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The Burra Burra Mine is situated in complexly folded Torrensian dolomites and limestones forming the faulted axial region of a major anticline. The orebody mined was largely of secondary origin and confined between two faults, Kingston's on the west and Tinline's on the east. The orebody occurred at the junction between cherty dolomites and a clastic limestone with a large mass of marble breccia along its western margin. Secondary ore consisted of carbonates and oxides in the breccia and the ore bed and detrital copper minerals deposited as part of a clastic breccia in sinkholes and solution cavities in the dolomites and ore beds.Primary sulphides occur disseminated in the marble breccia and in stratiform habit in the ore bed. Kingston's so-called "lode" may be mineralized marble breccia.The marble breccia appears to be of diapiric or sedimentary origin and there is evidence to support a sedimentary origin for some of the copper sulphides. No igneous rocks have been discovered within 20 miles of the mine and any hydrothermal activities were probably at comparatively low temperature. The possibility of extensive stratiform and disseminated copper sulphide mineralization in the marble breccia and ore bed requires testing by further drilling and geophysical surveys.INTRODUCTIONThe re-interpretation of Burra Burra geology and ore formation discussed in this paper resulted from a comprehensive investigation of the mine and its surrounding district begun in December 1961 and in progress at the time of writing. (February 1963). The decision to investigate Burra Burra was taken after a thorough examination of records and reports of all non-ferrous metal deposits throughout South Australia and was given impetus by a report by Thomson (1963) suggesting a sedimentary origin for the copper mineralization. Although the author does not concur fully with Thomson's interpretation there is no doubt that sedimentary processes have played an important part in the formation of the Burra Burra copper deposit, nor is there any doubt that igneous activity played no part.

Jan 1, 1963

By H. Firmstone

Deposits of cadmia, or impure oxide of zinc, are of common occurrence in the upper parts of blast furnaces using ores containing zinc, and were very common in the charcoal furnaces of Virginia working the brown hematite ores found near the Cadent black slate. These deposits were known to the old charcoal founders as "sulphur rings," and the characteristic green flame of burning zinc frequently to be seen at the tymp of furnaces working ores containing zinc, was held by them to indicate the presence of a "sulphur fall." When zinc is burning in considerable quantities at the tymp, the

Jan 1, 1879

Experiments on High Efficiency Separation of Mixed Plastic Wastes by Vortex-Tube Separator

Sep 13, 2010

By S. M. Smouse

Total world energy consumption is projected to continue its strong growth of recent years. Because coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, it will likely remain an important energy source, particularly for power generation, into at least the early years of the next millennium. Clean coal technologies are available today that can economically reduce air pollution, primarily SO2 NOx and particulates, and for the higher efficiency technologies, CO2, from power generation. U.S. Department of Energy analyses show that the adoption of clean coal technologies could decrease carbon emissions worldwide while creating a strong export market with attendant creation of jobs in the U.S.

Jan 1, 1998

By Douglas D. Donald

The New Jersey Zinc Co. successfully holed through a 2 1/2-mile haulage tunnel connecting its new Ivanhoe shaft with the Van Mater Shaft at Austinville, Va. This 8x 10-ft cross-section tunnel was driven from both ends and met at a point approximately a mile from one shaft and a mile and a half from the other. In order to make certain that the faces met accurately on line and grade it was necessary to refine conventional mine surveying practices. The mines that are serviced by these shafts are located in the southwestern part of Virginia approximately midway between Roanoke and Bristol at the west foot of the Blue Ridge. While the presence of lead-zinc sulfide ores has been known in this area for more than 200 years, it was in 1902 that New Jersey Zinc Co. acquired the Austinville property, which has been in constant operation since that time. About ten years ago the company undertook an extensive diamond drilling program at Ivanhoe several miles to the southwest. This program was successful in locating sufficient ore to justify the purchase of a number of the properties in this area and plans were made to develop the new orebodies. The discovery of this ore as well as substantial addi- tional reserves at Austinville resulted in a decision by the company to increase its daily milling capacity to 3000 tons, of which about 1000 tons would be supplied from the Ivanhoe mine. After careful consideration of all possible methods of transporting this volume of ore from Ivanhoe to the mill, it became evident that diesel locomotive haulage through a 2½-mile tunnel between the two mines would best suit prevailing conditions. Since the lowest operating level, known as the 1100 level, of each mine would be at approximately the same elevation, it was obvious that such a tunnel should be driven on this level. Not only would this tunnel facilitate feeding Ivanhoe ore into the underground crusher and skip loading installation at Austinville, but it would also open up a known orebody 5000 ft southwest of the Van Mater shaft. In addition it would provide a valuable diamond drilling base from which a large and a potentially favorable but untested block of ground might be explored. In order to hasten the completion of the tunnel, it was felt that it should be driven from both ends. ENGINEERING CONTROL PROCEDURES It was vital that the tunnel junction be made accurately on line and grade; thus it was felt that engineering control of an unusually high degree of reliability was required to prevent an accumulation

Jan 1, 1959

By T. A. Lang

Concepts and equations have been developed to quantitatively determine the stability of a rock bolted coal mine roof as a structural (beam-arch) member consisting of reinforced rock units. The equations take into account: rock bolt tension, length, spacing, and orientation; size of opening, strength and physical properties of the rock; and loads from distressed rock, and were critically reviewed using sensitivity analyses and the results available from relevant previous analytical and physical model investigations. It is concluded that they can essentially be validated by using small scale physical models and the full size mine entry model at the USBM Spokane Research Center. However, a comprehensive research program, including analytical and laboratory investigations and field trials in typical mines, will be required to define and validate criteria and standards for using the equations as a basis for a rational design code for rock reinforcement installations to replace the semi-empirical rules now being used. For example, these studies have shown that the practice of installing vertical roof bolts with a uniform spacing equal to the bolt length is inherently unsafe and that the spacing should be reduced near the walls to prevent shear failure of the roof strata. The development of such a rational design code would provide enhanced safety in coal mining operations and warrants a high priority in the Bureau's ground control research program.

Jan 1, 1981

By Rolf A. Knopp

This paper discusses how design differences in FLP diesel equipment in underground coal mines came about. "Design standards" tend to create differences between countries while fostering uniformity among products of competing manufacturers. "Performance requirements," on the other hand, tend to eliminate differences between countries while encouraging competitive development of better products. Examples of regulations from the U.S., Canada. Great Britain. Australia. South Africa, etc., are used to illustrate differences in the design and certification of diesel equipment for underground coal mines.

Jan 1, 1978

By W. R. Green, B. W. Barde

"Geological exploration involves the collection and analysis of a wide variety of information. A basic problem in interpretation is to determine the interrelationship s of the different data. A number of statistical methods can be applied to this problem, provided that subsets of data can be selected.We have recently developed a set of interactive computer programs which provide the cap ability to quickly examine a large set of data, and may be used by people with little previous computer experience. There are two main stages in using this system. First is selection of subsets of data , by applying various tests on the values of given items. This includes matching specific entries in descriptive fields, and minimum - maximum tests on numeric fields. The second stage is basic statistical analysis and data display , including histograms, 2-D scalier plots, probability (cumulative frequency) plots, and correlation matrices. All output can be viewed on a computer terminal, and important parameters changed to produce the most effective display for use in interpretation.This system has been applied to a number of different exploration problems. An example was the determination of the nature and extent of mineralization of a gold prospect in the Queen Charlotte Islands, from drill-hole data. With the aid of the computer programs , a mineralized zone was defined, and locations for further exploration identified."

Jan 1, 1984

By C. R. Ross

"The purpose of this paper is to review the activities of international organizations concerned with the problem of dust hazards in mines and to indicate the extent of Canadian participation in these activities. The work of the International Labour Office in sponsoring conferences and reports on the appraisal and control of dust hazards and in the development of standard radio-logical classifications is considered in some detail. Also discussed are the role of technical societies, such as the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, in the development of proposed standards for dust exposure and the functions of international committees concerned with particular hazards, such as the U.I.C.C. (Inter-national Union Against Cancer) Committee on Asbestos and Cancer."

Jan 1, 1969

By V. Rajaram

The Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation in the Piceance Basin, Colorado, contains vast reserves of oil shale, nahcolite, dawsonite, and other accessory minerals. The dry alkali process of sulfur dioxide removal using nahcolite (naturally occurring sodium bicarbonate) has great potential. A room and pillar mining scheme has been designed to extract a nahcolite zone occurring at a depth of 472 m, from the lease application area of the Yankee Gulch Joint Venture. Geotechnical parameters affecting mine design will be discussed. A preliminary development plan for mining at the rate of 1000 t/d will be described in detail.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. G. Nalven

On July 1, 1999, most domestic metal mines will have to report releases of toxic chemicals into the environment for the first time as required by SARA Title 313. Some of these reportable releases will appear huge in relation to reports by other industries. The reasons for the potentially large reportable releases, special considerations for mining operations, and strategies for dealing with the reports are described. Data composited from experience with several mining companies is presented in the context of a typical gold mine.

Jan 1, 1999

By P. Archer

The Blondeau Formation has been examined in a stratigraphic drill section at Barlow Lake. The formation contains pyroclastic flows and volcanogenic sediments throughout, but epiclastic sedimentary rocks dominate the upper parts of the section. Five distinct types of pyroclas tic flows are known in the section, as well as minor mafic lava flows. Volcanogenic sediments are commonly intercalated with the true volcanic rocks. Sedimentary rocks include fine-grained intraclastic sandstones, heterolithic sandstones and green and black shales. Interpretation of the origin and relative disposition of the volcanic and sedimentary rocks favours a model of near-emergent vulcanism in an upward shoaling environment.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. F. T. Agapito

OCI Wyoming mines two flat-lying trona seams that are 3- to 3.5-m- (10- to 11.5-ft-) thick, about10 m (33 ft) apart and 250-m- (820-ft-) deep at its Big Island Mine in Wyoming. Continuous miners and a yielding-pillar system have contributed to improvements in resource recovery and productivity. The use of yield pillars minimizes the stresses transmitted from the upper to the lower seam. However, yielding must not impact the good, long-term stability needed to prevent subsidence for a large portion of the mine beneath the Green River channel.

Jan 1, 2000

There are available today many various types of mixing systems, tank types and process liquors confronting the process designer of gold adsorption circuits. This short paper is to give the process designer an insight into the special mixing requirements for resin-in-leach and resin-in-pulp, plus the advantages and disadvantages of the various mixing systems that are available to agitate the required tank shapes. An understanding of the latest developments in this important process area of gold production is addressed and information given on the results of resin degradation in various tank sizes over long periods of mechanical agitation.

Jan 1, 2007

"Air Products approached LAC Minerals in 1987 to initiate trials with pure oxygen in the leach circuit at several LAC facilities in Canada. This paper gives an overview of oxygen use and covers specific operating data from the Doyon and Terrains Aurifères mills near Val D'Or in northwestern Quebec. LAC also uses oxygen at the Macassa mill in Kirkland Lake, Ontario.In addition to the LAC facilities, oxygen is currently in use for test purposes at the Holt McDermott mine in Kirkland Lake, Ontario and the Camflo mine near Val D'Or.There are two requirements for oxygen in the cyanide leach mill. Firstly, oxygen is required in the familiar gold dissolution reaction as follows:(1) 4 AU (s) + 8 NaCN (aq) + 02 (aq)+ 2H 20(aq) - 4NaAu(CN) 2(aq)+ 4Na OH(aq)Of the reagents on the left side of the equation, the availability of gold is fixed by the ore in question. Obviously, water is available in excess, 1eaving cyanide and oxygen as the limiting constituents in the process. Most mills operate with an excess of cyanide, which is fairly closely monitored. Dissolved oxygen levels, however, are not normally watched very closely and find their own level based on the temperature, the availability of compressed air and the ability of the ore to consume oxygen.Typical D.O. levels are in the 3-8 ppm range, however levels less than 1 ppm are not uncommon for refractory ores.With pure oxygen, dissolved oxygen levels as high as 30 ppm can be achieved. (Figure #1). This greatly accelerates the kinetics of the leach reaction and may also shift the reaction further towards completion thus increasing gold dissolution slightly."

Jan 1, 1990

By Nathaniel Wollman

About nine years ago the President's Materials Policy Co commission under the chairmanship of William Paley released its report entitled "Resources for Freedom." Not long ago the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources under the chairmanship of Senator Kerr released a study entitled Water Supply and Demand. Both reports contained projections of future water user the report for 1975, and the Select Committee print for 1980 and 2000, It is my task to compare the two reports. In the initial letter from Mr. Kazmann arranging for thus session he suggested that I present "a critical evaluation of the Paley Report's section on water ?ten years later,? which might include a comparison of predicted and actual water-use rates and would spotlight the assumptions which lead to errors in the predictions , . ." It is possible to compare the results of both studies, and it possible to explain art of the differences that can be found between them. The remainder must remain shrouded in doubt, since the Paley Report did not give all details of the methods used in estimating the com¬ponents of water use.

Jan 1, 1961

By S. M. Spottiswoode, J. A. L. Napier, M. Kataka

The move away from the use of strike stabilising pillars at depth and the adoption of the more flexible system of mining towards final dip remnant pillars brings new opportunities for optimising mine design. In the initial planning stage, the size and spacing of the final pillars is designed using classical design criteria, through limiting modelled values of Energy Release Rate (ERR), Average Pillar Stress (APS) and Excess Shear Stress (ESS). In reality, mines often leave pillars that are larger than those originally designed. One of the reasons for leaving more ground is an unexpectedly high rate of seismicity. In this paper, we present developments in integration of modelling and seismicity that are aimed at developing design criteria that are more responsive to local conditions.

Jan 1, 2003

Addressing community concerns in relation to an economic activity, particularly when it causes significant community impacts, is especially important for the development of extractive industry projects. Pipelines comprise an integral part of many hydrocarbon developments, which may cause different effects on local economic development, communities and the environment compared with open cast mines. This paper explores community impacts associated with a case study of the oil pipeline æEastern Siberia-Pacific OceanÆ in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. Based on semi-structured interviews, conducted in 2006 - 2008 in Russia, the paper investigates claims of local communities about potential impacts of the pipeline development of their environments and economic activities as well as community claims for greater involvement in sharing the benefits from this major infrastructure project. A community of Indigenous people, Evenk, is likely to be most profoundly affected by the development due to impacts on their traditional activities such as hunting and reindeer herding. The paper examines in detail the regional economic, social, environmental and Indigenous peoples concerns over the construction of the oil pipeline and investigates actions and methods adopted by community organisations to voice their concerns about the pipeline development. Finally, the paper assesses the process of interaction between the pipeline developers and regional stakeholders.

Jan 1, 2009

By Fred R. Ingram

FOR the purpose of this discussion, let us consider that the Rocky Mountain region covers the area in the seven Mountain States, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, and before we discuss the needs of these states, let us define Industrial Hygiene. Industrial Hygiene is that branch of preventive medicine concerned with the protection of health, improvement of efficiency, and prolongation of life of the industrial worker; in short, adult health conservation. It includes in its broad meaning not only the prevention of occupational diseases, such as silicosis, lead poisoning, cadmium poisoning, and many others, but such relative problems as overcrowding, fatigue, and personal and mental hygiene; exposure to abnormal temperatures, pressures, and humidities; ventilation, heating, and lighting. It is a science which requires the combined activity of medical personnel (doctors and nurses), engineers, and chemists to evaluate the exposures and determine the means of eliminating the hazard. The engineer surveys the workplace, takes air samples at the breathing level of the workman, and analyzes the work exposure. The chemist determines in his laboratory the exact amount of toxic material collected in the sample, which represents the exposure of the workman. The doctor must diagnose the occupational disease, recognize its cause, and evaluate the disability. Together, all three must correlate the data obtained and devise efficient methods, medical or engineering or process changes, for controlling or minimizing the dangerous condition and for studying the effectiveness of these measures. The plant doctor, in addition, must aid in the readjustment of the incapacitated worker and provide facilities for prevention. Industrial hygiene, however, is of no avail without the understanding co-operation of management.

Jan 1, 1945

Several economic factors have caused the surface mining industry to require large-capacity shovels and trucks for efficient, high-production, low-cost operations. Some of those factors include technological advancements in equipment, commodity market depressions, increased labor and maintenance costs, contractural obligations and harsh operating conditions. The difficult operating conditions in surface mines, however, pose challenges to the use of high-capacity equipment. They include space limitations, weak over-burden, and weathered soils and rocks. So mining companies face major challenges in selecting appropriate shovels to meet the technical, operating, safety, environmental and economic requirements of their mines.

Jan 1, 2003