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By W. Banda

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of Phd. (Process Engineering) degree* The recovery of cobalt and copper from waste slag was studied in a plasma DC-arc furnace in reducing conditions. Three fluxes, CaO,CaF2, and TiO2, were investigated for their influence on selective recovery of cobalt into an iron-rich alloy. A further investigation on the influence of furnace power on the reduction of slag to recover cobalt to the alloy showed that a change in power setting had an unexpected effect on the recovery of metals to the alloy, in that selectivity of base metal recovery over iron recovery decreased at an increased power level. Keywords: DC-furnace, reduction, nonferrous, slags

Jan 1, 2004

By E. T. C. Spooner, Ioannou S. E.

"Abstract- The Dixie Zone Au-Ag deposit is a low sulfidation (adularia-sericite) epithermal system located 1.4 km from the producing Ken Snyder mine (7.0 M oz Au equivalent reserve/resource), Midas Mining District, north-central Nevada. This WNW striking, steep south dipping, fault system is hosted by mid-Miocene (17 Ma to 14 Ma) felsic volcanic rocks that were erupted from a vent(s) to the northeast. The system was mineralized by approximately 250 ± 20°C (n = 86), near-neutral pH, ascending fluids of predominantly meteoric origin [volatile corrected salinity = 0.52 ± 0.35 eq.wt% NaCl (n = 86)]. Bulk analytical fluid inclusion gas chromatography identified a mineralizing fluid volatile composition of 99.68 ± 0.18 mole % H2O, 0.16 ± 0.09 mole % CO2, 0.11 ± 0.05 mole percent N2, 0.05 ± 0.04 mole % CH4, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mole % CnHn+i (n = 7). Sulfur species were not analyzed due to absorption within the chromatography system; however, a H2S concentration of 16 ppm to 160 ppm molar is estimated. The volatile content contributes approximately 50% of the microthermometrically measured freezing point depression. Cl- concentrations up to approximately 9000 ppm suggest an additional, probably magmatic, fluid component.Ascending fluids were channelled along approximately NW striking faults related to the same primary extension (17 Ma to 14 Ma) responsible for Nevada basin and range physiography. Boiling induced by CO2 effervescence led to precipitation of Au and Ag over a 150 m vertical interval. At the time, this interval was about 460 m below the water table (approximately 38 bars), but because of erosion, it is now within 90 m of the surface. A Ag:Au ratio of 25:1 has been calculated for the Dixie Zone."

Jan 1, 2000

By P. Foster, A. Burton

Over the past decade there has been a great deal of research into the use of virtual reality (VR) and computer graphics in the mining industry. Much of this has led to developed applications including training simulators and accident re-construction. One other area where there is considerable potential for virtual reality is that of mining ergonomics. This paper identifies those common ergonomic limitations associated with mining equipment that can be effectively modelled using VR techniques. From this, two simple models have been developed namely (i)remote control continuous miner operation and (ii) free steered vehicle sightlines, which demonstrate the practical use of VR in this area.

Jan 1, 2003

By Emily Chen, Randolph Kirchain, Gabrielle Gaustad

"As prices and demand for aluminum metal have increased over the past few years, secondary production has begun to outpace primary aluminum production. However, while recycling of packaging and automotive scrap has continued to increase, aerospace secondary materials remain a largely untapped resource. Shredded or co-mingled aerospace scrap has a high degree of compositional uncertainty due to the prevalence of high copper and high zinc alloy series. Although it is clear that upgrading strategies enable increased usage of aerospace scrap, it is not clear that they would be economic or efficient. Previous studies by the authors have shown that modeling techniques, specifically chance-constrained optimization, provide the ability to evaluate upgrading options in terms of potential aerospace scrap utilization and production cost. Three specific cases are analyzed: a dismantled case, a sorted case, and a shredded or co-mingled case; sensitivity analysis of resulting compositional uncertainty is also presented.IntroductionAluminum recycling has a number of key environmental and economic benefits. Secondary recovery forestalls depletion of non-renewable resources and avoids the deleterious effects of extraction and winning (albeit by substituting some effects of its own). For most metals, the latter provides strong motivation for recycling; for light metals, like aluminum, the motivation is compelling[1]. Fortunately, as prices and demand for aluminum have increased greatly over recent years, secondary production has begun to outpace primary production (Figure 1). However, while the recycling rates of many aluminum products such as used beverage cans and cars have increased over this period, aerospace secondary materials remain a comparatively untapped resource.This untapped resource for scrap aluminum is a very large one; aluminum is the primary aircraft material comprising about 80% of a planes unladen weight[2]. It is used extensively for airframes, landing gear, engine components, propellers, and interior trim. A standard Boeing 747 jumbo jet, for example, contains approximately 75,000 kilograms of aluminum[2]. At an approximate rate of 300 per year, more than 6,000 civil aircraft are forecast to arrive at end-of-life in the next 20 years, potentially creating a large aerospace scrap market[3]. Many military aircraft are already available for possible scrap use, however, most are currently in storage at air force bases around the world[4]. The underutilization of these aerospace scrap materials indicates a lack of economic end-of-life options."

Jan 1, 2008

By E. Hornbogen

The deformation mechanisms of a iron-phosphorus alloys were compared at 20oand —196°C. Alloying with phosphorus increases the resistance to slip, but has little effect on the resistance to twinning. The stress for onset of twinning is nearly independent of temperature, but there is an increasing tendency for cleavage along (112) twin boundaries with decreasing temperature and increasing phosphorus content. FIVE iron-phosphorus alloys and one high-purity iron (0.004 pct C, 0.004 pct N, 0.05 pct O) were vacuum melted and cast, then homogenized for 6 hr at 1100oC and water-quenched. Single crystals were cleaved from the coarse grains produced in this manner. The hardness was measured* on polished (100) surfaces of the crystals at 20" and -196°C. Laue back-reflection patterns indicated a deviation of not more than 3 deg from coincidence of the {100} plane with the surface. The deformation mechanisms were studied by relief effects on the polished surfaces. Yield points in compression (0.5 pct offset) were measured with polycrystalline material. At 20°C the addition of phosphorus to a iron leads to a change from slip to twinning as the main deformation mechanism, Figs. 1(a), (b). Between 2 and 4 at. pct P slip and twinning occur simultaneously. In alloys with more than 4 at. pct P twinning is the main deformation mechanism and slip was observed only in the neighborhood of twin intersections. All cracks at 20oC were on (100) planes, some initiated by twins.' From measurements made at-196oC, hardness and yield points of all the alloys were nearly constant and the same as the hardness of high phosphorus alloys that deformed by twinning at 20°C, Figs. 2 and 3. In the high-purity iron, plastic deformation at -196°C occurred by both slip and twinning, but deformation in the iron-phosphorus alloys appeared to be entirely by twinning. In the high phosphorus alloys a large number of cracks formed along the (112) twin boundaries and at intersections of twins, in addition to the (100) cleavage, Fig. 1(c). DISCUSSION In , iron, plastic deformation can occur either by slip or by twinning, depending upon composition,

Jan 1, 1961

By Randy N. Powell

The Pipeline gold ore body was discovered in Lander County, NV in March 1991. Construction of the new mine and mill did not start until early March 1996. The $289-million project was placed on a fast-track development schedule upon completion of permitting and corporate approval. The mine and mill were commissioned 11 months after the start of construction and the project ended up $40 million under budget. Project design and construction management were provided by Placer Dome Project Development Division (PDD). History The Cortez Joint Venture has operated in northeast Lander County since the late 1960s. The business structure is comprised of 60% Placer Dome and 40%Kennecott Exploration. Throughout the years, production has been from several small open-pit deposits— Cortez, Horse Canyon, Gold Acres and now Pipeline.

Jan 1, 1999

By W. W. Adams

Reports received by the Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce, from State mine inspectors, for November, 1930, showed that 219 men were killed in the coal mines of the United States during the month, an increase of 25 over the previous month and 33 over November, 1929. On the other hand the production of coal decreased, the output of 43,329,000 tons in November being 8,397,000 tons less than in October and 9,005,000 tons less than in November a year ago. The larger number of fatalities accompanied by a smaller output of coal resulted in a higher death rate4 per million tons in November than in the same month last year or in October, 1930. The November rate was 5.05, as compared with 3.55 for November, 1929 and 3.75 for October, 1930. The increase in the rate for the industry as a whole was chargeable entirely to bituminous mines,, as the anthracite mines had fewer fatalities in November than in either of the previous months to which reference has been made. Reports for bituminous mines alone 'allowed that accidents at class of mines resulted in a death rate of 5.12, based on 195 fatalities and a production of 38,122,000 tons. This rate indicated an increase of 55 per cent over the rate for October, of the same year, and 72 per cent over the rate for November, 1929. The October record was 146 fatalities and 44,150,000 tons, and that for November a year ago was 138 deaths and a production of 46,514,000 tons. Twenty-four deaths occurred at anthracite mines in November, 1970: the output of coal was 5,207,000 tons, hence the rate was 4.61 per million tons. During the corresponding month a year ago there were 48 deaths and 5,820,000 tons of coal produced, which indicated a death rate of 8.25. In October, 1930, the death rate was o.34; based on 48 deaths and 7,576,000 tons.

Jan 1, 1930

By Donald O. Capstick

A mineral survey of the approximately 144,000-acre Borah Peak study area was conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1985 at the request of the U.S. Forest Service. The area studied included the Borah Peak RARE II roadless areas (No. 14210, 119,864 acres of land recommended for wilderness designation; and No. X4210, 18,440 acres of land recommended as non-wilderness) and other contiguous Forest Service administered land. The study area is in Challis National Forest in southeast Idaho about 30 miles south-southeast of Challis, ID. Burnt Creek, a conterminous study area to the northeast, on lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Managment, was examined concurrently. Dolomite and limestone inferred reserve bases exceed 1 billion tons each within the Borah Peak study area. The material is widespread and of high quality. Extensive sampling and more detailed mapping are required to better define the resources; however, ample dolomite and limestone occur nearby, outside the study area. Dolomite is the main constituent of several geologic formations within the study area. Sample analyses indicate that the more than 1,000-ft-thick Jefferson Formation dolomite is the most pure and is equivalent to material being mined at a dolomite-to-magnesium processing plant near Addy, WA. Analyses from limestone-bearing formations underlying much of the study area indicate that large quantities of the limestone may be suitable for a variety of uses.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. W. Culver

The paper explores the substance, circumstances and significance of the Whelpley and Storer Copper Process. The 1866 Whelpley and Storer patent specified a process combining mechanical and chemical engineering. The process called for a down-drafting shaft furnace with a horizontal flue connected at the bottom of the shaft. Powdered sulphide ore was roasted in the shaft and then sent forward fully oxidized to a bath of sulphuric acid and/or calcium chloride. The “water furnace” was developed in Boston, at a time when the city was home to most Michigan copper mining companies. The process was field-tested at Quebec’s Harvey Hill copper mine. In 1865 James Douglas, Jr. took over management of the Harvey Hill mine with the challenge of saving the family investment. He needed a way to make money from low-grade sulphides. Through his relationship with chemist T. Sterry Hunt, Douglas learned of a possible way ahead using the process developed by Whelpley and Storer. The paper confirms the centrality of publications, meetings, and networking in the advancement of metallurgy. The process is of interest historically, as much as anything, because it is one of the pillars of James Douglas’ distinguished career in copper. INTRODUCTION At the 1866 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Buffalo, New York, T. Sterry Hunt (1826–1892) read a paper “On the Metallurgical System of Messrs. Whelpley and Storer.” The paper is part of a chain of events that constitute the foundation of James Douglas’ (1837–1918) success in the copper mining industry. To understand the career of Douglas over the early years of modern copper mining, we must necessarily start with Whelpley and Storer. Going back to Hunt’s paper, he concluded his remarks by asserting that the Whelpley and Storer Process was “capable of such wide and varied application, that it is probably destined to have a very important influence on the industry of the world” (Hunt, 1867a). He reached this conclusion reasoning that the process had overcome a critical metallurgical hurdle (Hunt, 1867a). Hunt, a geo-chemist in modern terms, recalled that the chemist of those years easily separated copper from “sulphuretted” ores by converting it to a soluble salt from which pure metal was precipitated by “an equivalent of iron.” The problem was to “…apply this principle in the working of copper ores on a great scale...” (Hunt, 1867a). Hunt noted that this very problem had “…engaged the attention of many metallurgists, and has given rise to various processes for obtaining copper by the moist way, many of which are nearly or quite perfect in their operation, but are lacking in practicability and cheapness” (Hunt, 1867a). Hunt thought Whelpley and Storer had overcome the low-grade sulphide hurdle with a commercially viable engineering breakthrough. Yet in the history of copper metallurgy, the process is missing. What happened?

Jan 1, 2019

By Igor Rojkovic

The most important uranium mineralization in the Western Carpathians occurs in the Permian rocks. Low grade stratiform uranium mineralization was formed during the Permian due to adsorbtion and reduction by organic matter, titanium oxides, iron hydroxides, pyrite and clay minerals. During the Alpine orogeny uranium (± molybdenum and copper) remobilized stratabound ores were formed. Dominant ore minerals are uraninite, U-Ti oxides, molybdenite, pyrite and chalcopyrite Two generations of ore minerals are reflected by their textures and chemical composition.

Jan 1, 1995

By Rafael Utsch Braga

Neste trabalho foi analisada a influência da microestrutura de diferentes composições químicas de aço de alta resistência (HSS, do inglês High Strength Steel) na resistência à corrosão sob tensão assistida por sulfetos (SSC, do inglês Sulfide Stress Corrosion). Quatro aços ao boro com quantidades variáveis de V e Ti foram tratados termicamente para atingir propriedades mecânicas de aços de alta resistência. A resistência à corrosão do material foi avaliada de acordo com a norma NACE-TM0177 Método D, utilizando corpos de prova do tipo DCB. A microestrutura dos aços foi caracterizada utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) através da análise de réplicas de carbono, por meio das quais foram determinados o tamanho e a distribuição dos precipitados, cuja composição química foi avaliada através de espectroscopia por dispersão de energia (EDS). Foi observada uma influência do teor de V, sendo o acréscimo de V favorável ao aumento da resistência à corrosão. O aumento do tamanho médio de precipitados de CrMo através do coalescimento dos mesmos também mostrou-se eficaz para melhorar a resistência a corrosão sob tensão em meio contendo H2S. As propriedades mecânicas e o tamanho de grão foram também avaliados, no entanto sem encontrar correlação com a resistência a corrosão sob tensão.

Aug 7, 2018

By João Batista Ferreira Neto

A escória de aciaria pode ser uma alternativa como mistura para o cimento portland, substituindo parcialmente a escória de alto-forno. Um processo pirometalúrgico tem sido desenvolvido para promover a modificação química da escória de aciaria LD. Os experimentos foram realizados através da refusão de 300 kg de escória de aciaria LD, seguido de sua modificação no estado líquido. Essas escórias foram resfriadas com o uso de esferas metálicas. Análises de fluorescência de raios–X (FRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) das escórias revelaram uma relação entre composição química, condição de resfriamento e a formação de fases cristalina ou vítrea. As amostras de cimento foram obtidas através da mistura de 25% de escória modificada e 75% de cimento Portland, resultando em mais de 280 J/g de calor de hidratação acumulado em 72h, expansão abaixo de 0,1% em ensaio em autoclave e resistências à compressão acima de 42 MPa com 28 dias. O processo mostra potencial para ser aplicado no tratamento de escória de aciaria LD.

Aug 17, 2017

By S. J. Jung

The most frequent causes of accidental injury and fatality are carelessness and ignorance; and the most common accidents are haulage accidents, fall, drowning, and fire. However, in this modern day and age, severe injury has become the dire consequence of an ever-increasing number of industrial and mining accidents as well as sport-, military- , etc. Mine accidents have declined dramatically in number and severity through decades of research, technology, and preventive programs. However, preventing recurrence of disasters like those of the past remains a top priority requiring constant vigilance by management, labor, and government. The goal of the present research is to investigate and identify root causes associated with types of mining accidents (victim being caught by an equipment, bodily motion, over exertion, etc) and nature of injuries such as (sprain and strains, fracture, dislocation, amputation, etc). Further, we hope to discover the impetus of the root causes occurring more and more often in this modern day of technology and quality awareness. With the different dimensions of accidents and injuries brought into the fold, there is the need for researchers and mining operators to comprehend and better still visualize significant patterns of associations among these variables of interest. We assume that, there is a high correlation between many dimensions of nature of injuries and types of accidents. This suggested a principal component analysis to reduce the dimensions for easy and amenable interpretation.

Jan 1, 2012

By Verne E. Hooker, Robert M. Becker

The evaluation of in-situ rock stresses from measurements of the change in diameter of a borehole that is stress-relieved by overcoring has become a common practice. Generally the stress evaluation has been based on isotropic relations whereas rock in varying degrees is aniso tropic. A plane elasticity solution fora circular hole along one axis of an orthotropic medium has been adapted to evaluation of in situ stress. The necessary elastic parameters for this evaluation may conveniently be obtained from static tests on the overcore in conjunction with a consistent orthotropic thick-wall cylinder solution. The method and equations for the laboratory and field evaluations are summarized and illustrated. The determination of in-situ rock stresses from boreholc deformation measurements has gained widespread acceptance. Hastl measured the change in diameter of a borehole that was stress-relieved by drilling a larger concentric core; this overcoring method has produced a major portion of the field data for recent stress evaluations in rock. These evaluations are based on the elastic properties of the rock, which are conveniently determined by testing the overcore.6-8 The stress evaluation and the overcore testing procedures generally assume isotropic relations whereas rock is anisotropic in varying degrees. Recently, an anisotropic plane stress solution was adapted for evaluation of in-situ stress9 and a related plane strain solution was developed for the testing of stress-relief core. 10 The present paper unifies the stress evaluation and overcore testing procedures for a general class of anisotropic rock. Equations are presented for calculating the state of stress in a plane normal to the borehole, and a consistent thick-wall cylinder solution is given for determining the necessary elastic properties. In addition, a complete example of stress evaluation from laboratory and field data is presented, and the order of error in computing the state of stress from isotropic relations is illustrated. Several limitations of the results should be emphasized. All results assume small linearly elastic deformations of a homogeneous medium. Rock characterized by orthotropic, transversely isotropic, and isotropic elasticity is considered; however, the anisotropic results assume a special relation among certain elastic constants in addition to geometric orientation with respect to a plane of elastic symmetry. For some stress determinations in rock, these may be severe limitations. On the other hand, the anisotropic evaluation procedure involves little additional effort and is much more flexible than the corresponding isotropic evaluation procedure. The collection of field data is identical. The laboratory determination of elastic parameters is no more difficult and time-consuming for the anisotropic than for the isotropic model. Only the calculations require some additional effort for the anisotropic evaluation, and this additional effort is eliminated by use of a small computer. The flexibility of the anisotropic procedure is greater because more than two independent elastic constants are available in fitting rock data. For the special relationship assumed among orthotropic constants, five independent elastic constants are available for the determination of in-situ secondary principal stresses as compared with two independent elastic constants for the isotropic model. Much of the material presented is either directly from the literature or adapted from the literature through superposition or the usual transformations. Consequently, only enough detail for clarity of presentation is included. RELATIONS FROM ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY Materials that have three mutually orthogonal planes of elastic symmetry are called orthotropic. By directing the axes of the coordinates perpendicular to these planes, Hooke's law for an orthotropic solid 11 is

Jan 1, 1970

By H. J. Siriwardane

This paper presents results from three case studies involving longwall mine panels at which the measured ground movements were compared with the numerical model predictions based on the finite element method. A new approach called the "displacement approach" was used in this study. The general concept of this method is based on the assumption that total roof collapse occurs behind the mine face as it advances. This assumption appears to be true for almost all longwall mining conditions. The prediction based on the numerical model appears to compare well with the measurements.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. M. Radigan, W. G. Prast

M.S. Azun The authors' paper did not explain the facts and reasons why state companies are established and what their role is in international industrial mineral trading. Also, I do not agree with the conclusion implying that the main goal for state companies is to capitilize natural resources. Almost all state companies are founded by certain laws and their activities are arranged by state regulations. Their only aim is to operate mineral deposits for their people and to protect the rights of the people. Although some ore deposits, such as nonstrategic or small, may be exploited by privately owned companies, the state has the right to control the operation and production. Activities of state companies may or may not be widened because of the character of the deposits and the importance of the mineral market involved. For some countries, although governments may occasionally change hands, the policy of the mineral trading system is not affected by this change. There is no doubt that any government desires to make more earnings to increase GNP, when it is involved in operating and trading mines. It wants to produce and sell the finished products, instead of unprocessed ones, if possible. When it is known that some mineral deposits are relatively rare, such as Turkish boron deposits, the government can nationalize the mines to control production and affect the market. If there is an abundance of a certain mineral in the market, the government can cut production and set a floor price, such as Canadian potash. Also, when production of a specific mineral is unique, such as Turkish chromite, the price of such mineral may be set by correspondant government. One may add that if some governments with their state companies produce a certain mineral in a larger amount, they may decide to establish a cartel to protect their production and price. These are the facts followed by government-owned state companies and partially government-owned companies. The reason being charge of many deposits by the state companies is always the same: "protect" the mineral rights of the people.

Jan 2, 1984

By A. L. Edwards

A two-year study focused on current noise exposure levels in the South African mining industry, aimed at helping the Mine Health and Safety Council of South Africa meet its milestones for eliminating noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Methods A multi-task methodology was adapted from international baseline studies to determine the exposure to noise in both large-scale and small- to medium-scale mines. Results On average, 66.7 per cent of the employees sampled in year 1 and 78.4 per cent in year 2 were exposed to noise levels of above the 85 dB A legislated occupational exposure level. Conclusions Information obtained through the study could be developed into a national personal noise exposure database, including audiometric results, equipment noise emission levels and initiatives for noise engineering control by mines and equipment manufacturers to facilitate targets of eliminating NIHL. Keywords Noise exposure levels, mining industry, noise-induced hearing loss

Jan 1, 2011

By M Camarda, A Pirson, F Vasconcelos, J Mesquita

ArcelorMittal Prijedor is a goethitic iron ore mine located in the north-west of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which mainly supplies ArcelorMittal’s European subsidiaries. Annual production of the asset stands at the level of 1.5–2.1 million tons of iron ore product which is sent to ArcelorMittal Zenica steelmaking plant. Two types of products with approximately 50 per cent Fe are generated in Prijedor through a process composed by crushing, screening, and magnetic separation stages. Within this process one of the tailings produced is called ‘ultrafines’. The ‘ultrafines’ product corresponds to the desliming hydrocyclones overflow in Prijedor plant, which is classified in a size fraction below 25 μm and corresponds to about 5 per cent of feed. This material is richer in iron than the coarser size fractions of the ore but do not present a good performance in concentration processes. In this way, several studies have been carried out during the last years to find solutions to use the ‘ultrafines’ material without success. In this context, the possibility of dehydroxylate the goethite contained in the material transforming the mineral into hematite and thus increasing the iron grade of the final product was investigated. During the research, several dehydroxylation tests with different temperatures and time of exposure were performed. Using dihydroxylation process at temperatures higher than 800°C it was possible to produce a material with 43 per cent Fe from the original 39 per cent Fe ‘ultrafines’ sample. In addition, the dehydroxylation tests confirmed that goethite becomes completely transformed into hematite at 400°C (with an exposure time of 60 mins) and material is completely sintered at 1200°C. A simulation study based on dehydroxylation tests results showed that it would be possible to use a ‘ultrafines’ product with Fe grade higher than 45 per cent to produce a material with 50 per cent Fe through a complete dehydroxylation process.

Sep 18, 2023

By Everaldo Afonso Fernandes

O presente trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de estudar o efeito dos elementos titânio (teor de 0,05%) e de níquel (teor de 0,03%) na liga Al-0,05%Cu-[0,24-0,28] %Fe-0,7%Si para fins de transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica. Dessa forma, foi adotada uma sequência operacional a fim de caracterizar as estruturas apresentadas pelas ligas. Os processos de solidificação foram realizados via coquilha de aço (forma de “U”). Depois de solidificadas as ligas, os lingotes passaram pelos processos mecânicos de usinagem e laminação para obtenção de corpos de prova com quatro distintos diâmetros (2,7; 3,0; 3,8; 4,0) mm a fim de aproximar estes das bitolas utilizadas em indústrias de cabos elétricos. Todas as ligas foram caracterizadas macroestruturalmente analisando as estruturas brutas de fusão, eletromecanicamente por meio do ensaio de tração [?] e condutividade elétrica [%IACS]. Posteriormente, para a melhor compreensão dos resultados foram avaliados os valores de alongamento [?%] indicando que o diâmetro 3,00mm é a modificação com 0,05%Ti foram os de melhor resultados apresentados.

Aug 7, 2018

By Bernardo de Oliveira Costa

O tempo de mistura em panelas de aciaria foi avaliado em diversos trabalhos através de modelamento físico e matemático. A maioria destes trabalhos está focada em analisar os efeitos da vazão de gás e localização dos plugs porosos usados para injeção. Em artigos recentes, o uso de dois plugs de injeção foi investigado, mas ainda há uma controvérsia significativa sobre a melhor posição para injeção de gás. Nestes artigos, a vazão de gás é distribuída igualmente entre os dois plugs de injeção. Neste trabalho, foi feito modelamento físico para avaliar os tempos de mistura de panelas de aciaria equipadas com dois plugs porosos. O modelo físico foi construído na escala de 1:5 de uma panela de 170 toneladas usada em uma planta brasileira. Os tempos de mistura foram apurados usando a injeção de um traçador. Diferentes combinações de posição dos plugs porosos e distribuição da vazão de gás foram ensaiadas. Experimentos de visualização do escoamento também foram desenvolvidos utilizando tufts e injeção de corante. Estes experimentos foram úteis para análise dos resultados.

Jul 30, 2018