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By Jack F. McQuat, Ross D. Lawrence

"Most geologists and mining engineers, in the course of their professional careers, frequently become involved with the appraisal of metalliferous mineral deposits and develop a familiarity with and standard approach to the evaluation of these deposits. When the same individuals approach the industrial mineral field, however, their usual approach pattern can be rudely disturbed.This paper highlights the difference in appraisal approach and outlines the factors common to both but which have entirely different emphasis. These comprise geological appraisal, analytical requirements, the importance of transportation, marketing requirements and standards, including appropriate allowances for product development, and marketing penetration.Out of these ""different"" considerations, however, a pat-tern or standard approach emerges which is as common to the industrial mineral field as that used either consciously or subconsciously in the metallic field.The paper reviews the different factors and points of emphasis and offers an outline of the common pattern of appraisal for industrial minerals."

Jan 1, 1971

By AIME AIME

THE initial meeting on Mining Methods* opened at 10 o'clock Monday morning with Scott Turner as chairman and W. Spencer Hutchinson as vice- chairman; about 60 attending. After preliminary announcements Theodore Marvin was called on for his paper,, entitled "Rock Tunnel Methods," which has been appearing serially in The Explosives Engineer. Marvin read the introduction and called attention to the account of one or' two particularly' interesting projects, such as the. Brooklyn water supply tunnel. E. D. 'Gardner, Char1e.s S. Hurter, L. D. Lamont and Spencer P. Howell took part in the discussion, Howell commenting on the fact that, in one case cited, misfires had occurred through detonator wires 'coming in contact with the case of an unapproved flashlight, .,: and that all flashlights should be approved.

Jan 1, 1931

? Founded In 1953 ? Mining growth of 83% since 2007 ? We produced over 1 million ounces of Au in 2012 ? We Forecast of 20% Au production in 2013-2015 ? We have paid a dividend 31 years consecutively. Terry Reid ? 1992-93 Electrical Technical, College ? 1994-95 On the job placement College ? 1998 ? Licensed Millwright, ? 2005-12 ? Maintenance Reliability Planner ? 2012- Present Business Process Owner

Aug 1, 2013

By E. G. King

Thermodynamic data for the hydrated varieties of alumina are sparse, and those for the common clay minerals are virtually nil. This paper partly fills the vacuum by reporting low-temperature heat-capacity measurements and entropy evaluations of diaspore (A10(OH)) and three clay minerals of the composition A12Si207?2H20 - kaolinite, dickite, and halloysite. The heat-capacity measurements were made in the temperature range 510 to 298.15° K., and the entropies were evaluated at 298.15° K. Diaspore has an unusually low heat capacity and entropy compared with boehmite (another mineral of the same chemical composition). The entropies of the three clay minerals differ too little for entropy to be the important factor relating to differences in the thermal stability of these substances.

Jan 1, 1961

By W. H. Coghill, B. W. Gandrud, F. D. DeVaney

"The self-fluxing iron ores of Alabama are the foundation of the thriving iron and steel industry of that State. In addition to these deposits of self fluxing ores there are seams containing practically the same percentages of iron but too much silica. These ores at present are valueless, but if they could be concentrated by reducing the silica content, the ore reserves of the Birmingham district would be greatly augmented. A detailed report on the iron-ore deposits of the district, describing the types of ore and their extent, has been published.In forwarding its mineral conservation policies the United States Bureau of Mines has given some attention to the siliceous ores of this district.The low cost of gravity concentration gives this process first rank in the beneficiation of iron ores. For this reason many experimenters have tried to concentrate the Alabama iron ores on tables. In the face of the early failures a new trial has been made and the results have justified the effort.In this work more attention than formerly has been given to the physical, properties of the ores. The removable siliceous gangue is in the form of oolitic grains which ""shell"" out like corn, leaving the hematite as rich high-grade ""slime"" and as clean granular grains. The ""slime concentrate"" may be recovered by well known desliming processes. The oolitic grains and granular hematite are separated on tables."

May 1, 1929

By R. J. Forzatti

The production of sulphuric acid from sulphur generates heat. The majority of this heat is recovered as steam and is often used to generate electricity. Heat not recovered as steam is rejected to cooling water systems. The design of the turbine, condenser, and cooling water systems impacts the overall water, energy, and environmental footprint of the plant. This review considers a conceptual 2000 t/d sulphuric acid plant with several alternative cooling water systems. The review utilizes Hatch?s 4 Quadrant sustainable design tool to compare the alternatives on both an economic and a weighted sustainability scale.

Jan 1, 2014

By Brian Wilson, Franz-Werner Gerressen, Johannes Reinisch

Specifications for traditional auger mixing methods have made use of the Blade Rotation Number (BRN) to establish acceptable levels of mixing. Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) has no such established parameter. Previous research has proposed the adoption of an Energetic Mixing Index for CSM and has attempted to establish a basis for this utilizing results from a limited number of panels. This paper reviews the basis of this previous proposal and assesses the applicability of the proposed index utilizing a review of production data from a number of sites in proximity to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Based on the outcome of the review, the paper proposes adoption of a new index for initial field quality control of CSM operations.

Oct 31, 2023

By Masaki Kitazume

"Many earthquakes take place every year in Japan, in which the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake induced both a humanitarian crisis and massive economic impacts. As liquefaction which occur in a loose and saturated sand layer, induces quite large damages of infrastructures, the importance of liquefaction mitigation has been emphasized to minimize earthquake disasters for many years. Many kinds of ground improvement techniques based on various improvement principles have been developed for earthquake disaster mitigation. Among them, the grid type deep mixing method has been often applied to liquefaction mitigation. In the method, the stiff grid walls are constructed by mixing the soil and binder in-situ, which are expected to restrict the shear deformation of the soil within the grid walls so that the pore water pressure generation can be remained small. The high applicability of the method was confirmed in several earthquakes, including the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. In this paper, the development of the method, some applications of the deep mixing method to earthquake disaster mitigation are briefly introduced. INTRODUCTION In Japan, many earthquakes take place every year in Japan, in which the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake induced both a humanitarian crisis and massive economic impacts. As liquefaction induces quite large damages, the importance of liquefaction mitigation has been emphasized to minimize earthquake disasters for many years. Table 1 shows the amount of damage to port facilities (Noda, 1991). According to the table, the amount of damage when liquefaction takes place is about 20 to 50 times larger than that without liquefaction. This highlights the importance of liquefaction mitigation to minimize earthquake disasters. There are many kinds of soil stabilization techniques developed for liquefaction in Japan. Among them, the deep mixing method (DMM), an in-situ cement stabilization techniques, was developed in 1970s in Japan and has frequently been applied to improvements of clayey and sandy soils (Kitazume and Terashi, 2013). The grid type DMM has been often applied to prevent liquefaction, where the grid of stabilized column walls function to restrict generation of excess pore pressure in the soil within the walls by confining the soil particle movement. The improvement effect of the method was first evaluated in the Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake in 1995 and was also evaluated in the Tohoku earthquake in 2011. In this paper, some successful performance of the deep mixing method to earthquake disaster mitigation in the two earthquakes are briefly introduced."

Jan 1, 2015

By Homer G. Turner

Coals, other than anthracite, have been so thoroughly studied under the microscope during recent years, that we now know what kinds of plants and what parts of plants form the bulk of lower rank coals from peat to bituminous coal. The microscope has also shown the state of preservation of such vegetation as well as the nature and distribution of products of plant decay. These and further details have been ascertained mainly through the employment of two methods of attack, section cutting and maceration. Anthracite has failed to respond to these methods, so well adapted to the study of lower rank coals and, therefore, has been neglected by investigators to such an extent that there is much doubt as to its microscopical characteristics. The object of this paper is to lift anthracite from its realm of obscurity by demonstrating the wealth of microscopical detail that is revealed when reflected light is used on a properly polished and etched surface and, further, to show the relationship between anthracite and bituminous coal. Technique The method adopted in this investigation is similar to that described in an earlier paper.' Because of slight modifications recently made, the process is again described. It consists, briefly, of etching a polished surface of coal with heat. Although pieces of various sizes and shapes are used, blocks of coal about 2 or 3 cm. square take the most uniform polish and are large enough to be handled with ease. Larger pieces can be used if one has the equipment for polishing them and they rnay be desirable when one wishes to study some particular form that extends for some distance through the coal. Large surfaces, however, require greater care in polishing and etching; for this reason, they are not recommended for ordinary work.

Jan 1, 1925

By Muhammad A. Imam, Ramana G. Reddy

This study provides a reasonable evaluation of the Mg-B binary system. Magnesium and Boron (Mg-B) alloys were investigated to determine their thermodynamic properties employing solid state electrochemical cells based on CaF2 electrolyte represented as –Pt; Ar= MgþCaMgF4 f gCaF2 k kf½Mg B alloy þ CaMgF4 g=Ar; Pt+ Investigations were performed over the temperature range of 773–873 K to measure the electromotive force (EMF), which was used to derive the partial Gibbs Free energies of the alloys in the composition range of XB = 0.07 to 0.95. The activities of Mg were also calculated from partial Gibbs Free energies. The activities of Mg in MgB2, MgB4, and MgB7 were expressed as a function of temperature respectively, ln aMg = 4.27–9.32 × 103/T, ln aMg = −7.54 + 6.67×103/T, and ln aMg = 4.93–19.57 × 103/T, where T is the temperature in K. From this expression, the activity of Mg for these intermediate phases can be extrapolated at a higher temperature to get the accurate phase boundaries for the Mg-B system.

Mar 1, 2017

By I Sherrell, R Jain

Worldwide iron ore feed grades are trending downwards and will continue to do so with the increasing difficulties of upgrading ores. This has led to operations looking for ways to capture current tailings that still contain valuable material. In the past, these were acceptable to dispose of, but this practice is no longer economically feasible. With the increasing trend of re-mining previous tailings deposits that could be decades old, new equipment designs have been introduced to upgrade current or historic beneficiation plants. These designs can effectively upgrade these tailings to saleable products.Outotec conducted test programs for upgrading iron ore tailings from flotation rejects, thickener underflow or tailings dumps on samples provided by customers around the globe. The studies utilised Outotec’s SLon vertically pulsating high-gradient magnetic separator in combination with preprocessing equipment such as low-intensity magnetic separation, screen or scrubber and flotation for downstream processing of the magnetic concentrate. A review of the equipment required to economically process these tailings is provided, along with testing data and industrial implementation examples. The effect of different operational and design parameters on Fe grade and recovery from processing each tailings sample has been highlighted.CITATION:Jain, R and Sherrell, I, 2015. Iron ore tailings reprocessing to maximise ore production, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 149–158 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

H. RIES, Ithaca, N. Y.-The part of Mr. Fiske's paper that interests me especially is that portion dealing with the raw materials, and the tests that were applied to the raw materials in order to determine their value in advance, if possible, because that, I believe, is a step in the right direction. For a number of years I have done my best to persuade different consumers of clay to develop standard methods for testing raw materials. We have in this country a large variety of clays which can be used for a great many different purposes, but in many cases the consumers either have no standard methods for determining the value of those clays in. advance, or if they have they do not publish them; consequently it often puts the clay miner at a disadvantage. If, for example, manufacturers of different types of refractory materials would state publicly just what physical tests their raw materials have to meet, it would, I believe, help them to find more easily the materials that they are looking for, and the clay producer would also be benefited. It would also encourage him to have his clays tested in advance, so that samples could be accompanied by certificates of physical tests that would be of convenience to the manufacturer. At the present time, in this country there are certain types of clay which seem to be rather scarce. There apparently are not many deposits of clay that are exactly suited for the manufacture of zinc refractories. So, too, there are not many deposits of clay that are suited for the manufacture of glass-pots, or the blocks for glass tank furnaces, or clays that can be used for graphite crucibles. Now, in many cases, no standard series of tests has been developed. I am also gratified to see that Mr. Fiske considers the tensile strength. tests of value. Some years ago the American Ceramic Society appointed a committee to draw up a series of recommendations covering standard tests. These recommendations were especially for the use of State geologists and the U., .S. Geological, Survey. Among the tests that were considered was the tensile-strength test, which Mr. Fiske has mentioned in his paper. Unfortunately, a majority of the committee turned it down, and the test was therefore not officially approved, but two of us, who formed the minority, believed in it. Since then the other members of the Committee have come to see that that is an important test to make and Mr. Fiske has emphasized it in his paper.

Jan 1, 1918

Using a series-model of an automotive short range radar sensor (SRR) and a recently completed experimental radar system, field tests have been performed in a surface mine. It was examined, to what extent low-cost electronically scanning radar sensors can provide useful data for assistance systems on large scale mining machines. Simple sensors are useful for anti-collision safety zones or hopper car automation. The more complex and sophisticated experimental radar system using digital beam-forming can clearly detect and map the contours of trenches and slopes. The overall promising results refer to many more potential applications for electronically scanning radar in surface and underground mining as a reliable alternative to mechanical laser scanners.

Jan 1, 2007

By Jorge A. S. Tenório, Pedro F. A. Prado, Denise C. R. Espinosa

There has been an increasing push to develop environmentally sound recycling processes of electronic waste (WEEE), including end-of-life photovoltaic modules, to reclaim materials such as silver which is both valuable and pollutant to human health and wildlife. However, process sustainability and economic feasibility of PV panels recycling is strongly tied to the materials separation step, which currently presents challenges due to use of high temperature treatments and strongly acidic solutions. A method using an easily accessible solvent — isopropanol— dissolved the silicone-based encapsulant of crystalline silicon PV modules in 2 days at room temperature, separating the module into semiconductor wafer, glass, ribbon and backsheet.

Mar 1, 2017

By Saghar Farajzadeh, Fatemeh Kazemi, Ataallah Bahrami

Spirals, the most common equipment for the separation of heavy minerals such as chromite, are greatly affected by size distribution and the liberation degree (hence the specific gravity and size) of the feed particles. In this study, the efficiency of spirals in separation of low-grade chromite particles has been investigated by studying the distribution of grade, size distribution and liberation degree of feed, concentrate, and tailings of spiral. For this purpose, mass balance constraints were applied to the spiral-containing chromite processing circuit. Afterwards, the grade variations and size distributions have been investigated. According to the results, when the feed to the spiral has a larger size distribution, the enrichment ratio of the feed is 1.32 and, with the smaller feed size, this value has increased to 1.99. When the spiral feed has a larger size distribution and higher specific gravity, the recovery of chromite increases with increasing particle size up to 250 microns, and then with increasing particle size, recovery decreases with a relatively steep slope. Evaluation of spiral efficiency with respect to particle liberation degree has also shown that despite the high degree of liberation of spiral feed in size fractions smaller than 75 microns (88.9%), the liberation degree of spiral concentrate and tail in this faction is equal to and less than that of feed, which can indicate poor spiral performance in these size fractions.

Oct 27, 2020

By Willis Beckering

The Bureau of Mines designed a cell having four variable compartments in series to facilitate analysis of multicomponent mixtures. Use of the cell considerably decreases the time required for differential absorption analyses. A solution of a major component is placed in each compartment, and the light absorbed by each of these components is varied by increasing or decreasing the path length of the appropriate cell. Simple calculations then establish the amount of the component present. In analyzing unknown mixtures, compensation is made for compounds known to be present, and the differential spectrum representing components not accounted for is recorded and analyzed.

Jan 1, 1966

By Charles J. Stehlik

This report deals with the changing behavior of mine roof bolt and roof rock as a result of repetitious production blasting . Observations were made in the upper shale production headings at the White Pine Copper Co. room and pillar mine , White Pine , Mich . Roof bolt compression pads and a stratascope were used in the investigations , which were carried out in three separate test sites in which nearly identical procedure produced comparative , repetitive , and anomalous observations . Results indicate roof bolt tension change and roof quality deterioration anomalies were coincident with blasting . The hypothesized cause of the anomalies is a seismic shock generated by the blasts .

Jan 1, 1964

By J. R. Donald

"Project development has been increasingly formalized in the past decade, with most organizations having extensive and descriptive deliverables documents and processes to govern the stage gate progress of capital projects. Although this has improved the general governance of capital project development and execution, it has perhaps not led to improved business success. This paper identifies specific challenges associated with developing complex projects with multiple stakeholder interests over the long timeframe of the project life cycle. The paper outlines these challenges and suggests management approaches and aspects of project development where increased focus is required to achieve improved business outcomes."

Jan 1, 2015

How often does one hear that a recent feasibility study was not a success? Alternatively, when scope of the feasibility study was sent out to tender there was a large discrepancy in tendered prices. If the tendered prices were to be compared to the consumer market, for instance the purchase of a car, where the concept is transport in a controlled and safe manner, prices vary by large factors, but then so do the specifications. In the case of a feasibility study, prices should be within a tighter margin as the tenderers are all quoting against the same concept and specification. Why do these discrepancies occur? Price discrepancies will in every likelihood be attributed to two main factors; one, the perceived amount of work and two, the ability of the bidder to carry the risk associated with the feasibility study. It is, therefore, important that the scoping of the feasibility study covers the detailed requirements as clearly as possible stating what level of accuracy is required. The feasibility study is one of the first activities in the life of a project. The study, like the project it is investigating, is subject to the constraints of time, cost and quality. Its primary objectives are to demonstrate the viability of a project within the outlined scope and constraints.

Jan 1, 1998

By D. C. Jackling

I BESPEAK your indulgence for a brief expression of the views of a patriarch in the field of mineral industry technology relative to young men's problems in that sphere of education and endeavor. Wherever hereafter I employ the terms "technical education," "engineer," "technologist," or similar expressions, these are intended to be understood as relating to the broad field of the sciences and arts applicable to the mineral industries. First, the usefulness of technical education to either the possessor of it or those to whom its services may be made available industrially depends primarily upon the quality of the education and the capabilities of the educated to put his talents to effective and constructive employment in his chosen field of applied science.

Jan 1, 1940