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By David Wright, Jerome Chamfray, Anthony Harding, Brian Boye

Conway’s Law states that unless we intentionally design automation tools around what we need, we will simply replicate our existing processes. While we may achieve some savings this way, there is an opportunity for greater benefits if we re-imagine the way we, as an industry, perform design. This paper examines current technology and shows how even small departures from merely encoding what we currently do could reap significant benefits. From these examples a framework is developed for a new and innovative approach tvo automation that will allow us to design more quickly, to a higher quality, and communicate outcomes more effectively.

Dec 1, 2022

R. W. Raymond, New York, N. Y,:—Since the presentation of my note on this subject at the New York Meeting, Professor Louis has pointed out an error in my statement of his conception of " pitch "—namely, he understands the pitch, in the restricted sense which he proposes, to be the angle of inclination of the axis of an ore-body, measured on the vertical plane drawn through the body; whereas, I represented him as proposing to define " pitch " as the angle of inclination of an oblique body, measured on the plane of the dip, in the direction of the strike. The difference will appear upon consideration of the accompanying isometric projection, Fig. 1, in which ABCD represents the plane of the inclosing ore-deposit (vein or bed), and AC the axis of the oblique ore-shoot. ABE is the angle of the dip, as universally understood; and ACE

Jan 1, 1909

By M. Javier

Defining the concept of sustainability is an important step for industry and society. It is necessary in order to clarify what it means when debunking the many misinterpretations pervasive in different levels of anthropogenic activities. Essentially, the extractive industry has a harvest of differences. Mining involves the extraction of natural resources which are finite, exhaustible, non-renewable, unsustainable, and pay only once. It is remarkable that the definition of sustainability that we will shortly arrive at has totally different characteristics from the definition accepted throughout society. We categorize nature as having its own destiny which is controlled by its own rules and principles and its own society, and is part of nature; therefore, society depends on nature and not vice versa as the initial focus. To society there are no conditions to humanize nature but only respect nature?s rules. It was a challenge to find simplicity for this task not only for the definition but also for the explanation of this concept specifically, to answer the question, ?what is the true meaning of sustainability?? Finally, we are also able through this definition to provide fuel for wide discussions and stimulate critical thinking to improve such a concept. As a result, we present this definition as the tool for society today and for future generations.

Jan 1, 2012

By T. W. Lippert

In these opening remarks, I will endeavor to give a background of continuous casting of metals. Only passing attention will be given to the different processes to be described by the authors whose papers are on the program, as they are far more familiar than I am with their subject matter. Suffice to say that over the past several years the brass, copper, aluminum and magnesium industries have shifted practically completely from conventional static molds to continuous casting machines. The Aluminum Company of America alone has more than 60 continuous machines in operation. The product as continuously cast is superior metallurgically, less scrap loss is involved, costs are generally lower, and the equipment requires little floor space. A continuous machine, operating as it does with deadly constancy, is a ravenous consumer of molten metal, and in most plants one or two machines are well able to handle large banks of melting and refining furnaces. In steel, interest in continuous casting is today more serious than ever before in history, and there is every reason to believe that continuous machines may secure a minor place in the ferrous industry, particularly for tool and alloy analyses. In the past, steel has been commercially cast continuously, and today many tons of steel are being turned out in this manner. It has been said that the cradle of every science is surrounded by dead theorists— and certainly there are innumerable examples of this in the metals industries. An excellent illustration, for instance, is the continuous rolling of metal, a tantalizing objective that for decades on end exhausted . the efforts of a long line of famous, infamous and unknown inventors. Finally, in 1922, John B. Tytus, of the American Rolling Mill Co., brought forth what now seems such an obviously simple scheme— a concave roll face, each stand of progressivcly less concavity. And out of this one change in design sprang today's wide continuous mill rolling steel sheet Ioo in. wide at 2000 ft. per minute. Another excellent example is the con- . tinuous casting of liquid metal into an intermediate form, preferably one requiring little subsequent breakdown. First, the casting of liquid metal alone was fascinating enough. Then someone passed the cast metal directly into a rolling mill, and shortly thereafter this continuously rolled strip was passed directly into a stamping machine. This leitmotiv of a continuous flow of metal from the liquid phase to a consumer end product, fast and inexpensive, and all housed within a small space, was enough to drive some 200 or so inventors into frenzy over the past hundred years. All the ideas, however, like mayflies, had only their brief afternoon of existence. They were born and they died on paper, as constant exemplification of that great void that always exists between mental production and commercial production.

Jan 1, 1945

By M. Mohammadijoo, J. B. Wiskel, D. G. Ivey, S. Kenny, H. Henein

Cold-wire tandem submerged arc welding (CWTSAW) has recently been developed as a novel welding technique to replace the conventional tandem submerged arc welding (TSAW) process and improve the productivity of pipeline manufacturing. The process involves two electrodes with arcs and one electrically cold electrode. Since heat-input of the welding process is a key factor affecting the properties of the weld metal (WM) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the additional cold-wire affects the heat introduced to the weldment, it is of interest to investigate property and geometry changes in the WM and HAZ when a cold-wire is added to the welding process. In the current research, the CWTSAW process is investigated and optimized by correlating the main welding parameters with the micro-hardness of the WM and HAZ and the geometry of the weld, i.e., the bead width (BW), penetration depth (PD), reinforcement area (RA) and coarse grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) area. Three statistical and mathematical methods are employed to optimize the CWTSAW process in terms of the mechanical properties and WM and HAZ geometry of a typical microalloyed steel used for pipeline manufacturing.

Jan 1, 2015

By L. Russell Van Wert

DURING an investigation in which the solubility relations of the phases in Muntz metal (60 per cent. copper, 40 per cent. zinc) were under study, certain phenomena that had no immediate connection with the main problem were observed, which were thought sufficiently interesting to study further. Because of lack of time, only a preliminary survey was made of two of these; namely, the cleavage structure developed under certain conditions in a 60:40 brass and abnormal grain growth in this alloy. CLEAVAGE STRUCTURE IN HEAT-TREATED MUNTZ METAL Carpenter noted many years ago that cold-working a brass of the Muntz metal type, which had been quenched previously from within the beta field, results in a partial breakdown of the supersaturated beta solution and the precipitation of the solute (the alpha solution) in the cleavage planes of the beta grains. This manner of rejection of a solute from a metastable solid solution is not peculiar to this particular alloy, for among others, it occurs in the cold-working of certain austenitic steels; for example, the austenitic nickel steels. In these ferrous alloys, cold deformation produces a partial decomposition of the austenite, with the formation of martensitic "needles" and zigzags in the austenitic poly-hedra. It is interesting to note that while the two solid solutions-austenite and quenched Muntz metal- are metastable and in their mode of decomposition behave quite alike when deformed in the cold, the metastability of each results from a different cause; viz., that of the austenite from the fact that it is a supercooled solution (its solvent, gamma iron, at ordinary temperatures is below its normal stable range) whereas the metastability of the quenched Muntz metal is the result of supersaturation.

Jan 1, 1929

By Irving A. Palmer

During the past 15 years in this country there have been few additions to the literature of lead smelting. After the consolidation of the principal smelting companies at the beginning of this period it became the policy of the larger company not to permit the publication of details in regard to many of its metallurgical processes. This led to similar action on the part of some of its competitors. The result, of course, was a decided decrease in the number of papers written upon the practical side of the subject. Even upon the theoretical side the contributions have been few. It would seem that the industry as a whole has suffered from this general unwillingness to exchange information. While it is true that a given company is entitled to the reward that may come from its own development of a new process, it is also true that a still greater reward might be the result of a free exchange of ideas with other plants. This principle has been recognized for a long time in other metallurgical industries, notably those engaged in the smelting of iron and the manufacture of steel. It is pleasing to note that the leading lead-smelting company has very recently decided to modify its policy of secrecy, and to permit the publication of papers covering some details of its metallurgical methods. The statement has been made that there has been but little progress in lead smelting during the period just referred to. This impression is due in part, no doubt, to the scarcity of papers written on the subject. 'There has been, it is true, some discussion of the new sintering processes, but with little reference to detail, and to the effect that blast roasting has had upon the industry as a whole. In spite of the prevailing belief, it may be said that lead smelting, in common with other metallurgical industries, has made steady and substantial progress. It is the purpose of the present paper to discuss briefly some features of the industry as it is now conducted, with special reference to the blast-furnace practice in the larger silver-lead smelting plants of the United States and Mexico.

Jan 1, 1915

By James Humes

THE active mines in the Park City district at the present time are the Silver King Coalition, Daly-Judge, Daly West, and Silver King Consoli¬dated. Several other companies, such as the Daly, American Flag, Ontario, etc., are doing considerable development work. In the Silver King Coalition mines the ore is a replacement of a dark siliceous limestone bed, varying in thickness from 18 in. to several feet. In places the ore has reached a thickness of 25 ft. This limestone bed lies within 100 ft. of the underlying Weber quartzite. There are other lime beds, similar in appearance to this one, in the Park City formation, which is approximately 700 ft. thick; but not one of them has been found to contain any traces of ore. Directly under and in contact with the ore-bearing bed is another, composed of gray lime well studded with dark concretionary nodules; and this one is an unfailing indication of the proximity of the ore-bearing bed. These ore deposits make out from or have connection with some one of the ore-bearing fissures, which were undoubtedly the channels for the circulation of mineral-bearing solutions. It is therefore proper to run prospecting drifts in the fissures, although they seldom contain much ore. As a general rule, drifting in the fissures is not costly. Mining and mucking cost from $2.50 to $4 per foot, and very little timber is required. There are instances, as in the Daly fissure in the Daly-Judge mine, where the expense of keeping drifts open in the fissure is so great that it has proved economical to make the drifts in the foot-wall rock and run crosscuts into the fissure at short intervals. In the Park City mines it is not easy to determine beforehand the best method for extracting the ore from a newly discovered ore shoot in the bedded deposits. While we may get one dimension from the drift run in the fissure, that will not give us a correct idea as to the other dimensions of the orebody. The fissures here referred to have a N. 35° E.

Jan 2, 1915

By W. H. Bassett

THE ease and value of the application of spectrum analysis to industrial chemistry appears to be appreciated in few of the large works laboratories of this country. For 8 years, this analysis has been of great value to the authors in both analytical and metallurgical work. To the analyst the complete qualitative analysis of an unknown alloy, revealed by a spectrogram, is a sure basis for the planning of the most direct and rapid method of attack. As the determination of each element proceeds, the purity of precipitates may be checked as often as desired. The spectrograph proves invaluable in the recognition of impurities, the separation of which would entail a lengthy and difficult procedure, or when the weight of an unknown is less than is necessary to complete the desired determinations. A few hundredths of a gram will usually suffice for spectrographic analysis. In the separation of the rarer elements, the spectrograph will show, with precision, the point where each step has been successful. In zinc of certain classes, indium, gallium, and germanium have been isolated in this way; the presence of antimony in lake coppers has been proved; and bismuth has been detected in zinc and in alloys where the presence of a few thousandths of a per cent. would be harmful. An antimony precipitate in a delicate determination may contain a considerable proportion of tin or arsenic, both of which will be revealed. The spectrograph is consequently important to the metallurgist as well as to the analyst.

Jan 2, 1922

By Robert Fernie

Demographics and Infrastructure demands have led to a significant increase in construction of: deep basements for buildings and, trough structures for Highway and Rail/Metro. Concrete embedded walls used for temporary works can be incorporated into permanent works and because of this (and geological conditions) tend to be favoured in UK. This paper considers British practice in the provision of diaphragm (slurry) walls secant (true and pseudo) piled walls contiguous piled walls Plant utilisation, construction techniques, reinforcement placement, connections, propping, water tightness, tolerances, general UK practices and their relation to design practices are discussed. [ ]

Jan 1, 2000

By Guocheng Pan

Geostatistics has been widely accepted as a standard tool for reserve estimation and mine planning. Kriging has been adopted as the best estimator of grade. Although many discussions have been conducted in the use of kriging in the mining industry, insufficient attention has been given to solutions for over-smoothing. This effect has been frequently encountered in many mines. The so-called over-smearing refers to two facts: (1) over-reduction of grade variabilities and (2) over-estimation of low-grade ore tonnages. This study attempts to link over-smoothing effects with several other practical aspects in kriging. These include the weight independence of data values, variogram modeling, and search strategy used in estimation. All solutions recommended here are suited for precious metal deposits (e.g. gold) in open-pit mining.

Jan 1, 1995

DISCUSSION: The value of incentive payments in the mining industry by K; SMITH Published in the Journal, May 1974 H. P. CARLISLE* The author has drawn attention to one of the most important of mining problems, viz productivity, and in so doing has highlighted, perhaps inadvertently, the difficulty of assessing productivity. Competition for Students Each year the Institute offers a prize (or prizes should the entries warrant it) of up to R100 for the best paper or dissertation on a topic appropriate to the interests of the Institute. Corrigendum The Journal, May 1974, p. 377 We regret that the last portion of A. A. Hazell's contribution to the paper 'The value of incentive payments in the mining industry' by K. Smith was printed in the wrong sequence.

Jan 10, 1974

By Wangzhi Zhou, Jian Xu, Jing Zhang, Xuecheng Gong, Mingsheng He, Guohua Xie

Graphite, which has a unique stack structure that enables a small friction coefficient, is used as one kind of the best hearth rolls to support and convey silicon steel strip in continuous annealing furnace. However, the buildup formation in/on the surface of carbon sleeve has always been a worldwide difficulty in the silicon steel industry. Based on the analysis of the microstructure, topography and composition of the buildups, combined with simulation experiments, the mechanism of forming buildups is discussed. The results show that buildups experience the process from nucleating to growing-up, and buildups are formed by nano liquid phase sintering (NLPS). Meanwhile, some countermeasures to reduce or prevent the formation of the buildups are proposed.

Mar 1, 2018

By Stephen W. Paff

The EPA has estimated that there are over 3,000 sites across the United States contaminated with lead. Techniques to remediate these sites include standard stabilization/disposal technologies, reclamation of lead using secondary lead smelters, soil washing, and biological removal technologies. In this paper, the current technologies used for lead remediation will be reviewed. Factors affecting the use of each technology, such as range of applicable concentrations, soil types, interferences from other contaminants, economics, and current technology status will be assessed. The paper will also focus on the results of a recent study completed by the Center for Hazardous Materials Research (CHMR), in conjunction with a major lead smelter, which demonstrates that secondary lead smelters may be used economically to reclaim lead from a wide range of lead-containing materials frequently found at Superfund sites. Such materials include battery case materials, lead dross, and debris containing between 3 and 70% lead. The results of development work completed by CHMR on the Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS), which has been demonstrated to extract Lead from soils containing up to 30,000 mg/kg lead, will also be presented. The use of these technologies will be compared with other options for the remediation of sites.

Jan 1, 1994

By Taner Kavas

The refractory bricks of a rotary cement furnace containing of alumina and magnesium chromite were studied in order to determine whether they could be used in the concrete production as aggregates. Three mortars were prepared by mixing 1 part cement, 3 part aggregate materials, 0.5 part water by weight and mechanical, chemical, thermomechanical and microstructural characteristics were evaluated. The compressive and bending strength of samples were determined after 2 and 28 days curing. Resistance to chemicals were established by calculating the weight gain of mortars stored in 2 % HCl solution for 1 h and 24 h. Thermomechanical characteristics were determined by measuring the compressive strength of heat treated specimens at temperatures of 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C. Consequently, magnesium chromite containing waste brick aggregates have given the best results.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. Leslar

Slope monitoring has been an important issue in static terrestrial lidar for some time. Several solutions for monitoring the progress of a slide have been devised over the years. All of these solutions have required users to be in the field operating the lidar equipment. This paper presents a new system developed using the Optech ILRIS-HD or ILRIS-LR lidar and the scripting language of PolyWorks to produce an autonomous slope monitoring system. This system has proven invaluable in detecting and alerting mine workers to potential danger within their mine sites. It has already been deployed in two mine sites and is scheduled to be installed at a third.

Feb 27, 2013

By Patrick J. Doig

The contract for the construction of the Inline Pump Station for the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District involves the sinking of three shafts and the excavation of a pump chamber. The shafts are being sunk to a depth of 104 meters and pass through 52m of sediments before encountering dolomitic bedrock. The pump chamber is constructed in dolomite. The sediments are alluvial, estuarine and lacustrine in origin, with some ice margin deposits. They comprise loosely consolidated fine to coarse grained sand, silts, clays and gravels, and they are heavily saturated with a water content often above 60%. The water table is at a depth of 3m. The dolomite is silurian, generally dense, with some clay-filled vugs and shale partings. Until 1983, underground construction in the Milwaukee area had been limited to depths of 26m in the sediments and 20m in the dolomites. Water control methods had included caissons, compressed air, extensive internal and external dewatering, and grouting. Flows of 20 liters per second were commonplace with as much as 80 liters per second being encountered in the rock. However, in 1984 work was commenced on the deep sections of the Milwaukee sewerage scheme with the letting of three major contracts including the Inline Pump Station. With excavation taking place at greater depths, it become obvious that previous methods of water control would be inappropriate. To protect against major inrushes of high pressure water in the rock, an extensive program of pre-grouting from the surface was specified. Water control in the sediments was left to the discretion of the contractor and in each case freezing was choosen. This paper describes in detail the grouting and freezing procedures.

Jan 1, 1985

By P M. Bradbury

The nature of aggressive process chemical requirements typically in the Platinum Refinery Industries, lend themselves to the use of Polymer Composite Glass Reinforced plastics for pipework and other associated equipment in these types of Plants. This paper discusses the basic characteristics of a Polymer Composite glass reinforced piping system and gives sample examples of applications in current present day use.

Jan 1, 2006

By John C. Calhoun, Frank T. Bethel

The application of a method for analyzing pressure build-up curves to determine the effective permeability in the Spraberry is presented. Sixteen upper Spraberry wells of the Driver area arc analyzed and show variations in the in-place effective permeability of 2 to 183 md. Since these value- are much larger than the .5 md. or less reported for the matrix rock. a large part of the vertical fractures noted in Spraberry cores- must be considered native to the formation. The effectiveness of the well fracture treatment in connecting the well bore to the native fracture system is analyzed by comparison of the effective permeability as determined from the PI test to that obtained from a pressure build-up curve. These results show that the fracture treatment is sufficiently effective in connecting tile well bore to the native fractrure system to yield a flow capacity within about 50 per cent of that dictated by the native fracture system About two-thirds of the wells show some degree of local blockage. INTRODUCTION Fractured reservoirs have been known in the past.' However, during the past two years the Spraberry formation has directed the attention of the petroleum industry to a study of the performance of a fractured reservoir. The large variation in the number of fractures noted in Spraberry cores rile large variation in the producing ability of offset well.. the dramatic effect of well treatment on well ,productivity. the unknown quantity of oil stored in the fractures and matrix rock. and the unknown oil to be recovered were part of the initial Spraberry puzzle. In this type reservoir where the well treatment is an important factor in determining the productivity. it i- particularly desirable to determine the in-place flow capacity of the drainage area at distance* far removed from the well bore. This value. when compared to the flow capacity obtained from a PI measurement, will show the effectiveness of the well treatment (completion. fracture treatment, acidization. etc. in establishing a flow capacity in the vicinity of the well bore equal to that in the more remote region. The object of this paper i.; to show the application of a method of pressure build-up analysis for this purpose in studying the Upper Spraberry formation in the Driver area. STATEMENT OF THEORY The theoretical basis for the application of a pressure buildup curve to show the effective permeability of the rock at distances far removed from the well bore has been presented in detail in earlier publications.', in the previous development it was shown that pressure build-up behavior of all wells could be reduced to the same dimensionless build-up curve of Fig. 1. This mean.; that the bottom hole pressure of a well after hut-in will rise in such a manner that a plot of pressure against the logaritllm of time yields a straight line. The slope of this linp can be rlzed to calculate the effective permeability as expressed by the following equation: where: effective oil permeability md oil production rate prior to shnt in. STB/I) In practice the flow which occurs into the well bore after shut in and the variation in flow capacity in the immediate vicinity of the well bore usually cause the early part of the build-up curve to be unsatisfactory in the determination of permeability. In general the effect of these factors on the straight line section will become negligible after a time when the of the following equation is equal to 0.1. and the preferred section Of the curve for use in defining the slope lie-

Jan 1, 1953

This Bureau of Mines publication contains five papers pertaining to the effective grounding of mine power systems, as follows: Ground-check monitor types and safety characteristics; ground wire monitors for surface coal mines; ground bed design and measurement; electrical ground rod corrosion; and a continuous ground bed resistance monitor.

Jan 1, 1979