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By C. H. Riggs

This report of a petroleum-engineering study of the Flat Rock oil field, Osage County, Okla., describes the geology, reviews the production history, and estimates remaining oil reserves. The Flat Rock field in the southeastern corner of Osage County approximately 6 miles northwest of Tulsa. Okla., was discovered in November 1904. The field was one of the first of many Bartlesville-sand fields developed in eastern Osage County during the early part of the 20th century. Although substantial oil reserves remain in the pressure depleted sands in some parts of the field, their economic recovery by water flooding will require careful consideration of the many factors involved.

Jan 1, 1954

By Frank Haehnig, Harald Krenn, Harm-Christoph Claassen

"The Wadi Dayqah Dam Water Supply Scheme represents one of the most important projects implemented by the Sultanate of Oman to ensure sustainability of water resources. The principal components of the project comprise two dams to impound the Wadi Dayqah, to store and supply drinking water to the local area and to Muscat, the capital city of the Sultanate.The Main Dam with a central spillway is a RCC Gravity Dam with a maximum height above foundations of 75m, crest length 400m; the Saddle Dam is a rockfill dam with central clay core, max height above foundations is 49m and crest length 360m. During construction of the Saddle Dam a key trench was excavated to 10m depth and filled with compacted clay connected to the central core of the embankment. Grouting utilizing cement grout was performed as a single line grout curtain prior to each filling operations. Both Dams are founded on soft Siltstone, Claystone, Sandstone and inter-bedded harder limestone.After construction of the Saddle Dam, once water was in the reservoir it became evident in early 2010 that some seepage was occurring apparently from the right abutment. This seepage became more marked when the reservoir first filled to discharge over the spillway in June 2010. In order to reduce the seepage, additional sealing works by drilling and grouting of a three row curtain up to 80 meter target depth were initiated to supplement the existing single row curtain. Part of this project for the sealing works has also been to drill additional investigation holes to provide more information and confirm extend of the additional sealing works and its limits.Züblin Ground Engineering was awarded the Additional Sealing Works Contract. Whilst Equipment was on Site, the opportunity was taken to carry out drilling and grouting on the Left Abutment of the Main Dam to reduce seepage through that abutment and to install additional standpipe piezometer for future monitoring of seepage patterns.Work on this Contract started on site in January 2013 and was substantially completed in January 2015.At the time of Tender Züblin Ground Engineering propose and Alternative Design in the form of a Secant PileCut-Off Wall, 85m long to a depth of 40m with additional drilling and grouting below the foot of the cut-off which was then included in the contractual scope."

Jan 1, 2016

By J Foster

The Lanfranchi Nickel mine is located approximately 48 km south of Kambalda in Western Australia. Mining first commenced in the mid-1970s under the previous owner, Western Mining Corporation Ltd. After two years on care and maintenance, Panoramic Resources (previously known as Sally Malay Mining Ltd) purchased the operation in November 2004. The site currently produces approximately 10?000 tonnes of nickel metal annually from approximately 430?000 tonnes of ore. The Ore is mined from four main orebodies; Deacon, Helmut South, Lanfranchi and Schmitz. The Helmut South orebody is situated approximately 790 m below surface and extends to a resource depth of 940 m. Horizontal thickness of the orebody ranges from 10 m to 45 m in width, with the average being 30 m. Previous mining at the Lanfranchi operations specifically the Helmut orebody, had a history of seismic activity. When Panoramic Resources acquired the operation it was decided that seismicity was going to be an issue and therefore a mining method needed to be selected that could effectively manage this potential risk. The dip of the orebody is quite shallow at 45º, with a 30º plunge to the south . The hanging-wall comprises of very weak ultramafics. Due to these factors the orebody posed several mining challenges. To safely and effectively mine the Helmut South orebody in the Lanfranchi Nickel mine, underhand cut and fill mining was selected as the most appropriate mining method. Paste fill comprising of cemented gold tailings was the backfill of choice. This paper is intended to convey some of the key learnings from the use of a mining method that has not been commonly practiced in Australia.

Mar 21, 2011

By Y. Feng

Perovskite structured oxide 15% Y-doped BaCeO3 (BCY15) has been evaluated for use as proton conducting electrolyte in SOFC with propane as the fuel and Pt as both electrodes. Under the fuel cell conditions, BCY15 exhibited high proton conductivity and good cell performances. Propylene was detected as product at the anode outlet, and the product distribution suggests that propane dehydrogenation underwent competition with cracking to lighter hydrocarbons. Stability during cell performance tests showed that there was no obvious degradation for BCY15 electrolyte during operation of C3H8-O2 fuel cell.

Jan 1, 2005

By Henry T. Mulryan

The philosophy, strategy and techniques of successful marketing of talc, differ sharply from those applied to most other mined products. Unlike non-ferrous metals, there are no commodity exchanges to facilitate the transfer of goods. Unlike iron ore and some non-metallics, assured markets by means of long term contracts are practically non-existent. Talc must be sold and sold and sold again. The normal channels of talc distribution are almost identical to those used, by the chemical industry. These consist of a blend of producer marketing staff, field technical service, and sales force; and independent chemical wholesalers. Like the term "chemicals", there is tremendous product diversity contained in the rather loose expression "commercial talc". Certain kinds of talc, processed in conventional ways, are regarded as commodities by the consumer. That is, that material from one source or supplier is considered to be effectively interchangeable with those available from a number of other areas and producers. Under such conditions, lowest delivered price, quickest delivery, and best, customer service, are the key factors in a successful sales effort.

Jan 1, 1965

By K. van Warmerdam, M. Pearson, C. Kember, D. McMullen, M. Thayer, C. Ugarenko

In July 2012, Hatch Ltd. and Air Products & Chemicals Inc. completed construction and commissioning of a 4000 tpd O2 cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) for Barrick Gold’s Pueblo Viejo Project located in central Dominican Republic. The ASU produces high pressure gaseous oxygen, which is used for the oxidation of refractory sulphide ore within the pressure oxidation (POX) circuit. As a result of the project’s remote location and tropical climate, many challenges were faced over the course of construction, commissioning and start-up of the ASU. These challenges included adequate preservation of equipment due to dusty and humid site conditions, final assembly and erection of the cryogenic distillation columns on site, limited spare parts inventory/availability, and an unfinished power source for plant commissioning. This paper discusses the steps taken by Hatch and Air Products to successfully design, construct, commission and start up the largest stand-alone ASU plant for a POX application in the metallurgical industry.

Jan 1, 2014

By D. Hulse

Mineral resource classification is described in both the SME and CIM Standards for Mineral Resource Reporting. The CIM Standard states “… sampling … is sufficient to assume geological and grade or quality continuity between points of observation”, thus is a function of continuity and sample spacing. Continuity can be measured by use of a variogram model, but average sample spacing in three dimensions is more difficult to measure. The declustering algorithms provided with Geostatistics software, are commonly used to weight data for statistical analysis due to the sometimes-irregular spacing between drill holes during exploration. The weights are lower when data is closer, reflecting shared influence between samples, and higher for isolated samples reflecting independence. This paper will discuss the potential to use estimates of the declustering weight as an inverse relative measure for average sample spacing to gauge the confidence of the estimate independent of the single nearest sample. PROBLEM The classification of mineral resources and reserves has long been a combination of science, past experience of the estimator, judgment, and feeling. All of the definitions as presented in the standards of the various countries that participate in CRIRSCO are similar and deal with “sample points sufficiently closely spaced to support confidence in the continuity of …” This has been interpreted as the distance between the block estimated and the nearest sample (or samples). Geostatistics gave us the calculation of the estimation variance of the block, an implicit part of the calculation of weights in Kriging, to account for the confidence in the estimate. More recently, “Kriging Efficiency” has been used, however it is still dependent on the estimation error and responds in a similar fashion to the distance to the closest sample. It is also sensitive to the variogram nugget. Many of these methods result in very low distance/high confidence measures for blocks adjacent to a sample point with confidence decreasing (sometimes rapidly) as the distance to one nearest sample increases. This results in the “spotted dog” phenomenon where individual samples are surrounded by a higher classification near each sample decaying into pattern of decreasing confidence halos. In addition to the visual image of the spots, this raises the more practical problem of mine design when the classification changes between measured, indicated and inferred. This has led to ad hoc methods to classify material within the mining block so all of the stope receives that classification. These manual methods re both labor intensive and subjective. A popular technique is a multiple search method, where the estimator defines a minimum of number of samples from a minimum number of holes within a nested set of search distance that are used to classify estimates. These specified set of increasing distances are usually proportional to the variogram range. While this is generally a good technique and overcomes the spottiness of the closest sample or kriging error, it has certain issues including:

Jan 1, 2019

By G. N. Carlson, C. H. Hazelroth, D. R. Dorrance

"Located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River at Pointe Noire, Quebec are the agglomeration and ship-ping facilities of the Wabush Mines complex. Here, the specular hematite concentrate from the Scully Mine is received for further processing. Modern facilities for handling the ore, either to the 1plant or to stockpile, provide quick and efficient operation of the ore receiving station. Physical preparation of the ore for balling is accomplished with regrind ball mills, filters, bentonite crushing and drying facilities, pumps and related conveying circuits. Rotating table feeders deliver the reground and de-watered ore from storage bins to balling drums, where green ball or green pellet formation is achieved. The green balls are then conveyed to the indurating section. Three Dravo-Lurgi travelling grates, producing a total of 6,000,000 long dry tons of pellets per year, are used in the indurating phase of the operation. These grates, having 38 windboxes and firing at a temperature of 2,500°F, harden the pellets for shipment to various blast furnaces throughout the world."

Jan 1, 1969

By A. Oja, M. Lahtinen, P. Salonen, B. Saxen

Most of the secondary and low grade zinc raw materials cannot be treated successfully by either conventional roasting - leaching - electrowinning (RLE) process or even by atmospheric direct leaching process. The problems arising especially from high impurity content of these raw materials can be effectively solved by implementation of the solvent extraction process. The utilization of solvent extraction process has been demonstrated by Outotec with raw materials like Waelz oxide, crude zinc oxide and zinc containing concentrator tailings. Based on batch and continuous test work it has been shown that SHG quality zinc can be produced even from the lowest grade raw materials. Impurity control in the solvent extraction process has been examined. The solvent extraction process is the key feature of the whole zinc plant for such raw materials. However, design of the entire zinc process including neutralization and bleed treatment is important for optimization of investment and operation costs of the plant. Very careful evaluation of the zinc process with modern simulation tools is essential. The optimized Outotec zinc process ensures a sustainable and profitable process containing minimal effluent and requiring little residue treatment.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. N. Johnson

This report is a summary of the work performed for the Bureau of Mines to evaluate the feasibility and desirability of a movable in-pit crusher combined with conveyors to substantially reduce or eliminate truck or train haulage in large open-pit non-fuel mineral mines. The report includes an introduction and summary of previous work, an analysis of movable crusher system components, a description of the selected system, a review of possible movable crusher system applications, and finally requirements for future work to bring about the general availability of such systems. It was clear from the program that there is a real need for movable in-pit crushers.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. L. Dare

This report is one of a series published by the Federal Bureau of Mines to describe methods and costs of mining uranium on the Colorado Plateau. The Navajo Uranium Division of Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Inc., mines uranium from several deposits of carnotite-type ores, which lie buried in the Lukachukai Mountains on the Navajo Indian Reservation, Apache County, Ariz. The country is rugged and isolated Constructing and maintaining roads has been a continuous task. The ore bodies occur within the Salt Wash member of the Jurassic Morrison formation and are similar to other such deposits on the plateau. The current mining activity in the Lukachukai Mountains is a result of uranium-ore discoveries in 1949, although the Navajos undoubtedly knew of the outcrops of yellow uranium minerals long before that time. The ruggedness of the country and the heavy soil cover over much of the surface hampered prospecting, but probably the main reason the ore was not found sooner is that no one took the trouble to look for it in the Lukachukai Mountains.

Jan 1, 1961

By R. L. Grayson

For the years 1990 and 1991, West Virginia's underground coal small-mine fatality rate « 20 employees) was approximately ten times higher than the national coal industry rate. Although the total number of fatalities decreased to 17 in 1992 (from 22 in 1991), West Virginia still led ,the nation in coal mining fatals. A team of mining and safety professionals from West Virginia University studied the problem over the past year, interfacing with the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the West Virginia Office of Miners' Health, Safety and Training. A clear path for 'formal intervention was determined and is presented here.

Jan 1, 1994

By Eugene H. Skinner

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted experiments on the use of lightweight concrete in the density range of 100 Ib/ft3 for liners in underground mines. Three test sections were completed: a monolithic, portal-type structure with integral walls and arch constructed aboveground; an underground test section constructed in a mine drift using plywood forms; and a second section constructed in a drift using an air-supported formwork. The lightweight concrete in the two underground test sections was placed using piston pumps and a slickline. Fiber reinforcement was added to the concrete in the mine sections without any apparent problems with either pumping or placement of the concrete. In another experiment, the Bureau and Hecla Mining Co., Mullan, rD, used lightweight concrete in the density range of 25 Iblfe to replace timber blocking in a raise preparation structure. Other experiments are described in which low-density, lightweight concrete blocks were produced for mine ventilation doors, stoppings, and barricades. Other mine uses reviewed include pillars and collapsing beams. An advantage of low-density concrete is that it will display up to 50% deformation at a constant yield stress. These hlllovative concepts in deformable concrete lining systems will aid mine operators by decreasing capital and maintenance costs, increasing the available space in underground haulageways, and providing productivity gains and improved resource recovery in the soft, caving, squeezing, or bursting grollnu conditions often found in deep mines.

Jan 1, 1989

By Luiz Alberto dos Santos

. In this work, samples of the alloy with composition of 50.9 % at. Ni were machined and were subjected to hot tensile test, after the machining all the samples were solubilized so that all were in the same condition during the hot tensile test. The hot tensile tests were performed between the temperatures 350-650°C and the yield stress were between 800 and 597.1 MPa and area reduction between 17 and 75% with respect to the initial area. The test at 350°C shows a fragile fracture characteristic while the hot tensile test above this temperature showed a predominantly ductile fracture. The fragile fracture is evidenced by the river marks that are characteristic of this type of fracture, because in this condition does not promote much plastic deformation. The higher temperatures present ductile fracture, because present the dimples that also characterize this type of fracture. This work shows the temperature relationship in the mechanical properties, more specifically the hot tensile test, in the NiTi alloy.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jörg Busch

The essential pre-requisite for attaining the high quality of product required from high-speed continuous production processes is the use of new measurement and control technologies. High availability and reproducible measuring results ensure the high level of process stability necessary for full continuous operation. The requirements for the optimisation of quality across the complete production process and for quality analysis systems will be discussed. This report will present examples of basic and new measurement technologies in Cold Rolling Mills and Processing Lines. The following gauging systems will be discussed in detail: Strip tension meter, roll force measurements, weighing systems and shapemeter rolls. The measuring and control systems in this presentation must be seen as high-tech solutions in the field of processing technology. The measuring methods and technologies described are, together with optimised process models and precision control loops and actuators, the main pre-requisites for achieving the quality of product required from high-speed continuous production processes. Interconnected quality management systems enable optimisation across the complete production process.

Jul 30, 2018

By Cang Daqiang, Li Yu, Liu Xiaoming, Zong Yanbin

"Utilization of high-quality heat in melting slag is a great challenge for iron and steel industry. In the paper, a new method is put forward to concurrently utilize heat and slag by converting the melting slag directly into high valued materials, slag glass-ceramic. A glassceramic with a higher basicity of 0.7 than traditional basicity of 0.45 was prepared from steelmaking slag in order to utilize more hot melting slag. Effects of Alz03 on its crystallization processes were researched by XRF, DTA, XRD and SEM. Results show that Alz03 in glassceramic would have great effected on its property. When the Alz03 content ranges within 12%-15%, glass-ceramics with basicity of0.7 could reach the best performances. The change of dominant phase in glass ceramics from akermanite and wollastonite to akermanite and gehlenite would significantly degrade its mechanical property. An increase of Al2O3 content leads to a rise of the viscosity and crystallization activation energy of the glass, while results in increasing sintering temperature and crystallization temperature of glass, which contributed to its fully crystallization and densification process.IntroductionSteel slag is a by-product under a process of converting iron to steel at above 1600°C, and 0.1-0.15 ton molten steel slag would be discharged for producing per ton of steel in the process. The discharged steel slag at 1600°C has heat of 68 kgce/t. In 2012, China's steel output reached 716 million tons, and produces about 100 million tons of steel slag and 68,000 tee of heat in it [1,2]. But at present, utilization of both slag and its heat at 1600°C is a great challenge for iron and steel industry.Dry granulation of melting steel slag by air and then recovering the heat of the hot air are a traditional technology which have not yet been put into practice for very low heat conductivity of the slag and low efficient of heat exchange among the different processes [3,4]. Therefore, a new method for high efficient utilization of both steel slag and its high temperature sensible heat is put forward [5,6], which is on-line reducing and extracting iron from molten steel slag and then directly preparing glass-ceramic by use of the residual molten slag."

Jan 1, 2014

By F Butler, G E. Batley, A C. Hogan, A R. Butler

The ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) Water Quality Guidelines (the Guidelines) are the primary reference used in Australia and New Zealand for managing and regulating water quality. For most mining operations in Queensland, the environmental authority (EA – licence) incorporates the national default guideline values (GVs) for ecosystem protection as trigger levels (TLs). Exceedances of TLs ‘trigger’ further investigation and reporting. A review of the surface water compliance history at a metalliferous mine in North West Queensland identified minor exceedances of the cobalt GV as a common trigger for investigation and compliance reporting.The reliability of GVs is dependent on the availability and quality of ecotoxicology data for the relevant contaminant. The current national default GV for cobalt of 1.4 µg/L is classified as a low reliability GV due to the lack of available data at the time it was derived (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2000).The Guidelines are presently being revised and the toxicant GVs will be available as a set of web-based values and associated technical briefs. The new platform will enable the timely revision of existing GVs and inclusion of GVs for additional toxicants. Cobalt was considered a priority toxicant for the Guidelines’ revision, but was not included in the revision process.A preliminary review of the international literature indicated that at least 15 additional chronic cobalt toxicity studies had been published since 2000, sufficient to derive a high reliability cobalt GV using the protocols developed for the revision of the Guidelines (Batley et al, 2014; Warne et al, 2015). This presented an opportunity to improve environmental management by increasing the reliability of the performance measure.CITATION:Hogan, A C, Butler, A R, Butler, F and Batley, G E, 2016. Derivation of high reliability water quality guideline values for cobalt in freshwaters – improving water quality guidelines for better water quality compliance management in mining, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference , pp 205–208 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016

By T Kojovic

"The index A*b, determined from the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) drop weight tester (DWT) results, has become well-known in the mining industry as a reliable measure of ore hardness in impact or crushing, having the inferred units of t/kWh. This index evolved from a long history of comminution studies at the JKMRC, including the development of the now superseded JKTech twin-pendulum, the industry standard JK Drop Weight Tester (JKDWT) and the faster alterative JKMRC rotary breakage tester (JKRBT). A reduced version of the DWT, the semi-autogenous grinding mill comminution test (SMC test®), also provides estimates of the A*b though the testing of only one particle size at five specific energies. Experimental determination of A*b using the above devices/tests requires samples, with sufficient mass, to be sent to designated laboratories, registered to conduct such tests. This protocol is fine for bankable and commercial testing, where material characterisation data is used in conjunction with machine specific data in modelling and simulation, and power based calculations. However, for comparative testing, where results are required at the time of sampling (eg for plant troubleshooting or spot-surveys), or for rapid ranking of geometallurgical samples, these existing tests simply do not provide a timely, viable and cost-effective solution. In order to address this critical void in the realm of comparative testing, a new device has been developed, exploiting a central feature of single particle impact testing – that the A*b can be reliably estimated using one precise low energy test. This device, for which a patent is currently pending, called the HIT (Hardness Index Tester), has been precision engineered to allow users to break narrowly sized fragments at a set specific energy, in a safe and easy manner. The manufacturing materials have been chosen carefully to ensure compatibility with the intended use and portability to any site, whilst minimising cost. The device is supplied with a novel quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) feature, to ensure that the targeted potential energy is consistently delivered. The product from the HIT breakage test can be quickly sized using a single screen to determine the mass per cent undersize, from which the A*b index is calculated directly at site – eliminating the need to send the raw data off-site for analysis. On presized fragments, a single test using 20 fragments takes less than five minutes to complete, and the results are immediately available. The HIT is currently being tested at a major mining laboratory in the US and the results to date have proved it can deliver on all fronts. This paper describes the new prototype device, which offers users a low cost in-house mechanism for estimating the A*b at any mine site, with potential applications on fragments up to 25 mm from drill core, blast chip rejects or the grinding circuit feed. It also outlines the results of field tests carried out by an objective third party mining group and compares the results with those from current industry standard tests conducted on the same material.Citation:Kojovic, T, 2016. HIT - a Portable Field Device for Rapid Testing at Site, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2016, pp 9–16 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 10, 2016

By G. L. Oldright

As a rule, the usual zinc retort smelter fired with natural gas made its own burners, of which there might be 300 per block, out of standard pipe fit-tings. The gas was discharged through a feeder pipe at various distances into a cylindrical horizontal "blow hole" through a pillar block and thence into the furnace; the best location of this gas-feeder pipe was at the horizontal central axis of the blow hole; the side entry into the blow hole usually was used. The air entered the same blow hole behind the gas, through a short nipple, in the inner end of which was a constructing orifice in a clay plug; in this ,work cone-shaped funnels of various lengths also were used. Even with the air and gas correctly proportioned to each burner, small differences in their dimensions were found to influence greatly the temperatures reached, their uniformity, and consequently the percentage of zinc extracted. This fourth paper of a series on cooperative work in the zinc retort plants of the Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Company discloses the methods and principles followed in approximating closely the optimum dimensions for various burners, with examples from experimental and commercial furnaces showing the interrelation of such dimensions with combustion and temperatures in the furnace.

Jan 1, 1948

By Lloyd Buckingham

Barrick Gold Corporation (Barrick) has undertaken innovative methods of evaluating and improving the performance of grinding mills in several of its operations around the world. The results have been positive with some of the mines showing more than 20% net energy improvement leading to more than 43,000 tonnes per year reduction in CO2 emissions in four of the operations reviewed.

Jan 1, 2012