significant mineral resources, including four fuel minerals; 11 metallic minerals; 22 minor minerals and 52 non-metallic minerals. The country ranks among world?s top five nations for its commodity reserves of coal and iron ore. Interestingly, only small part of country&apos;s landmass has been explored that provides opportunity for future substantial mineral discoveries. India plans to double infrastructure investments to US$ 1trillion. Despite the challenges in infrastructure project implementation, mining sector remains a key driver of demand growth for commodities in the years to come with a good prospect to grow in future.

Sep 1, 2012