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"?irovski Vrh" Uranium deposit in Slovenia is type of mineralized sediments in ore bearing belts of deflected S-structure, in which the belt is less than 25% mineralized. Ore bodies of irregular small thickness, unreliably contoured, made difficult estimation of correct contours, which are necessary for design and exploitation works. The deposit was explored by vertical boreholes made at the surface and by boreholes fanned from drives. For the purpose of application of this estimation method, 1 m composites have been made in slices which were parallel to the referential belt plane. Estimation was made for 1,5m x 1,5m x lm blocks which do correspond to the size of the containers in the ore transport stage. Two variables have been used: the first, indicator of function (ore=1, waste material =0) and kriging method; the second, logarithmical content of Uranium and Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation (MMSEE) method. Based on estimated values of those variables, probability of ore quantity as well as Uranium content over determined cut-off were calculated for each block. Those two parameters enable determination of the most probable form of the ore body in ecah one metter slice. Estimation of sixteen small blocks in a large 1,5m x 1,5m x 1m block made possible estimation of ore quantity and its content for the determined cut-off, as well as categorization of exploration. This method is being used for estimation of ore reserves and planning of exploration operations. The described' methodology was tested in an exploitation block.

Jan 1, 1986

G. R. DELAMATER,* Steelton, Pa. (written discussion t)..-Under the heading, "Preparation of Coal," Mr. Campbell discusses the ad-visability of sizing the coal for the jigs. While I fully realize that conditions alter cases, my method at all times is to do everything possible to avoid sizing. It would be unwise for anyone to say that greater ash and sulfur reduction is impossible by sizing. The thing that can be questioned is, will the greater reduction be sufficient to counterbalance the greater cost? The same thing is true of the proper size of crushing for each individual proposition. In past years many washeries have been built and equipped for wash-ing two or more sizes, but I know of few instances where these plants were operated more than a year before sizing was abandoned. Perhaps in some of these cases this was clue to lack of sufficient development of such scheme of operation; yet I have found that most men engaged in this work, including myself, started into the work with a pretty well-fixed idea that sizing would be beneficial. But trials and tests showed that the mixed size washing is necessary for coals requiring crushing to 1 in. or less. Coal is of low value, compared with other minerals segregated by washing or concentration, for which reason simplicity must be the watchword: simplicity in the machine used to attain the separations of impurities from the coal, in the accessory plant equipment, and in its arrangement.

Jan 12, 1919

By C J. Corbett

Many underground mining methods rely on blasted rock moving under gravity to report to extraction points. Mining of orebodies dipping between 20 - 45 degrees poses a unique challenge for mining engineers in that a dip angle in this range will not allow the movement of broken ore down the footwall to the mucking horizon utilising gravity. This is more so in cases where the natural angle of repose of the rock is less than the dip of the orebody. Hence, innovative mining systems are necessary to mine this type of orebodies. In Australia, the method of uphole retreat panel stoping is commonly used to extract orebodies in the dip range of 20 - 45 degrees and thickness range of 5 - 15 m. In the Zambian Copperbelt a method called continuous retreat updip stoping is used for orebodies with similar dips and thicknesses. The mechanised form of this mining method has potential for application in the metalliferous mining industry in Australia. In this study a comparison is made between mechanised updip (MUDS) and transverse retreat stoping (TRS) methods. A hypothetical nickel sulphide orebody located in Western Australia is used as case study. The net present value for mechanised updip stoping is seven per cent higher than that of transverse retreat stoping based on the assumptions applied. Initial results of this study indicate that mechanised updip stoping can be adopted for Australian mining conditions. However, lack of significant local experience with the method is often cited as a reason for not adopting it even in situations where it is clearly the best option.

Jan 1, 2003

Mineral resource classification is essential because it is required for public disclosure. The resources must be binned by a qualified person into measured, indicated and inferred categories using an appropriate methodology. The classification methodologies used have long been a topic of research and discussion. There are various traditional and geostatistical methods used in practice. Some are more popular than others. Because of the uniqueness of each ore deposit, it seems almost impossible to have a single industry-accepted norm for mineral resource classification. Therefore, some experts have adapted the methodologies tailored for the deposits they are working on, but many simply use the methods they and their clients understand and are comfortable with. In this paper, a new approach is presented to classify the mineral resources using a data geometry index. This index combines both traditional and geostatistical aspects of resource classification based on the data configuration around the block interpolated. It is a function of several variables such as kriging variance calculated for a block, distance from the block to the nearest sample and the average distance of all samples used to interpolate the block. Thus the approach using this index takes into account the spatial data configuration around the block being estimated, as well as the traditional distance criteria. The data geometry index and how it is calculated is explained. A case study for a gold deposit is presented to see how the classification based on this index compares to the existing methodology used in this deposit for mineral resource classification.

Sep 26, 2011

By John W. Wilson

INTRODUCTION In the past, the cost and time required for the construction of shafts has played an important part in the planning of underground mines. For reasons that are discussed later, the economics and technology of shaft construction in the future can be expected to play an even greater role in the planning of new mines and the operation of existing mines. Indeed, the very feasibility of a proposed mining venture may depend on the cost and timing of the shaft requirements. The most commonly used shaft sinking methods used today for excavating vertical shafts are discussed and the need for new technology and methods emphasized. In one study by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, it was reported that the coal industry in the United States alone could require 170 to 190 new shafts per year on the basis of doubling current production by the mid 1980's or 70 to 90 shafts on a more moderate coal production expansion program. This study concluded that the attainment of the required number of shafts would be unlikely with the present shaft sinking resources and costs. In order to meet the requirements for shafts in the United States coal and metal mining industries, more efficient and speedier shaft construction methods will be necessary. Current shaft sinking methods are, in the main, labor intensive, and it is noteworthy that it is becoming increasingly difficult to attract the work force required to sink shafts conventionally. Because of this situation, some attempts at mechanization have been made to compensate for this ever-increasing scarcity of trained

Jan 1, 1976

By J. K. Gustafson

Since prehistoric times, gold has been sought for its beauty and its unusual physical and chemical properties. Early in the dawn of civilization it became the ultimate unit of value, and for at least 6000 years it has been used to barter for other commodities. It has been prospected for, treasured and made into works of art and personal adornment. From time to time, it has even been the object of conquest. Because of its predominant role as a basis for money in recent centuries, economists have come to think of gold solely in these terms. Gold, however, has physical and chemical properties that make it one of the most useful metals in the modern world. It is the most ductile metal known. An ounce of it can be drawn into a continuous wire over 35 miles long. It is also so malleable that an ounce of it can be beaten into films 0.00001 in. thick covering 68 sq ft of surface. It has a density of 19.3 and is so heavy that 1 cu ft of it weighs more than half a ton. Gold is nonmagnetic and has a high electric conductivity that is only slightly less than that of silver and copper. Gold is so inert to all the chemicals found in nature that gold coins and jewelry buried beneath the soil or at the bottom of the sea for thousands of years appear to be as bright and perfect as when they were first immersed. Finally, gold has an extremely high reflectivity of both light and infrared rays.

Jan 1, 1971

By Y A. Stepanyants, J Crawford

A practical field method for determining the maximum value of the intrinsic oxidation rate, Smax , of sulfidic materials in waste rock dumps is proposed. Knowledge of the intrinsic oxidation rate of sulfidic materials distributed in a dump is necessary for predictive modelling of oxidation and pollutant generation over time. The suggested method uses the fact that drilling waste rock dumps to install probes for monitoring temperature and oxygen concentration causes large volumes of air to be injected into a dump by the drill rig. By measuring the rate of decrease of oxygen concentration along the length of a borehole immediately after installation, it is proposed that Smax can be calculated at different depths. The aims of this work were: to derive a simple, practical formula for the estimation of Smax from the oxygen concentrations measured over time, based on some simplifying assumptions; to use a two-dimensional numerical model that incorporates all the necessary physical processes to model the behaviour of an aerated dump over time for a reasonable range of dump and material parameters; and to compare the results of the two approaches to assess the validity of the simple formula as a method for estimating Smax. It has been found that the technique can provide reliable estimates of Smax when the value is of the order of 10-7 kg(O2) m-3 s-1 or greater. At the lower end of the range however the radius of the zone aerated during drilling becomes an important parameter and further work has been recommended to investigate this aspect of the method.

Jan 1, 2003

WHEN Magma Copper Company in 1952 set about finding $100,000,000 to finance the project of developing and equipping the property of its lusty progeny, the San Manuel Copper Corporation, A. J. McNab, president and guiding genius for both companies (and incidentally a mining engineer by profession), determined that he would avoid the mistake frequently made in such circumstances, of underestimating the cost, and thereby running short of funds before the job was completed. The fear that this might happen was one of the reasons why insurance companies, one potent source of "big" money, were reluctant to finance the enterprise. How, they asked themselves, would Magma, a relatively small company, get additional money in such a contingency? Insurance officials' thumbs were turned down. Conditions Imposed by R.F.C. The upshot was the negotiation by Mr. McNab for San Manuel of a contract with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, dated July 10, 1952, whereby needed monies in amount up to $94,000,000 would be advanced as a loan, bearing 5 per cent interest. Arrangements were made for the separate financing of the new $10,000,000 town, needed for the project, through the Del E. Webb Construction Company of Phoenix, Arizona, and M.O.W. Homes, Incorporated, of Los Angeles. Thus the $94,000,000 drawing account was believed ample to provide for building the railroad, the mine plant, the concentrator, and the smelter, as well as for the underground development of the mine needed to start production. As a matter of fact, only

Jan 1, 1957

By J. R. Maxwell

In 1970 expansion was completed increasing mill capacity from 2,000 to 3,000 T.P.D. Actual grinding capacity is 3,400 T,P,D. at a grind of 60% -200 mesh,The ore bodies are vein type, containing about 12% sulphides, with mill heads averaging 2.25% Cu, 0.015 oz.Au, and O.4O oz, Ag. per ton.Summary and Conclusions:During the period Jnnuar-1 1971 to December 1973 inclusive the use of large cells at Opeminka have shown that metallurgy is comparable to when using conventional cells, Operating and maintenance costs are lower, An on stream analyzer with reagents controlled by computer, are being assessed further.Opej1atljn Of Cells:!lo cell level adjustments are required when tonnage is adjusted 20 to 25%.Depending on mill heads and grade of concentrate reagents are adjusted to the first rougher for metallurgical control. Reagents to second rougher and scavengers are seldom adjusted as feed to this section has a maximum variation of about 0.2'~ Cu.Power – Maintenance and Space Requirement :Our total power consumption for 3,400 T.P,D. flotation circuit for operation and air supply is 280 H.P. Previous power drawn using conventional cells was 400 H.P. at 2,000 T.P.D.Total maintenance costs for flotation circuit has averaged $1,100.00 per year for the 3 years of operation, this cost should remain constant.Floor space required for cells and walkways is 2,000 sq.ft.

Jan 1, 1974

By Dirk van Zyl, Lysa Morishita

Mining companies are increasingly approaching the social aspect of sustainable development within the rural communities that neighbour their projects and operations. Rural community engagement requires significant effort and resources, and it can be extremely challenging for mining companies to earn and sustain social capital. The focus on rural, proximal community engagement is not to be understated and has led to significant benefits in many communities. However, opposition to mining projects is often exhibited in urban environments, where there may be potential for mining companies to gain social capital with relative ease. Cities tend to have existing frameworks for community engagement and public activation, such as annual parades and festivals, that make it easy for a mining company to provide financial support or value-in-kind. Local organizations and community groups can achieve the same amount of engagement in an urban environment with significantly less effort required from the mining company. By applying simple marketing principles to community engagement strategies, corporations can increase awareness for their business and encourage city residents to think critically about the origin of resources. Unlike many corporations, mining companies are not marketing or selling products to individual consumers. From this arises the opportunity for a company to use marketing to promote other positive initiatives and, as such, connect their brand with positive messaging thus earning social capital. This may lead to a wide variety of secondary impacts including benefits to recruitment efforts, increased political support, and positive media coverage. This paper explores these matters with special reference to Vancouver, BC, Canada and the mining companies Teck and Goldcorp.

Jan 1, 2017

By William A. Hustrulid

INTRODUCTION Prior to the mid-1970's, the U.S. Radioactive Waste Disposal Program was focused on salt deposits as the geologic medium of choice, almost to the exclusion of other rock types. These efforts are illustrated by the Project Salt Vault experiment in a salt mine at Lyons, Kansas, in 1965-1967 followed by attempts to locate a repository site in central Kansas. Preliminary evaluation of other geologic media led, in 1978, to the GAIN (Geotechnical Assessment and Instrumentation Needs for Nuclear Waste Isolation in Crystalline and Argillaceous Rocks) Symposium held at the University of California (Berkeley), for the purpose of preparing a state-of-the-art document together with research needs for some of the other possible rock types. Because possible sites had not been selected, nor would they be for some time, the primary emphasis was for research and development focused on generic rocks and generic sites. A basic ground rule at that time was that the host rock formation should provide the primary containment for the waste. Also, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was just drafting the proposed rules regarding site suitability so that this input was not available. The collection of baseline data, conduction of some critical experiments both in the laboratory and field, and the performance of scoping studies were deemed needed. Such work was indeed undertaken; and to date, a great deal of information has been compiled and much has been learned regarding the characteristics of rock masses, rock behavior

Jan 1, 1984

By G. B. Clark

Dynamic rock mechanic as it pertains to blasting has involved several areas of active research effort. Among the important problems which have been the subject of research are wave mechanics in rocks, mechanisms of rock breakage, cratering, applications of similitude, energy partitioning of explosives, coupling, and other related factors. In some of these areas many problems have received fairly complete answers, while in others, investigations have raised new questions while attempting to answer existing ones. The slabbing mechanism explains many of the phenomena observed in blasting, but is hot the complete answer to observed breakage and fragmentation phenomena. There is currently a gap between coupling experimental results and theory. Applications of similitude to open pit blasting have been made unnecessarily complicated. Basic scaling laws for large true and apparent craters have not been derived for either chemical or nuclear explosives. There are few useful data and little developed theory on the partitioning of energy of explosives in all types of blasting. No suitable mathematical model has been developed which will describe the stress waves in rock which are responsible for rock breakage: Significant progress has been and is being made in these areas of research, however. ELASTIC AND NONELASTIC WAVES Complete solutions for spherical wave equations in viscoelastic media are not available in the literature. Equations for certain viscoelastic models do show limited promise, however, of being applicable to rock masses, particularly for pulse type phenomena. Seismic investigations, blasting operations, the design of protective underground structures, and the evaluation of other explosive effects in solids would be greatly bene-

Jan 1, 1967

"High Pressure Grinding Roll (“HPGR”) technology is applied in a broadening range of minerals processing applications for relatively wet or moist materials. HPGR grinding of dry material or involving drying and air classification is more common, for example in cement manufacturing. A number of minerals processing plants are also operating with dry material, either due to process reasons, such as considerations of preceding or subsequent process stages, or as dictated by local conditions of arid areas and scarcity of water. The present world-wide expectation of decreasing availability of water supply urges us to look for alternatives that minimize water consumption.Recently established and envisaged future HPGR applications with dry ores have indicated that the technology of dry crushing and classification as practiced in cement and limestone grinding can be applied in minerals processing. Moreover, dry technology could very well be applied for generating a final fine product at sizes near or below 100 microns, as may be required for beneficiation by, for instance, flotation, magnetic separation or tank leaching.Dry HPGR grinding requires special attention in maintaining suitable process economics, when considering power input in grinding, drying and classification. In some cases, HPGR capacity and roll surface wear life may be negatively affected by a lack of moisture in the feed.This publication summarizes some of the features of, and experiences in dry HPGR applications. This includes design aspects of the classification system and discussion of the wear protection of the roll surfaces. The paper also includes examples of operational experiences of dry practices in minerals processing and cement plants."

Jan 1, 2012

By M. M. Papic, J. C. Whitehead

"A sample of Hat Creek coal has been extracted using supercritical aromatic solvents in a laboratory-scale extraction unit. Extract yields in the range 21 to 27 per cent of dry-ash-free coal were obtained.These yields are significantly lower than yields available from high-volatile bituminous coal and some lignites. Thus in a combined extraction/hydrocracking scheme for the production of liquid fuels from Hat Creek coal the char product would exceed that required to supply the energy and hydrogen requirements of the process. Excess char could be used for the production of power or gas for sale.IntroductionThe Supercritical Gas Extraction (SGE) process developed by the U.K. National Coal Board operates in two stages: an extraction stage in which a coal extract is separated from mineral matter and undissolved coal and a subsequent hydrogenation stage.The SGE process is based on the ability of a compressed supercritical fluid to dissolve relatively high molecular weight substrates. It is operated under conditions where a hydrogenrich portion of the coal is selectively extracted in a short residence time extraction stage leaving a hydrogen-deficient char. The process schematic shown in Figure I illustrates that the extract produced is separated from the solvent and passed to a conventional hydroprocessing stage while the char product is utilized in the production of heat, power and hydrogen for the process. An extract yield in the order of 50 per cent dry-ash- free coal represents a ""balanced"" case for such a process in which there is just sufficient char for the provision of these commodities."

Jan 1, 1985

By Jensen B

The investigation of the explosion characteristics of nine Bowen Basin (Central Queensland) dust samples in a suitable coal dust explosion chamber using a new dust concentration probe provides several advances in the area of coal dust explosibility testing. The 20 litre explosion chamber, of novel design, uses rotation of the main body of the chamber together with air jets for dust dispersion, and allows testing of different types of explosion initiators and analysis of the explosion characteristics of coal dust/methane mixtures of varying concentrations.A new development was a dielectric dust probe for the measurement of coal dust concentration. A capacitive micrometry technique was successfully adapted to measure dust concentration. The system uses a ratio-transformer bridge for measurement of small changes in a capacitive probe designed to sample a representative volume. The device is accurate, and is capable of operating in the hostile environment within the explosion chamber.The explosion chamber and dust probe characterise the explosive potential of coal dust samples by determination of the dust lean limit concentration in varying mixture with methane. Plots of lean limit points obtained in this way present an explosion curve for each sample which indicates the potential of the coal dust/methane to explode under the conditions of initiation in the chamber. The explosion curve obtained for each sample presents a unique signature that appears to reflect the physical and chemical characteristics of the dust.The results from this series of laboratory experiments appear to provide a useful index and indicate potential areas of interest for future research.

Jan 1, 1991

By Saint-Smith J. C

The anode, tank house and wire bar plant and operations are described with particular reference to those features of design and methods which are characteristic of this refinery at its inception.Reference is also made to auxiliary equipment, transport and materials handling facilities.The work of commissioning the plant late in 1959 is discussed and comment is made on the organisation of construction and origin of the equipment.LOCATION OF PLANTThe site chosen for the copper refinery is on level ground adjacent to the junction of the Mount Isa and the main north-south railway lines at Stuart near Townsville, Queensland. Blister for refining is received by rail from Mount Isa. Refined products are taken 10 miles by road to Townsville Harbour for shipment to other Australian ports or overseas, or despatched by rail direct from the plant.Adequate room for expansion was provided to cover copper refining and any associated industry. The layout of future extensions was planned and space reserved for them before detailing the original units of the main refinery.The initial plant also provides convenient storage facilities and is laid out to derive the greatest benefit from prevailing northerly breezes during the humid tropical summer.As far as possible, the working areas are located so that the prevailing winds cool them as they traverse the buildings.These factors are of very great importance since this is believed to be the only copper refinery in the tropics operating with all white labour and in any case the Company set out to provide the best possible conditions for its operating personnel.

Jan 1, 1961

By John A. Oberteuffer, Ionel Wechsler

High gradient magnetic separation, first introduced in 1968 as a means for the removal of very fine magnetic contaminants from clay, is no longer a new technology. Applications to a number of solid-solid and solid-fluid separation problems are now being exploited. Recent pilot tests and full-scale industrial installations of high gradient magnetic separators and filters have established their commercial viability and have demonstrated their superiority both in efficiency and cost effectiveness to conventional prior-art methods for water treatment and mineral processing. In high gradient magnetic separators, the magnetic trapping force for fine, even weakly magnetic particles is greatly increased over those available in previous magnetic separators. These very strong trapping forces are created on the edges of fine filamentary ferro- magnetic materials in the presence of a strong background magnetic field. In the basic cyclic high gradient magnetic separator, particles are trapped in the filamentary matrix until it is loaded, at which point the magnetic field is turned off, and the filter is back- flushed. Applications of cyclic high gradient magnetic filtration for water treatment include filtration of waste and process waters in steel mills. Treatment of hot rolling mill scale pit effluent and cold rolling mill emulsion has been successfully tested, and 2-meter diameter SALA-HGMF® magnetic filters have been installed at Japanese steel companies for the treatment of recirculating scrubber waters in a de-gas- sing system. A second major application in water treatment is for the polishing of recirculating waters in power and steam generating systems. High gradient magnetic filters can operate under conditions of

Jan 1, 1980

By H. D. Jacobs

The Bureau of Mines developed a concentration method to upgrade and utilize marginal natural or direct-shipping iron ores and fine-grained lean iron ores. Presently these ores receive little beneficiation and accordingly have low iron-silica (Fe-Si02) ratios. Ore samples were roasted with equal weights of solid reductant at 1,100° C for 1 hour to metallize the iron and for an additional hour at 1,200° C to promote grain growth. Concentration was effected by crushing and screening techniques and/or wet magnetic separation. Sized concentrates (minus 4 plus 35 mesh) derived from crushing-screening processes contained from 80 to 85 percent iron that was 90 percent metallized. Iron-silica ratios as high as 12:1 and iron recoveries from 75 to 94 percent were obtained. The sized concentrates were judged suitable for use as blast furnace feed. Minus 200-mesh metallized concentrates derived from roasted minus I-inch plus 8-mesh ore fractions and magnetically concentrated contained 90 percent Fe and 4 percent or less Si02, chemically qualifying them as feed for electric furnaces. Roasting minus 8-mesh ore with hydrogen, then magnetically concentrating it, produced iron concentrates containing 57 percent to 67 percent Fe and 3.6 percent to 8.4 percent Si02. The concentrates having Fe-Si02 ratios ranging from 8:1 to 12:1 were considered adequate for use as blast furnace feed. Overall iron recoveries for the 12 ores tested ranged from 56 percent to 94 percent with an average iron recovery of 86 percent.

Jan 1, 1969

By D. Sager

Middleburg Ferrochrome (MFC), a company in Samancor Chrome, commissioned a new ferrochrome smelter in March 2009. This is a 60 MW DC-arc furnace with a DC power supply for the smelting of Transvaal chromite ore fines. With the benefit of 12 years' experience with this technology while operating a 44 MW DC-arc furnace, MFC mitigated all known challenges and considered up-scaling risk in the new plant, which had a rapid ramp-up to full power in 02 of 2009. Good operating practices, as made possible by robust equipment selection, including a thyristor rectifier set of proven technology, and operation with optimal slag chemistry, leads to a safe and effective plant operation. With the optimized furnace design and a correctly sized power conditioning system, using only standard (static) harmonic filters and a correctly sized smoothing reactor, the arc furnace is not a 'dirty load' for the utility, staying well within IEC limits for power quality. A patented arc compensation system is installed and allows for full arc position control (to compensate for magnetic field induced arc deflection) so that a symmetrical crucible is maintained, significantly benefiting refractory life. The principal benefits gained from the MFC process is the fact that ore fines are processed, without metallurgical coke, and higher chrome recoveries are achieved compared to other smelting technologies when using a DC open arc for smelting. Keywords Samancor Chrome, Middelburg Ferrochrome, ABB, smelting, DC arc furnace, arc compensation, power factor correction, anode, harmonics, thyristor, reactor, maintenance, refractory, ores, reductants.

Jan 1, 2010

By J. H. Reiss, D. F. Bruhn, Idaho National Laboratory, Y. Jiao, D. W. Reed, Y. Fujita, D. L. Daubaras

"Bioleaching offers a potential approach for recovery of rare earth elements (REE) from recyclable materials, such as fluorescent lamp phosphors or degraded industrial catalysts. Microorganisms were enriched from REE-containing ores and recyclable materials with the goal of identifying strains capable of extracting REE from solid materials. Over 100 heterotrophic microorganisms were isolated and screened for their ability to produce organic acids capable of leaching REE. The ten most promising isolates were most closely related to Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Talaromyces. Of the acids produced, gluconic acid appeared to be the most effective at leaching REE (yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, europium, and terbium) from retorted phosphor powders (RPP), fluidized cracking catalyst (FCC), and europium-doped yttrium oxide (YOEu). The Acinetobacter isolate, BH1, was the most capable strain and able to leach 33% of the total REE content from the FCC material. These results support the continuing evaluation of gluconic acid-producing microbes for large-scale REE recovery from recyclable materials.INTRODUCTIONAn enhanced recovery, substitute, reuse or recycle paradigm is important for balancing the supply and demand of critical materials (DOE, 2011). The recovery of rare earth elements (REE) from recyclable materials is an important component in this model. REE are used in a variety of modern products. For example, neodymium, europium, terbium, dysprosium, and yttrium are important for applications such as permanent magnets, lamp phosphors, rechargeable batteries, etc. (Binnemans, Jones, Blanpain, Van Gerven, Yang, Walton, & Buchert, 2013; DOE, 2011; Graedel, Harper, Nassar, & Reck, 2013). Cerium and lanthanum are used in glass polishers and additives in fluidized cracking catalysts (FCC)."

Jan 1, 2016