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Mineral resource and ore reserve classification defines the risk associated with quoted resource tonnes and grades, allowing the interested party to make a judgement as to the `worth' of the resource statement. The JORC Code and Guidelines (1992) are now well entrenched as the foundation upon which gold and base metal deposits in particular are publicly reported. There are three categories of resource, namely Measured, Indicated or Inferred reflecting decreasing levels of confidence. The ore reserve, that is the economically mineable part of the resource, is classified as Proven or Probable and can only be drawn from the Measured and Indicated resource categories. As summarised by Stephenson (1995), resource/reserve classification has been an issue ever since the earliest days of mining in Australasia where, like elsewhere in the world, the industry, for a long time, lacked firm reporting guidelines. Those currently adopted in Australasia as the minimum standards for companies reporting to the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) have been developed and revised since 1972 by The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (The AusIMM), the Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG) and Australian Mining Industry Council (AMIC). Debate is now underway in terms of adopting an international code. The Code specifically does not attempt to regulate either the classification technique nor the method of estimation of the resource/ore reserve, but rather places the responsibility for this task on a `Competent Person' whose experience will decide the appropriate approach for a given commodity/orebody. The Competent Person must be a Corporate member of either The AusIMM or AIG with five years experience `relevant to the style of mineralisation' under consideration.

Jan 1, 1996

By Makarinskym F. M.

"This paper describes mechanical and operating modifications that were and are being made to current on-line flotation cells at Falconbridge Nickel Mines concentrators. Improved metallurgical performance and metal recoveries of some 3·4% over the past ten years are the end result of the modifications made. The paper acknowledges the contribution of operating, technical and maintenance personnel and the Company ""suggestion plan"" program. 1. INTRODUCTIONFalconbrirdge Nickel Mines Limited, incorporated in 1928 is a major product of nickel, copper,coba1t and other metals and minerals. The Canadian Nickel Division operating facilities in the Sudbury Area currently includes seven mines, two concentrators, and a smelter.For many years at all concentrators, improv0mcnts in metal recoveries have been continually under investigation. One area was to improve the flotation cell performance. This paper will deal with mechanical and operating modifications to the cells at the Strathcona and Falconhridge Ni-Cu sulphide concentrators, at the Sudbury Operations.One of the prime means to mineral beneficiation processing has been, and will continue to be, the basic froth flotation cell. The efficient operation of a flotation cell is the key to satisfactory metal selectivity and recovery. The essence of good design is simplicity. Changes to cell design can contribute to a significant improvement in metal recovery.Over the past 10 years, modifications to the flotation cells have contributed to an improvement of some 3-4” in mineral recovery. Providi11g tl1c initiative for improvements include operating, maintenance and technical personnel, as well as the employee suggestions submitted th1·ough the Suggestion Plan Program."

Jan 1, 1982

By Campbell Brown G F

THE Mount Morgan mine has, from the time of its historical discovery, been the subject of investigation and speculation by geologists and mining engineers. The first examination was made by Dr. R. L. Jack, in 1884. He came to the conclusion, from theevidence then available, that nothing but a thermal spring in the open air-otherwise a geyser-could account for the formation of the ore body. This report attracted world-wide attention at the time. Since then the mine has been examined by most of the leading geologists of Australia, and by many from elsewhere. In all cases the examination has only extended over a period' of a few days or weeks, and in the light of present knowledge of the deposit we know that sufficient data could not be obtained in such a short time to warrant the statement of definite conclusions. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that a considerable difference of opinion exists as to the genesis of the deposit. That the company considered more detailed investigation necessary is shown by the fact that some thirteen years ago it employed Mr. Charles Walker as geological surveyor on the .mine. At that time also the data available was insufficient to give satisfactory results. It is, however, a matter for comment that none of the geological reports on the property took notice of the increase of copper values in the ore with depth, though the present workings and diamond-drilling...

Jan 1, 1911

Jan 1, 1970

By Ward B

Central Colliery was developed to exploit large underground reserves in the German Creek lease. It was planned from the outset as a retreating longwall operation and is the first longwall mine in Queensland. Longwall mining is not new to Australia but all previous experience has been confined to the coalfields of New South Wales. There was no precedent for longwall extraction in the markedly different geological setting of the Bowen Basin in Central Queensland. Various investigations were thus carried out during the initial development of Central Colliery, prior to the installation of the longwall, to ascertain the geotechnical characteristics of the coal seam and the adjacent strata and to predict the performance of the heading and pillar design as mining proceeds to depth. Laboratory tests showed the coal to be weak with an unconfined compressive strength of 9.6 MN/m2. Site inspection and geophysical correlation revealed a shear zone and extensive intraformational shear planes in the seam. The latter were found to exert a controlling influence on rib reaction in the headings. This behaviour was predicted by finite element modelling of the development headings which indicated that mining induced stresses in the coal would be relieved by block movement of the ribs. A chain pillar width versus depth curve was established for yielding pillar design based on empirical and computational methods. This gave pillar widths from 25m to 48m over the proposed depth range of 150m to 300m. Finite element modelling of the 25m pillars chosen for the first gateroads confirmed the overall stability of the design but suggested that rib spall could be significant in the adjacent tailgate. (1) Chief Mining Engineer, Capricorn Coal Management Pty. Ltd., German Creek Mine, Queensland (2) Senior Engineering Geologist, Coal Division, The Shell Company of Australia Limited, Melbourne

Jan 1, 1986

By John Birkinbine

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) IN a former paper* attention was directed to the various firms of pumping machines employed for permanent work in mining and metallurgical processes. The following is simply a collection of memoranda of work done of a temporary character, and is presented by way of comparison with other work of similar nature. In close proximity to the charcoal furnace at Pine Grove, Cumberland County, Pa., is a large deposit of superior hematite iron ore, which has been worked for a number of years, and from which many thousand tons of ore have been taken by open pit workings. In July, 1874, the furnace was blown out and operations at the bank suspended, the machinery for draining being removed except a plunger pump, 18 inches in diameter and 66 inches stroke, operated by a steam-engine by means of rods. The pit was allowed to fill with water, and no steps towards its reclamation were taken until November, 1877. At that time the pit was a pond of water at the base of the mountain, having an area of about four acres and a depth of seventy feet. As the pumps, rods, etc., had been submerged for over three years, and partially buried by the mud washed down from the banks, and as it was determined to change the location of the pump for future operations and drive it by water-power, a temporary pumping apparatus was determined upon for reclaiming the pit and keeping it drained until the permanent arrangements could be completed. By opening an old adit about 10 feet of the water was removed, and the area decreased to three acres. The inflow of springs was found to be 250 gallons per minute, and the amount of water contained in the pit was computed to be 45,000,000 gallons. As the inflow would undoubtedly increase while the water sank in the pit, provision was made for removing at least 60,000,000 gallons, at the rate of 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 gallons per day. The company determined to employ a Heald and Cisco centrifugal pump driven by an oscillating engine by means of a belt. Steam was supplied by four plain cylinder boilers, each 36 inches diameter *Transactioiis of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, vol. p. 455.

Jan 1, 1878

By W. A. Koehler, W. L. Eaton, Reynold Q. Shotts, M. E. Hinkle, M. R. Geer, Ralph M. Hunter, H. F. Yancey, Andrew B. Crichton, E. Zimmerman, S. H. Ash

R. Maize and H. P. Greenwald presiding) E. T. POWELL*-I would like to ask either Mr. Ash or Mr. Eaton if they know of any place where the Mine Inspectors' for¬mula has been used that water has flowed from one colliery to the other. W. L. EATON (authors' reply)-We have made considerable study but we have not gotten around to very many of the barrier pillars. I would not say that any or all of them have been designed to the strict figures of this formula. Most of those ex¬amined will not hold back the water that they are supposed to hold back. E. T. POWELL-If the pillar remains ac¬cording to the Mine Inspectors' formula? W. L. EATON-We have not found very many where the provisions were followed. E. T. POWELL-Where the Mine Inspec¬tors' formula has been fully complied with, have there been failures or not? W. L. EATON-I cannot say. Most of these barrier pillars probably were designed in accordance with this formula, but most of them, if they were so designed, are not in that shape now because a large number of them will not hold back the water; they have been reinforced, and they are punc¬tured in various places. Holes have been driven through them to relieve the hydro¬static pressure to avoid a failure. They do not dare to have a failure. In many instances, the barrier is punc¬tured to avoid a failure. In order to mine their coal safely, many companies must pump water from mines that were aban¬doned many years ago. R. MAIZE-That is true, Mr. Eaton, but do you know of any case where a barrier pillar actually failed and flooded an ad¬joining mine when the pillar had been left in accordance with the Mine Inspectors formula?

Jan 1, 1948

By Walter R. Crane

Operators of diamond drills have long been familiar with threadlike markings or riflings on cores but apparently have given but little serious thought to the conditions that are responsible for their production. The opinion generally held by those who have observed the phenomena is that the riflings are produced directly or indirectly by vibration, but so far as the writer is aware no systematic attempt has been made to demonstrate the fact. A careful search through the literature on diamond-drilling practice has been rewarded by only one reference to such markings of cores. J. N. Justice1 writes, "Of the peculiarities met with in the core, I will mention only one. The core from the "H" drill, at about 360 ft. came out rifled and pentagonal. The change from the circular to the pentagonal was sudden, and for 9 ft. this structure was maintained, when suddenly it returned to the circular. I have not been able to find any one who can explain the cause of this change of form. The drill men marveled at it and suggested vibration, six-stone bits, and several other hypotheses which need not be mentioned." The writer became interested in the matter of core riflings some 10 years ago while in the Flat River lead region of Missouri, where many remarkable examples of "rifled" cores were observed and collected. Since that time similar phenomena have been observed in various localities throughout the United States and Canada, and samples have been gotten together illustrating a large number of variations in form. After a careful study had been made of the material at hand it seemed desirable that certain data should be obtained from the experience of others regarding the normal action of diamond drills in forming cores, portions of which are occasionally rifled, before an attempt was made to draw any conclusions as to their cause. About 20 letters were addressed to diamond-drill companies, operators, and engineers actively engaged in drilling operations, with a

Jan 1, 1917

By R. R. Potter

"IntroductionAlthough iron formations were recognized in western New Brunswick about 1820, commercial production was not achieved until 1848. The Jacksonville deposits near Wood stock were developed first, and ore was treated at a blast furnace constructed 5 km to the southeast on the Saint John River. Several charcoal burners were also constructed. Pig iron was produced sporadically until 1884, when operations were finally suspended. There was little further interest in the area until 1953, when Stratmat Ltd. initiated an ambitious exploration program. At the same time, the company carried out research on an electric-reduction process to produce metallic iron and ferromanganese. The technical feasibility of this process (Udy process) was confirmed, however the high energy costs were prohibitive and work ceased in 1957. Some metallurgical research was carried out by Mandate Refining Ltd. about 1970 and more recently by the New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council.The Years Prior to 1848New Brunswick became a separate province in 1784, shortly after the influx of a large number of Loyalists from the United States. Man y of these people sett led along the Saint John River, including the area of excellent farmland near the present town of Woodstock.There were indication s that some of these earl y settlers recognized iron formations in the vicinity of Woodstock about 1820, however the nature of the deposits was not known until 836 when Dr. C.T. Jackson, a geologist commissioned by the Stat e of Maine, investigated the mineral potential of the area. Jackson (1836) described the ""ore"" as compact red hematite yielding 44 per cent pure metallic iron, and suggested that sizable tonnages may be present. It was about this time that an extensive limonite deposit was found in north-central Maine, near Mt. Katahdin. Other iron deposits were found in the Nictaux area of Nova Scotia, and a few years later at Londonderry."

Jan 1, 1983

PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: I have every reason to know Mr. Pryde was carrying out some experiment a while ago in some of his mines. He and I had a little correspondence on the question, and I think he may have a word or two to say about it. He has not been on his feet today at all. I will ask Mr. Pryde to tell us what he has to say. MR. PRYDE: I have not very much to say about shooting coal with permissible powder as far as slack is concerned because we are not in the commercial business. All of our coal goes to the railroad and a very large part of it is crushed for use in the stokers of the locomotives. We are on a 100 per cent permissible powder basis and as far as I am able to see, I do not believe that the percentage of slack is increasing with its use. We find it hard to convince our commercial neighbors of this fact because they are naturally very much against increasing their percentage of slack on ac- count of the low price received for this grade of coal. I, personally, believe that where a change is made from black powder to permissible powder the percentage of slack will be increased for a time because the miners have been accustomed to using black powder and they are rather suspicious about going to the permissible powder and I do not believe that we can blame them very much. So the tendency with them is to use too much powder. We have gradually overcome this, although, as I said before, we have not kept close track of the production of slack. However, we try to get as large an amount of lump coal as possible. Broadly speaking, I can say from observation that in my opinion there is very little difference in the percentage of slack with the use of the permissible powder that we have today than there was with the use of black powder. I also get this information from our mine superintendents. Mr. Peterson and the other explosive men have been very helpful to us in the use of permissible powder and I confess I have to take everything back that I said several years ago. At that time I was against permissible powder, particularly on account of the cost, but, with the newer permissible powder, we have gotten the cost down very well. I know today that the cost of permissible powder in the coal mines of the Union Pacific Coal Company is less than when we were using black powder. I know this because of the fact that we kept a record of the number of tons we got with black powder, and the number of tons we get with permissible powder compares very favorably in cost. I know this, too, because of the fact that our employes, except in the first few weeks of using permissible powder, have made no demand upon us for any in- crease ill pay to offset any added cost that might accrue in the use of permissible powder and the fact that they have asked for no increase is very conclusive proof to me that it is not

Jan 1, 1925

By J. A. Porter

In offering some data relative to this property, and the treatment of its ores, it is proper to say that a purely scientific article has not been attempted. It is hoped, however, that the economic conditions presented may be of interest to the members of the Institute, and that a discussion upon the concentration of the ore may throw some light upon a very unsatisfactory part of the work. The Smuggler-Union mines are located at the head of the San Miguel river, just south of the water-shed between Ouray and Telluride. The latter town, reached by the Denver and Rio Grande railway, is most picturesquely situated, at ail altitude of 8500 feet, in a narrow valley, the lower portion of which exposes only the sedimentary rocks. Along the sides of the valley, large masses of coarse alluvial deposits are left high above the present channel of the stream. Although much placer-work has been done, and some very rich material has been found, the limited extent of the isolated tracts has made placer-mining in this locality generally unprofitable. The valley terminates two miles above Telluride in an amphitheater around which walls rise abruptly several thousand feet. Here the company's mill is situated, being reached by a Bleichert tramway from the mines and also by a spur of the Rio Grande railway from Telluride. At this point, not only are the reddish sandstone and conglomerate beds exposed, but the contact between the conglomerate and the overlying gray volcanic breccia is plainly in view, even at a distance of many miles. A marked stratification is noticeable, indicating the successive layers of igneous breccia, locally termed trachyte. Throughout the entire region this is the favorite name among the miners for the rocks composing the igneous cap of the San Juan

Jan 1, 1897

By T. Guilford Smith

In presenting the subject of " Armored Turrets for Coast Defense " to this Institute, I am indebted to the Gruson Ironworks, a company incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, for valuable information, model and plans, by which I hope to make clear the construction and peculiar merits of this class of gun-protection. I wish it understood, however, that this is not an undeveloped and untried inventor's ideal, but an advanced and fully perfected system, which has long since passed the experimental stage and has been adopted by most of the foreign governments, after years of extensive experimenting and the expenditure of millions of dollars. The present seems an appropriate time to present the matter to the scientific public, since, for the first time, it is possible to produce these turrets in this country, of American material, and made by American workmen, owing to an agreement entered into between the Gruson Iron-works and the Fried. Krupp Grusonwerk, of Magdeburg-Buckau, Germany, where they have hitherto alone been manufactured. Although its full development and present perfection have been attained at the German works, it may be of historic interest to state that the first idea of using a rotating protected platform for large guns originated with Mr. Theo. Ruggles Timby, a native of the State of New York, who filed a caveat in 1843 for a " metallic revolving fort, to be used on land or water, and to be revolved by propelling engines located within the same and acting upon suitable mechanism." This was followed in 1862 by the issuance to Mr. Timby of two patents (No. 35,846 and No. 36,593) covering the ideas described in his caveat of 1843. The first practical application of this system was made on the " Monitor," of Civil War fame, Mr. Timby receiving $10,000 for two

Jan 1, 1901

By S. H. Ash

THE ANTHRACITE region of Pennsylvania contains over nine-tenths of the total anthracite deposits of North America and produces all but an insignificant proportion of the total output of anthracite in the Nation. The whole economy of the northeastern section of the United States depends, to a large extent, on the mining of Pennsylvania anthracite, which is shipped to New Jersey, New York, and New England and is a principal source of energy and heat for that entire region. The responsibility of the Federal Government for developing an engineering method that will prevent inundation of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines and keep them in operation has long been recognized. To obtain a reliable picture of the anthracite-mine-water problem and to solve that problem, it is necessary to have factual data on the volume and the quality and character of the mine water handled by the pumping plants in the anthracite region, as well as the kinds of pumps utilized and problems concerning their operation.

Jan 1, 1953

By Gerald M. Ellis

Introduction Gold exploration in the Dominican Republic has not received much publicity. The fact is, however, that a continuous program has been underway for some time. For the past two years, the Restauracion area of the western Dominican Republic, near the Haitian border, has been the scene of mineral exploration by the Dominican Department of Mines geologists, and later by geologists of Rosario Dominicana. The latter is a state-owned gold mining company and operator of the Pueblo Viejo open-pit gold mine. The exploration is for mineral deposits with the goal of finding another Pueblo Viejo-type deposit. Geology Exploration is being carried out in the western central Cordillera, the backbone of the Island of Hispaniola. Geology consists of quartz veins and veinlets and ramifying stringers carrying pyrite, barite, minor amounts of copper, and significant amounts of gold in places. They are associated with regional faulting in a complex of Cretaceous beds of andesites, dacites, argillites, siltstones, and shales. They are intruded by tonalites, diorites, and gabbros. Lesser amounts of zinc-lead mineralization occur in some locations. The showings appear as disseminations along the faults. To date, the work has been mostly geologic mapping - 1 to 50,000 with details on a scale of 1 to 20,000 and 1 to 10,000-stream and soil lithogeochemistry, and geophysics. Trenching and sampling were used to follow possible vein extensions. Particular emphasis has been placed on the Los Candelones district that was taken over by Rosario Dominicana. Here is where drilling has been initiated in the past months. The first hole drilled showed assays of 21 g/t (0.6 oz per st). The second hole intersected an interesting oxidized zone that reminded observers of the original Pueblo Viejo oxidized zone. A third drill hole went deeper than 75 m (246 ft), the depth to which the first two holes had been scheduled. An assay of 50 g/t (1.46 oz per st) was cut during drilling. The presence of an oxidized zone of any vertical and horizontal extent is important. This gives rise to continued exploration, as the

Jan 2, 1986

By K. Konialis

In the last twenty years, the mining industry has made marked efforts to improve its reputation in regard to its social performance. These efforts have been expressed in the 9th ICMM (International Council on Mining and Metals) principle as a commitment to contribute to the social, economic and institutional development of the local communities. Towards this goal, which has been increasingly highlighted because of its importance for sustainable development, a number of practices and methods have been developed. The international development literature describing these practices is full of so-called development buzzwords, such as stake-holder participation, empowerment, capacity building. This paper argues that none of these development catchwords are neutral, but contain assumptions based on a specific view of development. Since capacity building is a central task in development, the paper focuses on this concept and takes a critical look at the assumptions that underlie this concept and influence strategies employed by the mineral sector. It suggests that the notion of capacity building in some earlier approaches implies a set of asymmetric power relationships between developed and developing countries where capacity is transferred from the developed countries to the developing ones. The developing countries are seen as passive recipients while the experts, i.e. the developed countries through their mining companies ultimately control the capacity-building process. The paper also points out that the mainstream capacity development approach has been based on the assumption that local or indigenous communities are mainly made up of needs and capacity gaps. The goal of development projects should then be to address these needs, which are perceived and prioritized by the ?experts?. Critiques of this development model suggest that in order for the mining industry to embrace more successful and sustainable practices, it should rethink the notion of capacity building. It should move towards alternative approaches that see it as a two-way learning process which will serve to enhance not only the capacities of the communities, but also of the development practitioners and which will build on the strengths of the community, and move away from attitudes of superiority and practices of dependence.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. Burkert, A. E. Hajj

"An information system has been developed for the use of companies considering developing a new mine which may be liable to secondary sulphide ignitions or by existing operations. The system uses the Comdale X expert system to analyze information about a particular mine. The system will indicate whether the mine is likely to experience ignitions and what precautions can be taken to reduce or prevent their occurrence. The advantage of an information system using expert system and artificial intelligence principles is that it can recommend action when there is an incomplete knowledge of all the system parameters. By interrogation of the user it can determine the state of knowledge and react accordingly. It is considered that such systems could be of significant use in mine planning for new and existing properties, especially where operators have limited expertise regarding secondary sulphide ignitions. IntroductionSulphide ignitions occur in the underground mines of several countries, including Australia, Canada, Finland, South Africa and the United States of America (1·3) and there has been a significant increase in their number and severity over the last decade(2.4). The basic causes of such ignitions are not well understood and man incidents are not reported or documented.Sulphide ignitions can pose a serious threat to the health and safety of mine workers and to the cost and efficiency of the mining operation (1-5). Byberg(6) described the three major problems associated with sulphide ignitions as:1. the force of the initial explosion can endanger workers and equipment;2. the intense heat of the ignition's flame front can endanger workers and equipment and may also ignite combustible material resulting in mine fires; and3. the sulphur dioxide produced by the ignition may be of such quantity and concentration to endanger workers, as was tragically demonstrated at Geco. In this incident in October 1985, a worker was killed at a position 2400 metres from the ignition point of a sulphide ignition at Manitouwadge, Ontario."

Jan 1, 1994

By S. Pinard, A. Desbiens, R. del Villar, D. Jakelski

"During the fall of 1993, a new Pill-based control strategy was installed in the B grinding circuit at the Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Ltd. The control strategy was first evaluated on a grinding circuit dynamic simulator (DYNAFRAG), which permitted the discrimination between more than a dozen possible control alternatives. Once the final choice was made the necessary instruments were purchased and installed. The control strategy was configured on the plant computer and is planned to be commissioned shortly.This paper summarizes the control strategy, the design procedure, the installation and the controller tuning. Some preliminary problems posed by the process prior to implementation are also presented.IntroductionIn 1990 the GRAIIM (french acronym for Research Group on Computer Applications to the Mineral Industry) of Laval University started a research project on Knowledge Based Automatic Control (KBAC). This project is sponsored by a consortium of eight mining companies under the umbrella ofMI1EC (Mining Technology Council of Canada), the Quebec Mining Association (AMQ), CANMET and the Centre de Recherches minerales (CRM). The project also benefits from important grants from the Ministere de l'Education Superieure et de la Science and the NSREC-CRD program.The main objective of this project is the screening of advanced (knowledge-based) methods for data processing (filtering, mass balancing, etc.) and automatic control (model-based control) for their use in the mineral processing operations. The project also aims at transferring these tools to the industrial partners through annual workshops for plant engineers, annual symposia, and through specific in-plant projects where the participation of plant engineers is strongly encouraged.The main objective of this project is the screening of advanced (knowledge-based) methods for data processing (filtering, mass balancing, etc.) and automatic control (model-based control) for their use in the mineral processing operations. The project also aims at transferring these tools to the industrial partners through annual workshops for plant engineers, annual symposia, and through specific in-plant projects where the participation of plant engineers is strongly encouraged."

Jan 1, 1994

By F. Osmond, R. Kelly

"Malcolm Knowles, the famous adult educator once wrote: ""What a challenge we in human resources development face if we are to avoid the obsolescence of our workforce. I can foresee this challenge requiring that we reconceptualize (...) and redefine the role of HRD, away from that of managing the logistics of conducting training activities to that of managing a system of learning resources"".The context in which this was written surrounds the subject of adult education and the need for business and industry to change its approach to the treatment of adults as learners. In explaining what 'managing a system of learning resources' means, Knowles refers to line supervisors and managers as the most ubiquitous resources for day-in and day-out employee development. In many organizations training has been largely a staff rather than line responsibility. Even where trainers reported to line management, it was still seen as a staff function performed by a few specialists.This change referred to by Knowles places a much heavier responsibility on line supervisors and managers for the development of their personnel than has traditionally been the case. Managing that change - handing over the responsibility to the line organization - is the supreme challenge for the HRD function.Just why is this change necessary? Because too often, the learner does not effectively use on the job what he or she learned in the classroom. In fact, learners often discard new methods and revert to the older ways. The reason training does not stick is that the systems for training and work management are most often separate entities and while one may support the other, they need to be a single integrated system in order to ensure the transfer to the job effectiveness of training and some real value for the training dollars.Because much training can be wasted, steps have to be taken to ensure that it fulfills its intended purpose. The effective and continuing application of knowledge and skills that learners acquire can only be realized when line supervisors and managers are at the centre of the training system.This paper describes how such a systemis being developed at the Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) as a functional training program is introduced. The following text provides background information on the IOC - who they are and where they are located, a definition of functional training, an evaluation of the suitability of this approach for adults in industry, a description of how the program is being implemented at IOC and some observations that have been made as this change is experienced."

Jan 1, 1995

By A Coulson, J Hussey

Noranda Inc is a Canadian mining and metallurgical company with its activities managed through businesses in copper and recycling, zinc, aluminum, magnesium and various metals through its interest in Falconbridge Ltd. Noranda operates three base metal mines, three copper smelters, one copper refinery, one zinc refinery, one lead smelter and refinery, three copper recycling and sampling facilities seven aluminum producing facilities and one magnesium production facility in the construction stage. The mining side of Noranda has a strong history of open stope, cut and fill and shrinkage mining. The 1999 Noranda Annual Report lists a 206 million tonne resource located at Porphyry Mountain in GaspT, QuTbec. Mont Porphyre is a large tonnage, low-grade porphyry style Cu-Mo deposit that was discovered in 1994. It is located at a depth between 1.0 and 1.7 km below surface and characterised by a very competent rock mass. The Mont Porphyre resource is located adjacent to the town of Murdochville, close to NorandaÆs Mines GaspT operations. Mines GaspT closed its open pit and underground operations in 1999 after approximately 45 years of mining, but still operates a copper smelter near Murdochville. The low-grade and great depth of the Mont Porphyre resource suggested that mine design could not be based on the conventional Noranda open stoping mining practice. This paper will review NorandaÆs approach to evaluating the Mont Porphyre deposit. The approach included two definition diamond drilling campaigns, a review of current caving practice, an in-house scope study, a geotechnical logging program for diamond drill core and participation in an international study on cave mining. One interesting component of NorandaÆs approach was the scope study that involved a team of multi-disciplinary personnel drawn together for a short period of time. The objective of the scope study was to determine what conditions would be necessary to mine the deposit and to assess the merits of continuing with further exploration work. A review of current worldwide underground bulk mining practices, and in particular an evaluation of the applicability of caving mining methods, were key components of the scope study. The scope study team concluded that derivatives of caving could be applied to the mining of Mont Porphyre, but additional diamond drilling was recommended to further define the deposit and improve the level of geotechnical information. Following the recommendations of the scope study team, a diamond drilling campaign was completed during the summer and fall of 1997. The 1997 drilling campaign had two secondary objectives, in addition to the primary objective of defining the limits of the orebody. The first objective was to improve the level of geotechnical information available for the characterisation of primary block cave fragmentation. The second objective was to improve the delineation of a lower grade intrusive core. A geomechanical investigation was conducted and included particular emphasis on geotechnical data collection and analysis. A review of the actual data collection process, including several trials of different core orientation techniques, will be included in the discussion.

Jan 1, 2000

By R. D. Leitch, W. P. Yant

"In the course of another investigation4 during 1926 and 1927, samples of water collected from a few abandoned coal mines indicated that their drainage was usually lower in acidity than water from active mines in the same locality. In order to determine whether this condition might have a bearing on the advisability of sealing abandoned mines, a number of such mines were visited, samples of drainage were collected, and as much information- as possible was obtained from officials of the mining companies and older residents of the district. The results of this work are the basis of the present report.The authors are indebted to E. W. Robertson, F. F. Spowart, J. H. Nagle, and W. D. Adams of the Northwest Mining & Exchange Co.; E. M. Fasset, Fred Lane, Wm. Humphreys, and Dr. T. A. Hutchison of Brockway, Pa.; C. W. .Faulk of the Shawmut Mining Co.; James Hau of Kersey, Pa., and to others for information received; and to Dr. R. R. Sayers of the Bureau of Mines, under whose direction the work was conducted.The Lower Kittanning is the most important bed in the locality studied. A great many of the abandoned mines examined are in this bed, and nearly all of the present active ones are. The Upper Freeport bed is also mined to some extent, and a number of the abandoned mines formerly worked this bed. As only three active mines are now (1927) working the Upper Freeport, the comparison of acidities is necessarily limited. Of these three, one had been idle since 1922 until shortly before it was sampled.The location of most of the mines was already known from previous work, but some of them had to be located by following up streams known to contain acid waters. A sample of the- outflow was collected in self-sealing bottles known as ""citrate bottles"" for the determination of dissolved oxygen by the Winkler method.5 Another sample was taken for the determination of acidity according to standard methods of water analysis.6 Ferrous iron was determined at the mine or very soon after taking the sample by titrating with a standard solution of potassium permanganate in acid solution. The hydrogen-ion value was determined by a standard double-wedge comparator.7From the total acidity values in each sample, which are the most important values, the total iron was calculated on the assumption that acidity as sulphuric acid was due to dissolved ferrous sulphate. This assumption is commonly made for mine waters, but is inaccurate to the extent that free acid is already present, and some of the iron is present as ferric, rather than ferrous, sulphate. The amount of ferrous sulphate may be a rough measure of the extent to which oxygen is lacking within the mine. The permanganate titrations just mentioned showed what part of this total iron was in combination as ferrous sulphate, and the difference .was assumed to be that in combination as ferric sulphate, after correcting for the amount of free acid already formed as shown by the titration values."

Oct 1, 1928