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By J. E. Reeves, J H. Morgan

Certain non-metallic minerals are used widely as fillers in the manufacture of many Canadian products. The first part of this paper deals in a general way with deposits of such minerals and their mining, with the concentration and preparation of the minerals for market, with specifications of the consumers, and with methods of control of the products to meet the specifications. The second part of the paper de-scribes talc as a specific example of mineral filler. Its production and uses in Canada and the possibility of producing higher grades of talc are discussed. Some suggestions are made for meeting the needs for mineral fillers as Canada's industry expands. RELATIVELY few people are sufficiently aware of the vast and important role that is being played in our everyday lives by mineral fillers. Many kinds of paints, papers and plastics, to mention three major classes of industrial products, are literally loaded

Jan 1, 1961

By John T. Whetton

"FROM 1850 when the annual production was around 50 million tons, coal output in Great Britain expanded rapidly to 225 million tons in 1900 and 287 million tons in 1913. However, during the First World War, countries which had previously bought large quantities of coal from Britain sought other sources of sup-ply or developed their own coal re-sources. Thus from the record figure of 73 million tons exported in 1913, Britain's coal exports declined until in 1938 they stood at 39 mil-lion tons. An important reason for this was the development of oil engines for marine propulsion. Today, nearly all the navies and mercantile shipping in the world have turned to oil engines. Sometime in the future, however, it is reasonable to expect nuclear power to replace oil.During the Second World War, coal output in Great Britain and manpower at the mines were reduced considerably and in 1.945, 175 mil-lion tons were produced by 709,000 miners. Exports were meagre, only 8.""7 million tons went to foreign consumption. During the severe winter of 1947, inland demand for coal exceeded production and exports were prohibited. Even importation of coal was required to meet inland demand. These were years when the coal industry of Great Britain made immense efforts to secure maximum output irrespective of economy. The energy needs of Great Britain appeared insatiable; but had it been possible to export, the nationalised mining industry could have made huge profits as there was a world shortage of coal. However, home needs were considered to be the priority and many overseas markets were lost. Other producers moved in and secured long-term contracts. Not only was the British export market lost, but also the nationalised industry had to sell the imported coal at the same prices as home-produced coal and suffered losses up to of:3 per ton. Bence, at a time when the National Coal Board might have ac-cumulated a reserve fund to cope with less prosperons times, it was having to spend large sums of money securing sufficient coal for inland consumption. This was a time when intensive efforts in the mining industry, comparable with those of many industries and establishments inclusive of the armed services during the war, would have produced a greater amount of coal and have been of immense value to the country as a whole."

Jan 1, 1960

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expanded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flotation and Agglomerate Tabling of Nonmetallic Minerals, " published in Transactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 691-726) and prepared a year previously. Revisions embodied herein brine the data up to January 1, 1938. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Williams J. A.

"Changes proposed in 1969 to modernize legislation governing the exploitation of mineral deposits in the United Kingdom serve as the basis for a discussion of what is considered to be a desirable framework for future legislative proposals.Proposals with regard to prospecting and exploration, evaluation, and acquisition and exploitation are considered, as are suggestions relating, inter alia, to aerial surveys and land restoration.It is concluded that without legislation along the lines proposed there can be no significant revival of metal mining in Britain."

Dec 30, 1971

By R. Farrar

Protective canopies for conventional electric face equipment, including shuttle cars, operating in low coal (less than 48 inches) were designed, fabricated, installed and evaluated on in-mine machines engaged in regular coal mining operations. This work was performed under contract to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center. The canopies will support a vertical load of 18,000 pounds and provide protection against both roof falls and contact with the mine rib. Canopy configurations were established based on human engineering studies, full scale canopy mockups, and in-mine observation and consultation with mine and equipment manufacturing personnel. Overall height of each canopy is hydraulically adjustable between a minimum of 32 inches and a maximum of 40 inches. Canopy tops are open framework, welded structures, covered with expanded metal mesh. Structural members are 1 3/4-inch or 2-inch square tubing of AISI 413ON and ASTM A500 material, respectively. The canopy tops are typically supported by an understructure and upright post arrangement that is either integrated into the current operator platform or attached to the machine frame. The four upright corner posts house the hydraulic actuators. Canopy tops are elevated horizontally. Canopies are welded or bolted to the existing machines. Installation is accomplished with a minimal amount of interface modifications. No major machine design changes are required. Canopies were trial installed and load tested at the manufacturer's facility prior to installation on the in-mine machines. Canopies were installed on a Joy 14BU10 Loader, 16RB-3AH Cutter, and two 21SC Shuttle Cars, and a Galis 300 Roof Drill and 460-S Face Drill. Canopy installations were evaluated in the Jewell Ridge Coal Company No. 12 and Big Creek Tiller Mines. Operational time accumulated on the installations during evaluation ranged from 1 week to 14 weeks of two-shift operation. All five canopy designs, manufacture, and test were successfully accomplished. The five canopies met all safety requirements. Three of the five canopies were deemed to be completely successful from an operator's point of view. That is, mine management as well as the machine operator found that the canopies did not impede the operation of the machines to function with the same efficiency as before the installation of the canopies. The loader canopy, in fact, appeared to have provided a mole efficient operation of the loader by providing added safety to the operator from rib contact thus allowing him to concentrate more fully on the loading function. Operational problems were encountered with the shuttle car and the roof drill. The shuttle car canopy obstructed visibility to an objectionable amount and the roof drill canopy impeded maneuverability of the machine, more than doubling the roof bolting time.

Jan 1, 2012

By Grant C. Lukey, Jannie S. J. van Deventer

"The environmental effects of the mining and mineral industry include destruction of natural habitats, changes in river regimes and water tables, and other serious ecological impacts. In this century, it is likely that water will become a critical resource, and in most countries the mining industry competes for a share of this resource. The Kyoto Protocol may at first seem only relevant to the coal mining and power industry, however, it should not be forgotten that the mining and mineral industry is a significant consumer of power. Therefore the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by most developed countries and the introduction of a carbon credit trading scheme will impact on the industry by potentially increased costs in utilities and waste discharges. It is clear therefore that the mining industry faces many challenges in the coming years. The mining industry?s commitment to sustainable development needs to continue to evolve, in order to meet these challenges effectively. With the advent of globalisation of the industry, it is now an opportune time for the industry to gain international agreement on how they want the industry to achieve sustainability in future years; such a progressive approach is necessary, otherwise government will force the industry to change, which may not necessarily be the best outcome for the industry.INTRODUCTIONThe Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was an opportunity for world leaders to assemble and discuss strategies and initiatives that provide for further industrial growth without adverse effects on the environment. The World Summit on Sustainable Development held last year in Johannesburg, South Africa, was an opportunity to evaluate those initiatives implemented over the past 10 years, and to set a new and sustainable direction for the future. It is clear that industrial and technology development will continue at a rapid pace in order to serve the needs of a growing world population, but it is essential that the course of this development is well planned, well executed, and that it is sustainable. In reality, while government officials and politicians continue to debate policy and international protocols, the environment continues to suffer and the effects of climate change and global-warming become more real each day."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. S. Dean

"It has long been recognized that the properties of polycrystalline substances are not the same as those of single crystals. These differences are especially marked in metels and metallic minerals, and are of greatest practical importance in metal working and ore treatment. The property changes encountered in passing from a metal single crystal to a poly-crystalline aggregate are the same as are produced by cold-working a metal or by the precipitation of a disperse phase. Hence, we may logically assume that the property changes are all due directly or indirectly to the formation of interfacial area or internal surface. Our problem, then, is to ascertain the physicochemical state of the metal atoms at such internal surface and show how this physicochemical condition accounts for the pronounced changes of mechanical, magnetic, and electrical properties that accompany increased internal surface.GENERAL CONCEPT OF INTERNAL SURFACEIn 1678, Huyghens attempted to explain the double refraction of calcite by postulating that crystals were built from a regular arrangement of ellipsoidal particles. Over 100 years later, Abbé Hauy concluded from his studies of cleavage that crystals might be built from small units, but the units were of the same shape as the entire crystal. This idea, which was prevalent in mineralogical thought before the advent of X-ray spectrometry, was discarded when the great success of Bragg made it appear that the chemical atoms were in reality the elements of structure. In the further development of X-ray technique, however, C. G. Darwin, in England, and P. P. Ewald, in Germany, found it necessary to postulate crystal units con¬taining many atoms. The latter gave the name of mosaic crystals to those so constituted. The individual units are supposed to Possess the ideal atomic arrangements revealed by the X-ray but are not oriented with respect to one another."

May 1, 1938

By Ashish Agarwal

For a correct evaluation of the performance of any process, it is important to reconcile the data gathered in the plant from the material balance point of view for all the streams flowing in and flowing out of the process unit. There are two main approaches to reconciliation of data, which involve minimization of the sum of the squares of: (i) the closure residuals and (ii) the component adjustments; both weighed with the estimated variances of the components. Though, these approaches have served us well, it has not been possible to ascertain if the reconciled values for various components and the split factors obtained using these approaches are truly the best estimates. In this paper, this aspect has been investigated by analyzing pseudo-experimental data of known error structure on size classification of particles in a hydrocyclone. Three types of basic error structures were considered for the measured component values: absolute error, relative error and chi-square error. The error structure was modified by adding a random component of error using normally distributed random numbers corresponding to zero mean and different levels of variance. By carrying out a large number of simulation experiments, it has been shown that in the presence of random errors, irrespective of the basic error structure of data, which is usually unknown, the chi-square error minimization criterion can be used to obtain most reliable results. Keywords: data reconciliation methods, chi-square error minimization

Sep 1, 2012

By M. A. Trevits, A. Ozment

"According to the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Abandoned Mine Land Inventory System, in 2013 there were 98 underground mine fires in nine states. This is considered to be an underestimate for the actual number of fires nationwide. Many mine fires are started by people burning trash where the coal seam or an abandoned coal mine is close to the surface. Other fire ignition sources include lightning and forest fires. Once ignited, a coal mine fire can easily spread into the remaining coal pillars and mine entries. Once established, the fire creates its own ventilation system supporting further combustion by drawing air down into the workings through unsealed mine shafts, fractures and surface subsidence depressions. As the coal left in the workings from the past mining operations burns, the mine void can collapse, causing subsidence and creating dangerous voids, damaging overlying surface structures and roadways. The products of combustion include smoke and noxious fumes such as carbon monoxide gas. These products are released to the atmosphere through fractures that develop within the ground surface, killing vegetation and creating serious health hazards (Richmond, 2017).Abandoned mine fires, if left uncontrolled, can burn for years and, in fact, one of the most wellknown mine fires in the United States is the mine fire in the Borough of Centralia, PA, that began on May 27, 1962. Reportedly, officials decided to clean up the local landfill for the upcoming Memorial Day holiday by burning the garbage on the site. Unfortunately, the landfill was located on the site of an abandoned strip-pit mine on the edge of the Borough (Dekok, 2009). The strip pit had been left open after being excavated around 1935 and was approximately 23 m (75 ft) wide and 15 m (50 ft) deep. It is believed that the lack of a properly constructed noncombustible shale barrier in the strip pit enabled the fire to spread to adjacent carbonaceous refuse material and then to nearby coal mine workings (PA DEP, 2017). As time went on, the fire grew and spread under the Borough and directly affected the residents despite various efforts to extinguish the fire by the state and federal governments (Fig.1). In 1984, a voluntary program was begun to move residents from their homes. Many accepted buyout offers for their properties and moved elsewhere and after leaving, their homes were demolished. In 1992, the state used eminent domain to take control of all the property within the Borough. In 2013, after years of litigation, the eight remaining residents were allowed to stay for as long as they lived. Today, only a few buildings remain within the Borough (Centralia, PA, 2014). This fire has been burning for more than 55 years."

Jan 5, 2018

By A. E. Aho

"The material presented in this paper will be subject to modification as new data become available, but it is presented in the hope that it will inspire more intensive mineral exploration and geologic studies of what appears to be one of Canada's richest mineral provinces. A metallogenic province 400 by 150 miles in extent, lying mostly northeast of Tintina trench, encompasses most of the base metal deposits of Yukon, as well as deposits of other metals. Its main features are northwesterly trending arcuate fold belts, with several orogenic axes, which include most of the metamorphosed rocks, granitic intrusives and mineralization; and which are modified by regional uplifts, northwest-striking fault trenches, and lesser transverse folding and faulting.The main base metal occurrences and their regional controls are summarized briefly. Most of the replacement-type deposits are localized in late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic rocks, particularly Lower Cambrian -probably because these are the most physically and chemically favourable hosts encountered in an appropriate temperature and pressure environment; perhaps because of early age of deposition. Most of the deposits also occur near heat sources or intrusives with associated structural uplift, which has, moreover, served to expose the older rocks. They also tend to occur near known or suspected regional fault trenches, such as Tintina, Macmillan and Hess, although this relationship may be fortuitous. In detail, they may be localized in fold axes, flat-lying beds or other appropriate structural traps. Vein-type deposits are fracture-controlled and localized by dilational localfties, the competence of wall rocks and ""damming"" effects.In the Anvil district, large stratiform iron-zinc-lead replacement deposits lie parallel to gently plunging flex-ures in phyllite in a zone parallel to the Tintina trench, along the southwest flank of the arch-like Anvil batholith. About 80 million tons of massive sulphide ore probably existed before erosion of the Faro orebody, the Vangorda deposit could have been of similar magnitude before erosion and much more tonnage probably remains to be discovered in the district. The Anvil deposits may differ from others found to date in Yukon, but resemble the Sullivan orebody of southeastern British Columbia in their large size, localization in essentially non-limy peptic to arena-ceous host rocks of Proterozoic or early Paleozoic age and proximity to the Rocky Mountain -Tintina trench sys-tem. These features suggest an origin from primordial subcrustal sources.More major ore deposits, not only of lead, zinc and copper but probably of other metals as well, will no doubt be found in similar environments in Yukon or Alaska. Thus, the base metal province of Yukon offers challenging opportunities for prospecting, development, field studies and basic research."

Jan 1, 1969

By N. H. Grace

"IntroductionDURING the past half century, the economy of Western Canada was largely centred on agriculture. However, the impact of World War II has led to an acceleration in the development of a variety of natural resources so that, today, Western Canada is experiencing great industrial development. Consequently, the availability •of low-cost energy assumes prime importance. In the final analysis, industrial growth and expansion are intimately linked to the energy resources.Coal ReservesHas Western Canada adequate coal reserves to meet the present accelerating demand for power in the days that lie ahead? This question must be answered before detailed consideration can be given to the probable patterns •by which various energy sources in Western Canada may be expected to meet the expanding demand. Figure 1 indicates the extent and distribution of the Canadian coal reserves, the data having been prepared by Dr. B. R. MacKay for the Royal Commission on Coal in 1946 (1). The amount of readily recoverable coal is listed as one-half the quantities shown on the chart. It is interesting-to note that upwards of 90 per cent •of the Canadian coal reserves .are located in the three most westerly Canadian provinces. It has been estimated that the coal reserves, at the present rate of mining, would be adequate for about 3,000 years. Consequently, it may be concluded that the coal •reserves in Western Canada •are indeed adequate to meet tremendous energy demands for many centuries. When the oil and natural gas have been exhausted, the great coal reserves will still be available."

Jan 1, 1953

By Moi Arzamendi, Jose Ramirez, Kenneth Kniss, Sunil Arora, James Gingery

Construction of a new approach embankment for a railroad bridge over a river in Southern California required placing up to 12 ft of fill over soft to medium stiff silts and clays along an approximate 1,500-ft long stretch. The embankment, situated within a narrow railroad right-of-way between an existing live track and existing buildings, would have been susceptible to excessive settlement that could damage existing buildings and numerous underground utilities if regular weight soil fill had been placed over the unimproved ground. To limit total and differential static settlements to tolerable levels, a design was developed using a combination of mechanically stabilized earth wall with lightweight cellular concrete fill and rigid inclusions ground improvement. This paper describes the design of the ground improvement system, construction methods used, and challenges of working next to live railroad traffic. Ground improvement quality control and assurance measures, and verification of performance by settlement monitoring are also addressed. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The 0.9-mile San Diego River Double Track (SDRDT) project is located on the Los Angeles-San Diego- San Luis Obispo (LOSSAN) Corridor in San Diego, California. The project includes the replacement of the existing 900-ft long single track railroad bridge over the San Diego River with twin double track structures. Construction of the project is phased and closely coordinated with the associated Mid-Coast light rail project (San Diego Trolley Blue Line Extension). The new bridge is a 7-span, twin steel, through girder structure supported by six cast-in-place reinforced concrete pier caps and two abutments. The large diameter cast-in-drilled-hole (CIDH) foundations are up to 9 ft in diameter, with upper portions encased in a 1.5-in.-thick permanent steel casing. The north abutment approach embankment includes a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining wall up to approximately 10 ft high and 1,520 ft long. This paper focuses on the design and construction of the north approach embankment. The project site is characterized by challenging geotechnical and seismic conditions. The site contains liquefiable soils interbedded with soft cohesive soils, underlain by competent layers of sand/gravel/cobble and other sedimentary formations. Static settlement of the new railroad, crossing utilities and adjacent buildings was a primary design concern for the north approach embankment.

Jan 1, 2018

By T Goldsmith

The mining industry is cyclical, but those are more than normal business cycles. In the early 2000s the industry saw the start of China as a game changer for the mining industry which lead to catch phrases like ‘stronger for longer’ and even ‘stronger forever’. Enter the global financial crises and the more recent slow-down in the Chinese economy and confidence that the future is bright has dimmed! This paper looks at the long-term forces that are likely to impact the global mining sector and explain why the industry has an excellent future. However, the industry is not without its many challenges and while demand may be in a prolonged step change, the ability to generate profits will depend on the fitness of each asset and company.The author also discusses the hated terms of ‘boom’ and ‘bust’ and considers how the industry can reduce them, but normally exacerbates them. The ability of the junior sector to raise funds being a primary example and one that remains closed to all but the very best exploration assets. There is also consideration of Australia’s position as a mining country in the future world.CITATION:Goldsmith, T, 2014. The future of the global mining sector, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 15–20 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

By Louis A. Panek

Using an approach based on the theory of similitude, the author develops a general equation and related concepts that provide new insights to an old problem. The load-bearing capacity (strength) of a square, rectangular, or cylindrical prism of a brittle material such as rock, coal, or concrete is expressed as the mathematical product of a size effect, a shape effect, and a function of the mechanical properties (deformability, cleat/joint spacing, and friction) of the pillar, roof and floor materials. Through an application of multivariate statistical analysis, the results of assorted tests and observations of failed pillars can be combined into a fundamental scaling equation, which provides a unified, consistent approach to the estimation of mine pillar strength. The form of the equation is sufficiently general to be able to incorporate refinements in the characterization of the basis factors, as they become available through future experimentation and analysis.

Jan 1, 1979

By Wendell R. Peters

Shallow underground voids resulting from early coal mining and other resource recovery activities over the past several decades are now being recognized as a significant cause of ground subsidence problems in developing urban areas. Uncertain knowledge of abandoned coal mines also imposes potential hazards in coal excavation operations since water inundation or the release of methane gas is a pricnipal hazard when mine excavation operations break into an abandoned mine. U.S. Army requirements for an effective method for detecting and mapping subversive man-made tunnels have resulted in a surface-operated automatic earth resistivity survey system with a digital computer data processing system. Field tests aimed at demonstrating the system performance resulted in successful detection of tunnels having depth-to-diameter ratios up to 15 to 1. Under the sponsorship of the Bureau of Mines, a similar system was designed and constructed for use in the detection of coal mine workings. This report discusses the hardware and software aspects of the system and the application of the high-resolution earth resistivity method to the survey and mapping of abandoned coal mine workings. In the field tests reported, the targets of interest were both air-filled and water-filled workings.

Jan 1, 1980

By J M. Wallis

Heavy mineral sand exploration drilling prior to the 1970s generally utilised open hole auger and air-blast type drilling. However, mining reconciliations were poor and limitations on accuracy and precision of drilling results were severe.Working with the exploration companies, Wallis Drilling principals designed various systems, including what was termed the ‘Eneabba System’ and then the ‘Capel Twin-Tube System’. Eventually the company with its improvements developed and patented the Aircore Drilling System.Aircore drilling has subsequently become recognised as an excellent drilling system for exploration and mine-sample drilling that gives good precision and accuracy in sampling both above and below water. Its use has also been extended to many other commodities and is used in a number of overseas countries.This paper documents anecdotally the development of the system, identifying problems encountered during the times it was evolving and of the means to overcome the problems as being the documentation of the story by the inventors and developers in Wallis Drilling Company. Aircore drilling system is a Western Australian technological development owing its existence to the designing and incorporation of a number of discrete improvements along the way and recognises the tenacity and inventiveness of all who contributed to the system, in both Wallis and also in a number of companies that gave the impetus to succeed.

Oct 5, 2011

The extremely cold weather and heavy snowstorms of January and February in northeastern Pennsylvania--with frozen mining equipment, diminished preparation and lack of railroad cars--severely hampered the production and distribution of anthracite. As a result, the previous estimates for the 2 months have been revised. On March 1, 1977, at the Porter Tunnel of the Kocher Coal Company at Tower City, Pa., an underground flash flood, which apparently broke through the wall of an adjoining abandoned shaft, swept through the mine. As of March 9, 1977, four miners were reported killed, three injured, and five trapped in the wreckage. The Kocher Coal Company began operations at the Porter Tunnel in 1968 and has had no fatalities until this current tragedy. The mine employs 20 persons on the surface and 115 miners underground, producing 750 tons of coal per day. Of the 109 underground mining operations in the anthracite region, this is the one remaining large mine that employs over 100 men.

Jan 1, 1977

_What is standard technology infrastructure _ Business Context _ The mine operator?s technology challenges and needs _ The benefits of technology standards _ Overview of the SMART initiative _ Technology standards description _ Current status _ Next steps What is Standard Technology Infrastructure Technology Infrastructure is: ? Networking communications ? Computing operating systems ? Hardware platforms ? Data storage and access ? Operator interface _ These components are based on recognized open standards organization, and _ Commonly and widely utilized by industry, and _ Commercially available off-the-shelf systems (COTS), both hardware and software _ Standard capability to provide immediate and open access to raw or derived data at source, APIs, configuration parameters & sub-routines from all system components; ALL CURRENTLY AVAILABLE

May 1, 2008

By D. Harrington

United States newspapers of 25 or 30 Years ago ran headlines every few weeks telling of some mine disaster. Each disaster was a first-page attraction for a day or so then was forgotten until the next sensational event, frequently another mine disaster, a few weeks later. Interspersed with the large mine disasters were the so-called ?snipping? mine accidents that caused the death of one or two mine workers. The summation of mine fatalities of all types usually exceeded 3,000 a year, and nonfatal accidents to workers in mines of the country approximated 250,000 annually. From 1906 to 1910, inclusive, there were 84 major explosion disasters (about 17 per year) in. United States coal mines. The resulting fatalities totaled 2,388 for the 5-Year period. These frightful catastrophes helped the number of fatalities in coal mines of the country to reach the enormous total of 13,288 for the 5 years, or an average of 2,658 per year.

Jan 1, 1940

By Yucheng Li, De Huang, Yonghong Liu

Mine frictional resistance is one of the essential parameters of mine ventilation systems, and it is of considerable significance for the prevention and control of mine risks and accident hazards. Frictional resistance requires a lot of resources and time and has errors. To reduce the errors of frictional resistance, a regression model of frictional resistance is proposed based on the correlation analysis of the affecting factors. Through the comparative test analysis of seven regression methods, it is found that the classification and regression tree method for solving the proposed regression model has better performance than other methods. The least square error criterion is used to calculate and rank the importance of the factors affecting frictional resistance. The results show that the cross-sectional area of the tunnel, the support method, and the presence or absence of devices or pedestrian ladders have the most considerable influence on the prediction accuracy of frictional resistance. The support methods and cross-sectional areas are essential input variables. Through the combination test analysis of the influencing factors, the results show that the regression model does not have predictive ability when the number of input variables is less than 3 and the best predictive performance cannot be obtained using all the influencing factors. The best prediction model of resistance is to combine the shape of the tunnel, the support method, the presence or absence of devices or pedestrian ladders, and the cross-sectional area. The method proposed in this paper does not require a lot of resources and time investment, and the frictional resistance error is small. At the same time, it solves the problem of resistance prediction with incomplete data of influencing factors and provides a compelling new method for obtaining frictional resistance parameters.

Jan 28, 2022