Search Documents

By Muttharam M, Karthick Kumar V

Helical piles foundation systems have been extensively used in engineering application. It is commonly adopted to resist the compression, uplift force, overturning moment and lateral forces. Helical pile system is extensively used in many structures such as Transmission towers, Wind farms and other offshore structure because it is easy and quick to install. Realizing the importance of helical pile, an attempt is made in the present investigation to bring out the effect of spacing between the helix, blade thickness, and shaft thickness through numerical analysis. To validate the finite element model experimental investigation was carried out. In this investigation model steel piles with dual helical plate embedded in clay bed with the consistency of 0.4 was tested to study the effect of uplift loading on the behaviour of piles in tensions. Model helical pile with 12.5 mm diameter circular shaft and helix diameter of 25 mm. The model pile embedded in clay bed for a depth of 400 mm. Parametric analysis of helical pile by varying blade thickness, shaft thickness, and the spacing of helix was carried out by using Finite Element tool Plaxis 3D. From this analysis, an increase in thickness from 4 mm to 10mm increase the uplift load. Similarly, an increase in spacing of helices from 0.5 m to 1.5m increase the uplift capacity beyond that it decreases the uplift capacity. By keeping the contact area of the helix as constant as the number of a helix and helical spacing was varied, the critical number of the helix was found as 2 and the critical spacing of helix was found as 1.5 m for this study.

Nov 1, 2022

By R. J. Schaefer, M. E. Glicksman

Direct, in situ observation of metallic alloys during solidification reveals that in some systems crystal multiplication occurs by means of a dendrite remelt-ing process, without the necessity of independent nu-cleation events. The solidification is observed on optically clean surfaces of supercooled molten alloys. In one system (Sn-3 wt pct Bi) , a fine-grained equi-axed structure is produced by the complete disintegration, via remelting, of transient initial dendrites. In contrast, several other metallic systems show little or no evidence of remelting activity. The behavior of these metallic systems is consistent with that expected on the basis of published observations of dendrite remelting in transparent organic alloy systems. It is concluded that dendrite remelting is an important crystal multiplication process in some metallic alloys, but is velatively unimportant in some other alloys. The detachment of dendrite branches from the primary stem by a remelting process has been observed by Jackson, Hunt, Uhlmann, and seward1 during the solidification of some transparent organic alloy systems. The branches released by this remelting process can drift free of the primary stem and serve as seeds for the formation of numerous independent crystals. This proliferation of new crystals does not require repeated independent nucleation events, but only modification of the initial solidification structure. The mechanism of dendrite remelting, as described by Jackson et a1.1 and by Tiller and O''Hara,2 is dependent on the transport of both heat and solute and is, therefore, expected to operate only in alloys, and not in pure substances. It was found in the transparent organic alloy systems that remelting occurred primarily in the constricted regions near the base of dendrite branches, where the branches had grown through the solute-rich liquid layer surrounding the primary dendrite stem. It was suggested that impure solid had formed in these constricted regions at a relatively low temperature and had later become unstable as further solidification of purer material raised the temperature. Jackson et al. proposed that the equiaxed zone of metal alloy castings originates from a similar remelting process, and they demonstrated the operation of this mechanism in "ingots" poured from saturated salt solutions. Although these substances were especially selected to show solidification behavior similar to that of metals,3 the remelting mechanism has, until now, been subject to the objection that its operation has not been directly observed in a metallic system. Considering the fact that thermal properties such as diffusivity may differ by as much as two or three orders of magnitude between metals and organic compounds, this objection was considered to be possibly serious. A method has now been developed by which it is possible to make direct optical observations of metals during solidification. This method has revealed transient solidification processes which would not be detected by metallographic examination of totally solidified specimens. In particular, a grain-refinement process in a metallic alloy has been observed to be a direct consequence of the total disintegration of an initial dendritic structure. The influence of an initial, transient solidification structure on the final solidification structure is demonstrated here for the first time in a metallic system. I) EXPERIMENTAL The technique of using a transparent flux to maintain an optically clean metal surface during solidification has been described by us elsewhere.* The

Jan 1, 1968

By James A. Brierley

The author has known Professor Wadsworth since the 1960s, when interest in the application of microbial technology for metallurgical processes was beginning its rapid rise. The development of bioleaching and mineral biooxidation was advanced, in part, by Wadsworth's belief in the potential for its application, as well as by his numerous contributions to the understanding of the fundamentals of hydro-metallurgy. Wadsworth is recognized for fostering research and development of the field and adding credibility to microbiological-based metallurgical processes, now often referred to as biohydrometallurgy. This Wadsworth Award is recognition of the field of biohy-drometallurgy. It is an honor to serve as a representative for all those individuals involved in research and commercial development of this technology. Modern commercial application of biohydromctallurgy began with the bioleaching of copper from submarginal-grade. run-of-mine material. Kennecott Copper successfully developed this process in the 1950s at the Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah. Other mining operations around the world followed Kennecott's lead. Today, dump bioleaching remains a very low-cost process for scavenging copper from rock that cannot be economically processed by any other method. Despite the commercial success of dump bioleaching, little effort has been made to enhance the micro Biological component of this leach process. Expansion of biohydro metallurgy into recovery of other metals did not occur until the mid-1980s, when the first commercial plant for the pretreatment of refractory gold-bearing concentrate was commissioned at the Fairview operation in south Africa. Now, processes for copper bioleaching and refractory gold pretreatment are engineered specifically to promote the activity of the microorganisms. This paper reviews the current state of commercial applications of biohydrometallurgy. It examines potential future developments and portrays the role of the microbiologist in facilitating continued growth and commercial acceptance of the technology. The commercia1 examples in this paper illustrate the expansion of microbial processing in the mining industry during the last 20 years. Copper bioleaching Early commercial applications of bioleach technology involved processing submarginal-grade, copper- bearing, run-of- mine rock in dumps. Recent applications of the technology use engineered bioleach heaps. Currently. all of these operations are in the Southern Hemi-

Jan 1, 2000

By K. Ananthpadmanabhan

Hydrolyzable surfactants such as fatty acids and amines undergo, in addition to micellisation and precipitation, various associative interactions in aqueous solutions to form ion molecular complexes such as acid-soap, dimers etc. depending upon the solution conditions such as pH. The interaction of these collector species with the mineral surface and with other dissolved species in solution will play a significant role in determining the interfacial processes such as adsorption and flotation. Marked differences in the hydrophobicity imparted to the mineral surface depending upon the solution conditions such as Ph can be attributed to possible differences in surface activities of the above complexes. This aspect of solution chemistry of flotation systems is discussed here for two widely used collectors namely, oleic acid and dodecylamine. Equilibrium species distribution diagrams based on the available literature .data and on estimates of energy of interactions between molecules, have been obtained for oleic acid and dodecylamine solutions.

Jan 1, 1978

By X. M. Wang

Magnetic floatation column (MFC) is a new equipment used for increasing content of iron, in which magnetite is separated in open gradient magnetic field. Simulation study was performed to investigate the separation characteristics of the separation method by analyzing the dynamic motion of magnetic particles. In this paper we compare two magnetic fields created by different magnets. The obtained simulation results give perspective in industrial design of MFC as the basis stage.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. Bitmead, R Barker, A. Drake

The opencut coal mine is located about 50 km west of Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland in Australia and produces about 140 000 tonnes per annum of high grade steaming coal utilising a small team (ten) of personnel to mine remnants of the Aberdare and Bluff seams left by previous underground mining. This, in itself, is not remarkable except that one of the seams has commenced spontaneously cornbusting resulting in temperatures in excess of 55’C commonly being encountered with portions of the p’it being wreathed in steam. To extend mine life, the mine required a blasting system that would: . Safely blast in temperatures below 100°C . Significantly reduce overall unit costs . Not increase the current vibration impacts on nearby housing . Not increase flyrock.

Jan 1, 2002

In the flotation of a copper ore, entrainment of fine silicate and iron sulfide gangue minerals resulted in poor copper concentrate grade. In the cleaning stage, rejection of these gangue minerals was particularly difficult due to severe mechanical entrainment when the rougher concentrate was ground to 10 µm. To reduce gangue entrainment, polymeric depressants were tested. The rationale being that with the use of such polymeric depressants that also possess flocculation power, not only minerals-to-be-depressed can be made hydrophilic, but their particle size can also be enlarged. In this manner both the "genuine" flotation and the mechanical entrainment can be reduced. An effective polymer to reduce entrainment of silicate gangue mineral in sulfide flotation was identified from bench flotation tests conducted on single minerals. It was then applied to the flotation of a copper-gold ore confirming the beneficial role of the polymeric depressant in the reduction of fine gangue entrainment.

Jan 1, 2007

By H. Wesley Peirce

Arizona, in 1966, has continued to be the site of an extensive and intensive search for metallic mineral deposits. Over fifty separate entities--companies and individuals--have been actively engaged in mineral exploration programs, both large and small, in the Basin-and-Range portion of the State. Certainly, copper has been primarily responsible for the major efforts, although associated gold, silver, and molybdenum mineralization also has been important in the economic evaluation of potential copper deposits. It is not difficult to explain why the Basin-Range portion of Arizona is receiving such attention. Part of the story, undoubtedly familiar to most, can be illustrated by reference to three graphical presentations. For example, Figure 1 shows Arizona's annual copper production for the period 1955-1965, inclusive, and it demonstrates that new records of production have been accomplished in each of the past 6 years and in 9 of the last 11 years.

Jan 1, 1967

By M. D. Voegele, C. Fairhurst

INTRODUCTION A computer study of excavation support loads in tunnels and other excavations in discontinuous rock masses was undertaken with the distinct element method introduced by Cundall (1971). In the distinct element method the rock mass is modeled as a composition of individual blocks of rock defined by the joint planes. Normal and shear deformation laws are ascribed to the joint surfaces; the blocks of rock themselves are considered to be rigid. The particular version of the program utilized in this study ran a mini computer and used inter, active techniques for the input of geometrical data such as joint orientation and spacing and subsequent display of rock mass deformation and other data. Two major aspects of the behavior of excavations in jointed rock masses are examined in this paper: i) the behavior of unsupported excavations in rock masses with varying joint configuration, joint properties and in situ stress fields; and ii) the modification of the behavior of similar excavations when support is provided. In the latter case the excavation behavior was examined through the use of ground reaction curves. THE DISTINCT ELEMENT METHOD The Distinct Element method introduced by Cundall (1971) is a computer based analysis that simulates the behavior of a system of discrete, semi-rigid rock blocks. Block interactions are governed by realistic friction and stiffness laws; each block may undergo unlimited displacement and rotation while progressive failure is modeled.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. M. Gaines

THE use of oxygen in electric furnaces is relatively old, and the practice has been employed by several steelmakers prior to the recent impetus given generally to the use of oxygen in steelmaking. This application has been described recently in several publications,1 and a number of patents relating to the application of oxygen in electric furnaces have been issued.2 An effort is made in this paper to assemble recent information relating to the use of oxygen in electric furnaces and to present this material from a practical viewpoint, to an extent consistent with the withholding of certain operating data which manufacturers consider to be confidential. The use of oxygen has been extended during the past months in a number of additional steel companies by incorporating oxygen practice into regular production and by much increased experimentation. Available records show that oxygen is used more or less regularly at present in 18 shops, of which six utilize the oxygen for production and the others for experimen¬tation. The number of furnaces per shop using oxygen varies from one to six. Many types of electric-furnace steel have been prepared with the assistance of pure oxygen, including low-carbon and medium-carbon killed steels, low-carbon rimming steel and low-carbon and medium-carbon stainless and alloy steels. Oxygen has been used in furnaces of all sizes up to 90 tons capacity for accelerating charge meltdown and for reduction of carbon.

Jan 1, 1947

By John J. Gilman

F many years it has been suspected that a correlation existed between pits produced by etching and the density of dislocations in crystals. In 1953, the interest in this correlation was greatly stimulated when Vogel et al' demonstrated a 1:l correlation between etch pits and dislocations in low angle grain boundaries of germanium. About two years ago, the author began attempts to produce etch pits at dislocation sites in zinc mono-crystals. These attempts met with success a year or so ago,' and since that time a survey has been made of the etch pit patterns that are associated with various modes of deformation in zinc monocrystals. Unfortunately, the etching technique that will be described is too delicate for use as an accurate quantitative tool. Nevertheless, it has been of considerable assistance in clarifying the structure of plastically deformed crystals. Technique Many attempts were made to produce etch pits in high purity zinc crystals. It was found that several techniques would produce surface grooves at grain boundaries that had misorientation angles greater than about l°, but no technique was successful for boundaries with smaller angles. Among the things that were tried were: electrolytic CrO, (both etching and polishing concentrations), HNO, in various water and alcohol solutions, dilute HC1, many 0-0,-Na,SO, solutions, Cr0,-HC1 solutions, picral, electrolytic Na,S,O,, and electrolytic NaOH and KOH. A few attempts to use cathodic sputtering and thermal etching were also made.

Jan 1, 1957

By W. W. Adams

The extent to which coal mines have installed various types of haulage systems and mining machines is a subject about which there is little definite information available in convenient form for the country as a whole . A few State mine inspectors include in their annual reports such information for their respective States , but uniform data for the United States have not until recently been compiled . Several years ago the Bureau of Mines compiled from one of the standard mining directories * a statement showing the kinds of machines and haulage used in coal mines . The first statement was prepared from the 1918 edition of the directory in which detailed descriptions of coal mines were given . The information presumably related to the calendar year 1917. Similar statements have been compiled from the directories for 1919 , 1920 , and 1922 , the statement for 1921 having been omitted because the directory for that year did not become available . The latest statement is given below and is based upon the directory for 1922. It relates to conditions prevailing in 1921 , and covers a total of 7,088 coal mines . Of these , 5,064 mines . or more than 71 per cent , were using animal haulage . As compared with the total number of all classes of mines , those in the animal - haul age group constituted 71.4 per cent , the percentage having remained practically stationary during the past four years , although the actual number of mines in the group has increased . Rope haulage was reported by 1,066 mines , or 15 per cent of the total , representing a larger number of mines than in 1918 , but a decrease of 2 in the percentage for the group as compared with all classes of mines . Electric haulage was reported by 3,274 mines (46.2 per cent ) , and the number of motors in use was 11,265 . The percentage of mines in this class has not changed materially, but the actual number of mines has shown a gain of about 900 during the past four years . Compressed-air locomotives have not increased either in actual or relative number , the percentage for the past year being but 1.2 . The number of mines using storage- battery locomotives has increased from 3.6 per cent of the total shown four years ago , to 9.8 per cent for last year, the latest figures showing 693 mines with 1,428

May 1, 1922

By M. C. Leverett, S. E. Buckley

The production of oil is accomplished as a result of its displacement from the reservoir by either gas or water, and the amount of oil recovery is limited by the extent to which the displacing gas or water accumulates. This paper describes the mechanism by which the displacement is effected and the advantages of water over gas as a displacing agent. In the light of the results of experimental observations of the flow of mixtures of oil and/or gas and/or water through sands, certain conclusions are drawn relative to the changing character of the displacement as depletion proceeds, and on the effects of the properties of the fluids and of producing conditions on the ultimate oil recovery. Introduction Crude oil has no inherent ability to expel itself from the pores of the reservoir rocks in which it is found; rather, it must be forcibly ejected or displaced by the accumulation of other fluids. Accordingly, a knowledge of the mechanism by which one fluid is displaced by another is essential to an understanding of the fundamental process by which oil is recovered. The displacing fluids normally available are gas and water, either or both of which may exist originally associated with the oil in a potentially usable form or may be supplied to the reservoir from external sources. Gas is present in most oil reservoirs. If the quantity is relatively small, it may exist originally completely dissolved in the oil, but if the quantity exceeds that which may be held in solution by the oil at the prevailing pressure, the excess will be found in the free state. Most reservoir sands appear to contain some water,l and in the majority of fields the oil is trapped in the structure and held over water. In certain conditions the entrapping water may advance into the oil zone and displace the oil therefrom. This paper describes in a qualitative manner some of the characteristics of the displacement of oil by either gas or water, with an attempt to elucidate somewhat the mechanism by which such displacement is effected. Role of Dissolved Gas When the pressure on an oil containing dissolved gas is reduced to the saturation or bubble-point pressure, gas escapes from solution and expands, imparting to the oil-gas mixture a high degree of expansibility and causing it to flow in the direction of reduced pressure. This expansibility has frequently been attributed to the oil; closer analysis, however, reveals that as gas escapes from solution the oil phase actually. contracts. Hence, it is the accumulation and expansion of the liberated gas that supplies the propelling force for the oil. It has been shown experimentally2-5 that within certain limits a sand containing oil, gas and water will permit the simultaneous flow of all three; the readiness with which they may flow depends upon the characteristics of the sand, of each of the fluids, and upon the relative amounts of the fluids in the sand. Thus, in the initial stages of production by the mechanism of dissolved gas drive, the liberated gas is present in the sand in low concentration and is unable to

Jan 1, 1942

By J. Hyvarinen, A. D. Look

"INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARYElectricity is used extensively in open-pit metal mines to provide illumination, heat, and power to operate hauling and loading equipment, drills, pumps, signal systems, and other machinery. Good installation and maintenance of equipment and power, circuits, are essential to minimize the hazards of shock, burns, and fire.In the 13 years from 1931 to 1943, 20 fatal and 82 nonfatal injuries resulted from the use of electricity in open-pit mines in the United States ; 4/ these figures represent about, 10 percent of all fatalities and 1 percent of the nonfatal injuries. The ratio of fatal to nonfatal injuries from electricity in such mines was very high during this period; the figures show one fatality to every five accidents from this cause.Electricity may cause personal injury through abnormalities in equipment, such as short-circuit, accidental ground, overload, and poor contact; however, each year some fatal electrical accidents are due to persons touching uninsulated ""live wires."" These contact injuries are the result of careless body movements of persons in the vicinity of 'wires at places not normally frequented, or of accidental contact with live circuits when handling metal objects. Electrical hazards can be minimized by the enclosure or elevation of current-carrying parts; ample working space around equipment, adequate insulation, locking switches in the open or closed position under certain conditions, identifying and warning devices, protective grounding, insulating flooring, platforms, or rubber gloves, and proper inspection and maintenance."

Apr 1, 1949

By S. E. Buckley, M. C. Leverett

The production of oil is accomplished as a result of its displacement from the reservoir by either gas or water, and the amount of oil recovery is limited by the extent to which the displacing gas or water accumulates. This paper describes the mechanism by which the displacement is effected and the advantages of water over gas as a displacing agent. In the light of the results of experimental observations of the flow of mixtures of oil and/or gas and/or water through sands, certain conclusions are drawn relative to the changing character of the displacement as depletion proceeds, and on the effects of the properties of the fluids and of producing conditions on the ultimate oil recovery. Introduction Crude oil has no inherent ability to expel itself from the pores of the reservoir rocks in which it is found; rather, it must be forcibly ejected or displaced by the accumulation of other fluids. Accordingly, a knowledge of the mechanism by which one fluid is displaced by another is essential to an understanding of the fundamental process by which oil is recovered. The displacing fluids normally available are gas and water, either or both of which may exist originally associated with the oil in a potentially usable form or may be supplied to the reservoir from external sources. Gas is present in most oil reservoirs. If the quantity is relatively small, it may exist originally completely dissolved in the oil, but if the quantity exceeds that which may be held in solution by the oil at the prevailing pressure, the excess will be found in the free state. Most reservoir sands appear to contain some water,l and in the majority of fields the oil is trapped in the structure and held over water. In certain conditions the entrapping water may advance into the oil zone and displace the oil therefrom. This paper describes in a qualitative manner some of the characteristics of the displacement of oil by either gas or water, with an attempt to elucidate somewhat the mechanism by which such displacement is effected. Role of Dissolved Gas When the pressure on an oil containing dissolved gas is reduced to the saturation or bubble-point pressure, gas escapes from solution and expands, imparting to the oil-gas mixture a high degree of expansibility and causing it to flow in the direction of reduced pressure. This expansibility has frequently been attributed to the oil; closer analysis, however, reveals that as gas escapes from solution the oil phase actually. contracts. Hence, it is the accumulation and expansion of the liberated gas that supplies the propelling force for the oil. It has been shown experimentally2-5 that within certain limits a sand containing oil, gas and water will permit the simultaneous flow of all three; the readiness with which they may flow depends upon the characteristics of the sand, of each of the fluids, and upon the relative amounts of the fluids in the sand. Thus, in the initial stages of production by the mechanism of dissolved gas drive, the liberated gas is present in the sand in low concentration and is unable to

Jan 1, 1942

By A. McLean, D. K. A Donyina, R. S. Segsworth

"Various aspects of processing ferro-manganese fines generated during the crushing of standard ferro-manganese have been studied in laboratory-scaleplasma furnaces. These laboratory furnaces are based on the use of conventional graphite electrodes rather than water-cooled non-consumable torch devices. The reactor system has separate, distinct zones for pre-healing, melting and smelting. This unique feature assists in the removal of undesirable elements from the molten alloy. Ferro-manganese alloys containing over 82% manganese, 0.004% sulphur, less than 0.01% silicon, 0.006% nitrogen, 0.001% oxygen and 0.0006% hydrogen have been produced from the offgrade ferro-manganese fines.IntroductionThe major application of manganese is as an alloying additive to numerous metals such as steel, aluminum, copper and magnesium. Manganese is mainly consumed in the ferrous industry in the form of ferro-manganese and silicon-manganese, or in its pure state as electrolytic manganese when certain impurities inherent in the manufacture of ferro-manganese and silicon-manganese alloys must be avoided. Before being sold on the market, ferro-manganese is crushed and during this process alloy fines are generated. Due to the nature of the casting process, the fines produced are contaminated with silica sand. In addition, due to segregation effect s, the pho sphorus content of the alloy fines is higher than that found in the bulk of the material produced. Because of the smaller particle size and the higher impurity content, there is only a limited market available for the alloy fines. For this reason, there has been increasing attention directed toward the development of processes for recycling fines through the conventional smelting furnaces. The fines may be charged to the furnace either directly or after agglomeration. The detrimental effects of charging the fines directly include:(1) decrease in gas permeability, causing irregular gas flow;(2) increase in the amount of dust produced;(3) packing and bridging; and(4) intensive reactions due to sudden flow in hot zones."

Jan 1, 1982

By W. W. Adams

luring the past two years the Bureau of ?,lines has been receiving from 100 to 150 coal mines in various States a report of each accident causing death, permanent total disability, permanent partial disability, or temporary disability lasting beyond the remainder of the day or shift on which the accident occurred. For each 100 accidents in these groups, there are perhaps from 35 to 45 accidents that do not disable the employee beyond the remainder of the day, and of these fraction-of-a-day accidents the Bureau has compiled no statistics. Information revealed by the reports is to the effect that falls of roof and coal in bituminous coal mines are responsible for 28 per cent of the temporary injuries to underground workers and 33 per cent of the days lost from all temporary injuries underground; they also indicate that falls caused 59 per cent of the deaths from all causes underground. Figures compiled by R. N. Hosler, of the Pennsylvania. Mine Rating Bureau, and covering accidents in bituminous; minis in that State, chow that 61 per cent of the deaths underground during the years 1917-1921 wore due to falls. Neither of these percentage figures includes deaths in major explosions; figures for all bituminous mines in the United States during the five years 1920-1024, inclusive of deaths in major explosions, show that 52 per cent of the deaths underground and in shafts were due to falls of roof and coal.

Jan 1, 1925

By Woodcock JT

This paper deals with some innovations and current proposals for the treatment of gold ores and considers the possibilities of incorporating new developments in new or revised ore treatment flowsheets. The main topics considered are I. typical practice in relation to the size of gold particles, 2. concentration of coarse gold, 3. leaching reagents, 4. in situ leaching, 5. heap leaching, 6. carbon-in-pulp adsorption, and 7. treatment of complex ores (gold in pyrite, gold tellurides, and carbon-containing ores).

Jan 1, 1982

By J. Maritz, K. de Beer, S. M. Buthelezi

The economic upheaval of COVID-19 forced companies to invest in emerging technologies to aid recovery. One such technology is extended reality, which is becoming a mature and innovative tool. Early adopters are seeing significant benefits in learning, training, immersive data visualization, and remote assistance. In South Africa, the mining industry is increasingly interested in using extended reality to optimize and innovate operations. The Minerals Council of South Africa's July 2021 report highlighted the potential of extended reality's to achieve zero-harm production and modernize the industry. However, the extent of extended reality adoption in mining remains unclear due to limited information on its usage. This study addressed this gap by distributing an online survey to assess awareness, knowledge, and current uses of extended reality in South Africa’s mining sector. The results indicated that virtual and augmented reality had the highest levels of awareness and usage, primarily for learning and training. Mixed reality, however, had the lowest awareness and knowledge levels. In terms of applications, visualization and remote assistance had the least use cases. These findings highlight that the South African mining industry is deficient in its understanding and use of extended reality technologies. Without better awareness and application, the South African industry risks missing out on the full benefits of extended reality. The study underlines the need for the South African mining industry to improve its outlook on extended reality technologies to fully leverage their potential applications and benefits.

Jul 10, 2024

By Sadettin Bagdatli, Ali Kahriman, Umit Ozer, Alper Celtikci, Yucel Karakus

Due to population growth and rapid urbanization in Turkey, the need for the construction of residential units, transportation and infrastructure facilities has become increasingly more pressing. Since rock units encountered in the surface and underground in the construction of the subway, infrastructure and housing facilities, it is a necessity to use blast excavation methods. In recent years, large housing construction projects have been carried out especially in Turkish metropolitan areas, involving foundation excavations giving rise to great amounts of earthmoving. Since rock units encountered during foundation excavations are usually hard and solid, excavation with conventional machinery proves to be inadequate and unproductive, hence the necessity for the application of blasting technology.

Jan 1, 2014