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By Vinay Kumar

The disposal of large quantities of electronic scraps generated world wide is causing not only environmental problem but also loss of resources. Therefore, R & D efforts have been made to develop a suitable process for extraction and separation of metals viz. copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel expected from the leaching of e-scraps using solvent extraction process. Different process parameters viz. pH, aqueous to organic ratio, kinetics of extraction, extraction isotherm to establish stage requirement for extraction in continuous mode etc have been studied to optimise the condition for the separation of metals. The studies showed the selective extraction of copper after iron precipitation from the sulfuric acid leach solution of e- wastes containing ~1.0 g/L Cu and minor impurities with 2-hydroxy-5- nonylacetophenoneoxime (LIX 84) above pH 2.0 in single stage. A scheme for separation of cadmium, zinc and nickel has been proposed using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) under controlled pH of the aqueous solution. The order of extraction was found to be Zn> Cd> Ni.

Jan 1, 2009

Inn mining communities throughout the western United States, cows have always been part of the landscape as they graze on surrounding rangelands. Until recently, mining companies regarded these animals as something to be kept off their properties — especially any freshly reclaimed lands. During the last few years, though, this situation has begun to change. Today, cattle can be seen in a handful of mine settings, moving up and down the slopes of mine tailings and waste rock. These animals are being used by several companies to do some of the reclamation work once performed by large earth-moving equipment, mechanical spreaders, rippers and seed drillers. This is because cows can contour slopes more naturally and produce and spread soil nutrients in ways that tractors and ripping machines cannot.

Jan 1, 1999

By Dalva L. Moellenberg

Introduction Hard rock mine closure (often referred to as decommissioning), mined land reclamation and financial assurance requirements are receiving considerable attention by governments and organizations around the world. In the United States, federal agencies and the states continue to consider and make changes to laws governing mine closure and mined land reclamation, most of which were originally enacted in the mid-1970’s through the mid-1990’s. Internationally, a number of prominent groups and various countries currently are considering new laws, regulations and policies for mined land reclamation. For example, the European Union has conducted a review of existing European laws concerning mining wastes and mine water and is considering new directives concerning mine waste and mine water management and liability schemes that are likely to significantly impact mine closure and mined land reclamation. Many countries, particularly those outside of North America, Europe, and Australia, have recently adopted or are considering new mine closure and reclamation legislation and regulations. These include significant hard-rock mining countries such as Chile, Peru and South Africa. This paper identifies recent developments in hard-rock mine closure and mined land reclamation laws in the United States, focusing on several of the more significant and controversial developments. It also discusses some of the more significant international efforts to consider mine closure and mined land reclamation laws and policies and some of the notable conclusions and trends from those efforts. The focal issues discussed in this paper include requirements for the reclamation of open pit mines, including backfilling; consideration of and measures to address the mining of sulfide ores and potential for acid mine drainage; and new requirements for the estimation of closure and reclamation costs and for financial assurance for closure and reclamation.

Jan 1, 2005

By Wenbing Guo, Yi Tan, Erhu Bai

"It is important to study the mining technology under structures for raising the coal resources recovery ratio. Based on the geological and mining conditions, the top coal caving harmonic mining technique in thick coal seam beneath the earth dam was put forward and studied. The 5 factors such as the panel mining direction, panel size, panel location, panel mining sequence and panel advance velocity were taken into account in this technique. The dam movement and deformation were predicted after the thick coal seam mining and the effects of mining on the dam were studied. By setting up the surveying stations on the dam, the movement and deformation of the dam were observed during mining. By taking some protective measures on the dam, the top coal caving mining technique in thick coal seam beneath the earth dam was carried out successfully. The study demonstrates that harmonic mining in thick coal seam is feasible under the dam. The safety of the earth dam after mining was ensured and the coal resources recovery ratio was improved.The surface movement and deformation caused by coal mining not only influence the ecology environment in the mining area, but damage the surface structures such as buildings, railroads, highways, water bodies and damsr1-31_ The movement of strata and surface caused by mining had disturbed various aspects of industrial and agriculture productions in the mining arear41. The earth dam is a very important water retaining structures, so it must makes sure the safety of dam if mining under it. Therefore, to study the effect of mining on dam and control measures to ensure safety of mining under the dam are important factors for improving the mining recovery ratio, reliving the mining continuity, preventing or reducing damage to the dam.By means of the harmonic mining technologyrs1, theoretical analysis and field observation, the mining method under an earth dam and the mining influences were studied and analyzed in this paper. The mining of a thick coal seam under the dam was carried out safely and successfully."

Jan 1, 2016

By L. Sandbak

"CURRENT BASIS OF GROUND SUPPORT DESIGN ANALYSIS The current strategy used in determining what kinds of support are needed is based on empirical design charts (Grimstad and Barton, 1993). Figure 1 is an example of the topcut analysis used for a 14 foot wide (4.3 meter) drift, which is the current design width used for topcuts at TRJV mine. The majority of our topcuts are situated in ore of the Type IV and Type III weak rock class categories that necessitate the use of bolts, mesh and 2”-4” of shotcrete. This type of empirical chart gives excellent guidelines for the kinds of support, and it is based on case histories of civil tunneling and mining properties. It is a good starting point for determining the kinds of support needed, but not to the detail needed to optimize the number of bolts, type of mesh, or combination of types or strengths of shotcrete. This report is an attempt to help quantify the safety factor and optimum design parameters to include mesh and shotcrete as part of the design criteria and subsequent safety factor.SAFETY FACTOR ANALYSIS: BOLTS ONLY One type of safety factor analysis used at TRJV for the past 7 years is described as the “dead weight” method, developed by Pakalnis (2008). It involves the support of a conservative “dead weight” of rock held in place by bolts in which the depth of failure is approximated as a wedge whose height is one-half of the span. The failure or dead weight wedge resembles a triangular wedge that must be supported by the remainder of the bolts going through the wedge (see Figure 2).The support capacity of the system is determined by the bond strength of the bolts holding up the wedge, which is in turn based on the RMR. The method assumes the total support capacity is the sum of the individual bolt values defined by either the breaking strength or the bond strength of the bolts (whichever is lower) passing through the failure surface."

Jan 1, 2017

By Gilbert P. Moore

The production of petroleum in Argentina during 1932 was greater than in any preceding year. The total amount produced was 13,012,-756 bbl. This figure represents a decided increase in the production of oil in Argentina and can be attributed largely to the increased activities of the Royal Dutch operations at Kilometer 27 in the Comodoro Rivadavia district and those of the Standard Oil Co. of Argentina in the Salta region. Production from the Royal Dutch wells amounted to considerably more than 10,000 bbl. per day over quite a long period during the year. Of the 13,012,756 bbl. of oil produced during 1932, the Government Agency (Y. P. F.) was responsible for some 5,578,954 bbl., while 7,433,-802 bbl. were produced by private companies. Although in 1930 the Y. P. F. produced about 55 per cent of the total production and in 1930 50 per cent of the total, in 1932 its production had fallen to about 42 1/2 per cent of the total. This decrease in the proportion produced by the Y. P. F. was not due to a decrease in its production but to the decided increase in the production of private companies, particularly those two whose names are given above. One new discovery was recorded during the year. This was a well drilled by the Y. P. F. at Cacheuta in the province of Mendoza which came in pumping 80 bbl. of 15" gravity oil from a depth of 673 meters. This well was completed at approximately the same time that the provincial government of Mendoza granted a concession to the Y. P. F. and declared the whole province as a reserve in which no concessions may be granted for a period of 10 years. Under these conditions, the federally operated Y. P. F. will have no competition in the Cacheuta area from private companies such as they have in the other three fields of the republic. The Y. P. F. wildcat west of Comodoro Rivadavia at Pampa Maria Santissima on the Rio Senguerr was completed as a dry hole during 1932. This we11 was reported as a producer in 1930 by persons returning to this country from Argentina but it appears that they had been misinformed. The site of this test has been abandoned and a new location made north of the Rio Senguerr.

Jan 1, 1933

By W. P. Yast, R. R. Slyers, J. H. Hildebrand

 The Bureau of Mines, in conducting investigations of atmospheres in mines and tunnels for the purposes of determining and combating hazards to the health and safety of workers, has from time to time closely cooperated with municipal, State and Federal agencies in safety work in engineering and ventilating probleme. Recently the writers have conducted experiments with animals and men breathing helium-oxygen mixtures under pressure. The object of this work was to determine whether helium-oxygen atmospheres can be utilized to advantage in place of normal air for caisson and diving work. In such work the permissible pressures and times of compression and decompression are limited by the physiological effects on man. The major effect is that the nitrogen, (which is the inert con- stituent of normal air and is absorbed by the body tissues and fluids in abnormal amounts when under pressure,) tends to form bubbles in the tissues on too rapid discompression from high pressures. The Bureau of Mines is interested in this problem on account of the pos- sibilities of mitigating caisson illness in tunnel construction and other engine eering operations requiring men to work in compressed air. In addition, the Navy Department is interested on account of the possibilities for extending the range of salvaging and marine engineering operations. The results of the experiments conducted by the writers lead to the following conclusions: Helium is without odor or taste and has physical properties which promise to be of interest physiologically and which have been found to have possibilities of creat practical use, especially in making a synthetic atmosphere that will re- duce the hazard of caisson disease. The substitution of helium for the nitrogen ordinarily present in the air we breathe has been found to result in an atmosphere which it as respirable as that provided by nature. The results obtained indicate that helium not only has the advantage of being less soluble than nitrogen, but

Feb 1, 1925

By H. H. Stoek

A STUDY of American coal mine practice shows two of its distinctive features to be: A greater number of accidents per thousand employees than in any of the other leading coal-producing countries; a much greater percentage of the coal lost than is the case in any of the other leading coal producing countries. Although our subject is mainly concerned with the second feature, any consideration of mining methods should include safety, efficiency, and economy or costs. If in defense of our wasteful mining the argument could be offered that it was necessary on account of safety, and that it is carried out with less loss of life than is the case in other countries the plea for conservation of coal could not be so strongly urged. But when we are wasteful of both life and property, the subject merits more consideration than it has received. Some coal operators will doubtless say that the unit of accidents should be the number per million tons produced rather than per thousand employees, for by adopting this unit America probably stands in the lead rather than the lowest among the countries. However, vital statistics are not usually so expressed by other governments, by life and accident insurance companies, or in other industries, and it is merely begging the question and attempting to bolster up a bad condition to adopt a peculiar unit for the statement of our accidents. For many years the statement was made by various agencies, and was unchallenged, that "For every ton of bituminous coal mined in the United States a ton had been lost in the way of pillars left in the mines." This statement was undoubtedly true for many years, and although some progress has been made in the past decade looking to a higher extraction, and in some districts very decided progress, the loss is still great; and, although no exact data can be given, it is probable that for the United States as a whole at- least one ton is lost for every two mined.

Jan 2, 1922

By E J. Hofmann, J E. Hofmann, A J. Hofmann-Fritz

"With its Head Quarters in Perth, global heavy engineering company Hofmann Engineering is one of the largest family owned engineering companies in Australia. The company has pioneered a number of new manufacturing processes and design improvements for components of large comminution equipment.Some of these innovations are: Innovative design improvements of high pressure grinding roll (HPGR) forged steel tyres. Hofmann Engineering has developed unique patented tungsten carbide stud and edge protection designs which improve wear life and introduce quick and cost effective replacement options to further extend the life of the tyre. Development of forged fabricated mill heads using rolled and welded high tensile steel plate as an alternative to cast conical mill heads. Establishment of Australian capability to manufacture and export up to 42 ft. (12.8 m) diameter SAG mill shells. Techniques for fast track, product improved replacements of cracked or damaged mill gears, including in situ profile & wear measurements of girth gears using portable coordinate measuring machine (CMM) technology, forged rim steel and induction hardening technology. Gear and pinion mechanical drive designs to 24 MW or higher for SAG mills of 38 ft. to 42 ft. (11.6 m - 12.8 m) diameter as reliable alternatives to gearless drives.The paper presents case studies from the Australian heavy manufacturing facilities of Hofmann Engineering on large, high powered equipment for both the domestic and export markets.CITATION:Hofmann, E J, Hofmann, J E and Hofmann-Fritz, A J, 2013. Australian innovations in high pressure grinding rolls and large grinding mill manufacture, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013, pp 141-151 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 15, 2013

By O. U. Bradley

THE methods of handling the oil output of the mid-continent fields are not unlike those practised in other oil fields of the United States, and it is not expected that this paper will present any entirely novel ideas. Some features of the practice of handling this oil may be of interest, however. WOODEN CAGING TANKS Practically all of the oil sold to pipe lines and other purchasing agencies throughout the Mid-continent field is gaged from wooden tanks. Steel gaging tanks are slowly coming into use, and are preferable in many ways-leakage and evaporation are reduced, and the strapping and recalculation of capacities are unnecessary. The wooden tanks are slightly coned to facilitate tightening the hoops. The-sizes in, common use are 250, 500, 800 and 1600 bbl. The number and the capacity of the gaging tanks upon any producing oil property depend upon its production, and the facilities for disposing of the output. The 1600-bbl. size was the most common in the Cushing field, particularly during the period of flush production. The tanks are distributed over the leased premises in groups of two, three, and four tanks each, and these are filled from flow tanks, or through direct pipe connections with the heads of the wells. Flow tanks are merely temporary reservoirs to facilitate the transfer of oil from the wells to the gaging tanks. They diminish fire risk,, and are considered indispensable on small producing properties where .water is pumped with the oil, as they permit the refuse and water to settle out before the production is run to the gaging tanks.

Jan 3, 1918

By Walsh V

The Australian economy has been adversely affected by the hesitation in developing countries to commit to the construction of .new coal-fired power stations. World coal trade which was expected to grow at an appreciable rate has stagnated, world export coal prices have plummetted, and facilities in place in Australia for the production and export of coal are being underutilized. While in some countries this hesitation has been caused by a reduction in electricity load growth, another cause has been the unduly long lead-time imposed on developing countries by the conventional "Banker's Approach" to the planning and initiation of commitments to finance and construct coal-fired power plants. In some countries electricity growth has been met by increased usage of indigenous energy resources, even though this involves costs in excess of imported coal-fired power generation. The avoidance of foreign exchange commitments in these cases can however be desirable. In many other developing countries however, fuel oil continues to be used for power generation at a cost in foreign exchange of up to 50% above the total cost of coal fuel plus capital to construct a new coal-fired power station. The conventional "Bankers Approach" to new power station planning imposes the need for successive feasibility studies to satisfy the normal processes of international development lending agencies. No feasibility study can however, show how keen vendor countries may be to win major power plant contracts; and no feasibility study can determine whether the power station eventually procured will be one of the more reliable, at better than 80% availability, or one of the more unreliable at worse than 60% Availability.

Jan 1, 1987

By Andrew S. Lain

Before you begin mining aggregates in Oklahoma, you must first look at the market and ask these questions: (1) Is there a need for additional aggregate production? (2) Can we produce the aggregate efficiently enough to compete? (3) Is the deposit close enough to the market? If you can answer "yes" to each of these three questions, then you are ready to start the process for mining aggregates in Oklahoma. The first consideration to be made is whether the aggregates produced will need to meet state specifications. If you do not want to meet state durability standards, there are numerous formations you can mine and produce aggregates. We will deal only with the formations that will meet state durability standards. These formations are located in the southern half of Oklahoma and in the Tulsa area. Some of the formations that contain limestone, dolomite, and sandstone that will meet state durability tests are West Springs Creek, Kindblade, McKenzie Hill, Butterly-Royer, and Rush Springs Formations. Granite and rhyolite also are found in Oklahoma and can be used as construction aggregates. Once an area has been identified as having durable material, and drilling has verified its properties, a permit must be secured from the Oklahoma Department of Mines, Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, and any other applicable agency before construction of a plant occurs. There are many different brands of crushers available, but all work on one of two crushing principles-either compression breakage or impact breakage. Each type has its application in different industrial-mineral types and the desired end product. A typical small crushing plant would start with a jaw crusher for primary reduction, and then employ one standard cone and one shorthead cone for secondary reduction. One grizzly would be in the circuit with one finished-product screen and three to four finished-product stackers. Natural sands and gravels are found in rivers and old river channels. These too need to be tested to see if spec product can be produced. All of our sand operations have very little gravel; thus, we do not process the gravel. The sand is processed through classifying tanks for gradation.

Jan 1, 1999

The last decade of national water reform implementation has improved the availability and efficiency of water source allocation in Western Australia. However, it is critical to recognise that the concurrent mining boom witnessed the approach of full water allocation limits, and increasing trends in mineral processing, water infrastructure costs, and wastewater management costs. Water supplies are commonly viewed as absolutely critical to project feasibility in mining, industrial and energy generation projects, even if considered 'non-core business'.   An increasing density of mining projects and industrial estates in Western Australia (WA) creates an opportunity for water infrastructure cost sharing and synergies. The WA government and its agencies have given preliminary consideration to the establishment of independent water utilities in the goldfields (Kalgoorlie), the Pilbara, and Collie regions, and in the Kwinana Industrial Area. The impending Oakajee industrial area and Mid West regional development, and Anketell port in the East Pilbara, could also be considered for common non-municipal water supplies.   The critical issue of apparent commercial risk due to the large scale of water demands and the low customer numbers in the minerals sector relative to other water markets is expected to mandate government partnership in any non-municipal water utility ownership. The commercial feasibility risk is observed as a risk to water supply security for potential mining and industrial customers. Absence of proper water infrastructure planning and governance has the potential to create infrastructure access issues as observed for Pilbara rail developments under the Trade Practices Act 1974.   Other aspects of water cycle management which could be addressed by a non-municipal utility include resumption of mine dewatering water (required changes to WA legislation that are progressing) and consolidated wastewater management for maximising synergy or reuse opportunities and minimising cumulative environmental impacts.   Address of water infrastructure planning for non-municipal water demands must cover commercial and environmental sustainability outcomes to successfully progress minerals sector growth in the State.

Jun 1, 2010

By G. H. Fancher

Improving economic conditions are reflected in the statistical picture of the petroleum and natural gas industry for 1933. Prices were better, demand was greater and the volume of production increased. The increase in the production of gas has been due mainly to the utilization of outlets to the new prolific gas fields of Potter and Tioga counties; of oil, to the growing demand for Pennsylvania grade lubricants. It should be emphasized that nowhere is volume of production more subject to control due to the extensive use of secondary methods of recovery and regional peculiarities than in Pennsylvania. A summary of developments in production for Pennsylvania in 1933 of necessity is brief. The data listed in Table 1 are all too few in number and not all that is desirable from the standpoint of accuracy. No state agency for the collection of data exists, no reports are compulsory. Nevertheless, because of the hearty cooperation of many individuals and public spirited corporations, it is believed that the data are as reliable as are obtainable at the present time. Furthermore, records of the past too often are lost, were never in existence or are fragmentary, to say the least. Illustrative of the condition is the fact that no thorough study of the oil and gas-producing regions has ever been made. The publications of the Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey upon the subject are noteworthy and valuable, especially the most recent one.' The Survey has been handicapped in the work by lack of time, personnel and funds in addition to the difficulties mentioned previously. It is obvious, therefore, that Table 1 cannot be completed for Pennsylvania. The data simply are not in existence. Officially there are 328 oil and gas pools or fields known by name and 58 distinct sands or horizons, one or more of which are productive of oil and gas in the various pools, but reliable data for only three general regions could be assembled.

Jan 1, 1934

Faced with rising costs and lower metal prices, several Ontario base metal sulphide mines have changed their method of mining to vertical crater retreat mining. This is a bulk mining method that utilises large diameter holes and mines successive cuts remotely by blasting and cratering the bottom of the drill holes. The orebody is mined from the bottom up. The method in turn has required a change in materials handling to cope with the greatly increased productivity.   This paper presents an overview of vertical crater retreat mining in the Sudbury area using examples from several producing mines. The paper reviews the history of vertical crater retreat mining, various methods of applying vertical crater retreat layouts, the development of in-the-hole drills capable of drilling the large diameter holes required, methods of explosives loading and blasting to achieve the required cratering effect, methods of ground support including backfill placement, and the ore loading equipment presently being utilised including remote control load-haul-dump units and continuous loaders.   The safety aspect of vertical crater retreat mining has been of concern, and was the focus of a provincial inquiry. The benefits in improved safety are demonstrated through an analysis of various records kept by the mines and provincial agencies.   Future trends can now be envisaged, particularly in relation to deep mining. Some experimental work which could have practical applications, is described.

Jan 1, 1989

Improving the Sustainability of Primary Metal Production - The Need for a Life Cycle Approach

Sep 13, 2010

By Langtry E. Lynd

The titanium dioxide pigment industry in the United States has always relied to varying degrees on imported titanium concentrates. Dependence on foreign ilmenite was especially high (generally over 85% of consumption) until 1942, when large-scale U.S. production of ilmenite began, and has since ranged from 12% to 47%. Rutile import reliance was generally in the 45% to 80% range until the early 1960's, when increased use in the chloride pigment process raised dependence on imported rutile to over 90% in most years since 1963. Import reliance of zircon, obtained almost entirely as a byproduct of titanium mineral production, has generally ranged from about 30% to 65% of consumption. This paper will examine the history of U.S. sources of these heavy mineral commodities, and will discuss the potential U.S. future supply in view of changing industrial uses and processes and the anticipated development of new heavy-mineral-sand processing operations, such as those at Richards Bay in the Republic of South Africa and in Sierra Leone.

Jan 1, 1978

By Ralph V. Stewart

"The asbestos orebody is contained within ultrabasic rocks of Precambrian age, being located in the continuous permafrost zone of the Quebec Ungava Peninsula, some 300 miles north of the tree line at approximate latitude 61'49' and longitude 73°58'.The asbestos deposit is at the western tip of a folded ultrabasic sill complex which trends northeast and covers an elliptical area 4.5 miles wide by 15 miles long. Locally. the asbestos occurs in. a completely serpentinized dunite rock. The principal rock types in the vicinity of the ore-body originally consisted of dunite, peridotite and pyroxenite, all of which have experienced at least two periods of alteration, so that no fresh rock now remains.The main ore zone in the open pit is approximately one quarter mile in length, 150 to 200 feet in width, and plunges at 25 to 30 degrees in a northeast direction below surface, to a vertical depth of at least 1,200 feet, Consider¬able tectonic activity resulted in favourable structural conditions which culminated in the formation of the ore zone in its present form.The deposit consists principally of cross-fibre ""gash type"" veins which vary in length from several inches to several feet. The principal fibre vein direction is parallel to the dip of the enclosing serpentinized dunite and sill complex.Some of the problems encountered during diamond drill¬ing in permafrost are briefly discussed."

Jan 1, 1976

By Jared Ball, Darren Snashall, Paul Telford, Pengfu Tan, Ben Hogg

"The foamed converter charges were up to 3 8 per month in Xstrata Copper Smelter at Mount Isa. The issue of high converter foamover frequency had remained unsolved for many decades in Mount Isa. A thermodynamic model of copper P-S converter and a viscosity model of converter slag have been developed to simulate the slag blow and copper blow, in order to understand the mechanism of converter foamover. The model predicts the chemistry and viscosity of slag during slag blow and copper blow. The effects of oxygen potential, charge of dirty reverts, slag carryover, under-blowing, over-blowing, and temperature on the foamover and viscosity of slag in copper blow have been discussed. A theory has been developed to understand the mechanism of converter foamover. The practical solutions have also been developed and implemented in Mount Isa Copper Smelter. Some improvements of the industrial operations have been presented. After a series of improvements, the number of foamed charges per month in the converter operations has been decreased significantly from 35 in Aug 2008 to only one per month in 2009/2010.1. IntroductionThe Copper Smelter in Mount Isa receives the concentrate containing about 25% copper and produces anode copper that contains about 99% copper. There are several stages in the process. The first stage carries out in the ISASMELT™ furnace. The ISASMELT™ process produces a molten copper matte containing about 60% copper. An iron-silica slag and a sulfur dioxidebearing off-gas are the by-products of the process. The slag is taken to the slag dams for cooling before it is recycled through the Mount Isa Copper Concentrator.The matte is sent to Peirce-Smith converters. The converters further remove iron and sulphur to produce blister copper which contains about 97% copper. The anode furnaces remove any remaining sulphur and oxygen to produce anode copper that is about 99. 7% pure. This is cast into anodes and sent to the Xstrata Copper Refinery in Townsville for final refining.In the copper pyrometallurgical industrials, slag foaming is an important phenomena which occurs when the gas bubbles have stability and not rupture. Foaming greatly increases the interfacial area between matte, slag and gas and is essential for the operation of high intensity smelting processes. However, foaming or foamover is undesirable in P-S converter since it can damage the equipment and injure the operators. Figure 1 shows that the whole process of a foamover development in a converter."

Jan 1, 2011

Arrangements have been completed in New York whereby the re- sources of The Engineering Foundation, under the auspices of the four principal national engineering societies, are placed at the disposal of the National Research Council, which was appointed by the National Academy of Sciences* at the request of President Wilson. The object of the Council is to coordinate the scientific research work of the country in order to secure efficiency in the solution of the problems of war and peace. The Council was without funds until The Engineering Foundation, established to further scientific and engineering research, offered to place its resources at the Council's disposal, including the services of its secretary, Dr. Cary T. Hutchinson, to act as-secretary of the Council. The offer was accepted and plans for immediate activities have been placed in the hands of an executive committee. In indicating how thoroughly, every branch bf science and engineering is represented, Dr. George E. Hale, Director of the Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory, and Chairman of the Council, when he was in New York attending to the details of the arrangement, called attention to the personnel of the body, saying that it is the purpose to enlist the cooperation, in the solution of our industrial and military problems of a scientific character, of every possible established agency. Medicine, for example, is represented on the Council by Dr. William H. Welch, President of the National Academy of Sciences, Brigadier General William C. Gorgas, , Surgeon Crenera.1 of the United States Army, Dr. Simon Flexner, Director of the Rockefeller Medical Institute, and Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, Past President of the American Medical Society; biological science by Dr. Edwin G. Conklin, Professor of Zoology, Princeton University; chemistry by Dr. A. A. Noyes of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. L. H. Baekeland; physics by Dr. A. A. Michelson of the University of Chicago; and electricity by Professor M. I. Pupin, of Columbia University.

Jan 10, 1916