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By J. F. Wright

The cold, or Kississing, Lake area in northwestern Manitoba was the scene of considerable prospecting and mining activity last summer. At the Sherritt-Gordon property, four diamond drills were at work exploring a large deposit of copper and zinc ore, and underground work was in progress on this deposit from two shafts. Some preliminary diamond drilling was completed in five other deposits, and surface exploration work was in progress at a dozen or more additional localities where copper and zinc sulphides were known to be present. Many prospectors visited the area and spent some time in search for new deposits, but apparently few discoveries were made; consequently, last autumn some returned a little disappointed in the area as a prospecting field. Although many visited Cold Lake area last summer in the search for mineral deposits, it should be emphasized that this new prospecting field is a very large one, and that to date only a small proportion of the ground has been examined, except in a very general way. Within the past 18 months, a village of several dozen cabins, and with a population of l00 or more persons, has sprung up on the shore of Cold lake, just west of the Sherritt-Gordon mine. This at present is the business centre of the area, and two banks, a post office - named Kississing by the Postal authorities - a Mining Recorder's office, as well as several restaurants and stores carrying a fairly complete stock of groceries, dry-goods, and general prospecting equipment, are already established.

Jan 1, 1929

By M. Savella

The Runruno Gold Project is located on the island of Luzon, approximately 200 km north of Manilla in the Philippines. The mine is a surface mine operation and use the proven BIOX® and carbon in leach processes to recover gold, and the ASTER™ process for detoxification of the CIL residue prior to discharge to the Residue Storage Impoundment (RSI). Work to date has defined a mineral resource of 1.39 million ounces of gold, and the operation will produce 96,700 ounces of gold per annum over a mine life of 10.4 years. The BIOX® circuit is designed to treat 140,000 tpa of concentrate with a design capacity of 404 tpd of concentrate at a design sulphide sulphur grade of 17% S2-. The Runruno project is the first BIOX® plant to implement the Generation III BIOX® design principles. As part of the Generation III BIOX® program Outotec supplied a turnkey, containerised metallurgical laboratory to facilitate the first four stages of the BIOX® and ASTER™ inoculum build up requirements. BIOX® inoculum build-up was started during early January 2015 with 5 litres of stock cultures shipped from South Africa. The BIOX® culture was successfully adapted to concentrate produced from the mini plant during March 2015. The ASTER™ inoculum build-up commenced during early August 2015 utilising 27 litres of ASTER™ bacterial inoculum already adapted to similar process conditions expected during commercial operation. This paper will detail the various stages of inoculum build-up through to commissioning and ramp-up of the BIOX® and ASTER™ Processes at the Runruno Gold Project. The paper will highlight some of the factors affecting the commissioning process as well as the improvements seen through the introduction of the Generation III BIOX® design principles.

Jan 1, 2017

By M Barker, H Li

The total number of tailings accidents has reduced from over 50/decade in the 1960s-1980s to less than 30/decade in the 2000s to 2010s. However, the rate of significant tailings dam failures has not been reduced. The significant tailings dam failures the mining industry experienced in the recent history include: Merriespruit, South Africa, 1994; Los Frails, Spain, 1998; Kolontár, Hungry, 2010; Mount Polley, Canada, 2014; and Samarco, Brazil, 2015. The conventional Factor of Safety approach itself may not be enough to further reduce the rate of significant tailings failures due to its limitations such as uncertainty. For example, the same factor of safety could have a vast range of annual probability of failure for different tailings dams, and insufficient consideration of failure consequence. This paper presents a risk based approach for design with the objective being to minimise tailings dam failures, especially those significant tailings failures with high consequence and low probability. This approach includes risk based design and risk management using bowtie tools. In the risk based design, quantitative analysis will be used to estimate the annual probability of failure and the tolerable failure criteria is linked to the consequence category. Bowtie analyses will be used to understand hazards and risks and identify and select independent controls that are effective in preventing and mitigating catastrophic failures. In this paper, examples of risk based design and bowtie analyses are presented and discussed. CITATION:Li, H and Barker, M, 2018. Risk-based approach for minimising tailings dam failures, in Proceedings Mine Waste and Tailings Stewardship Conference 2018, pp 397–414 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 23, 2018

By E. McCullough, S. Gaillard

"Diesel particulate matter (DPM) has been regulated by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration since 2002 in underground metal and nonmetal mines. To demonstrate regulatory compliance, DPM samples must be collected and later analyzed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5040 standard method, but the FLIR Airtec DPM monitor can serve as a complementary engineering tool. The monitor is a handheld instrument that offers near-real-time measurements of elemental carbon (EC), which is a primary constituent of DPM. As part of an ongoing field study, the monitor was used to survey EC in an underground stone mine. This effort was aimed at determining spatial and temporal DPM variations in several key locations. The results of prolonged area monitoring—that is, lasting several hours — revealed that DPM concentrations were diluted substantially as air moved away from the primary production zone, but that concentrations could vary quite a bit in a single location from day to day and between seasons. DPM concentrations were generally lower in winter than in summer, which is consistent with increased natural ventilation airflows during winter. Using a modified sampling cassette, an attempt was also made to sensitize the Airtec monitor to allow for “spot-checking” of EC concentrations — that is, measurements made in several minutes. Preliminary field data showed that the sensitive cassette performed well in terms of providing accurate data that could be useful for rapid assessment of DPM. IntroductionDiesel particulate matter (DPM) is the solid fraction of the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. It largely consists of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) (Birch, 2003). The World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel exhaust, including DPM, as a carcinogen (World Health Organization, 2012). It is believed to cause and/or exacerbate respiratory illness upon inhalation, deposition and retention in lung tissue. Because DPM exists in both the micro- and nanoparticulate ranges, it can bypass typical autoimmune defense mechanisms that keep larger particles out of the respiratory system (Ristovski et al., 2012)."

Dec 1, 2016

By D. W. Hoey

Eight years use of the ISA Process is reviewed and current design and operations described. Nodern Technology used for impurity control and disposal as well as the use of mechanised electrode handling equipment, cell voltage monitoring, cell insulation and an efficient contact bar system are described. Improvements achieved in terms of energy usage and plant productivity are detailed.

Jan 1, 1987

By Mathias Jern, Ruilin Yang

A blast vibration model has been developed that simulates effects of almost all blast design parameters on the blast vibration peak particle velocity (PPV) from a production blast with multiple blastholes at a given point of interest in the rock. The velocity of detonation (VoD), initiation points, explosive types (density, VoD, energy), charge decoupling, and decking in each blasthole are simulated along with other blast design parameters. The information from signature hole blast vibration and the blast design are the input to the model. The model can be used to assess blast damage in proximity of blastholes as well as far field vibration PPV.

Jan 1, 2019

By B. W. Cavender

Innovative mining and metallurgical operating techniques or processes can be identified and developed by systematically analyzing change as it occurs within the mine, plant, technology, or industry. Sources of change to be monitored for innovative opportunities include unexpected successes or failures, incongruities between perceived and actual events, process needs, changes in perceptions, and the development of new knowledge. Innovation can be effectively organized, practiced, and managed. The perception of change as an opportunity rather than a threat is mandatory, as is the systematic measurement of innovative performance. Innovation is enhanced by specifically-designed policies regarding organizational structure and staffing, daily management practices, and compensation and incentives.

Jan 1, 1994

By O. Norman Lotter

The formulation and use of mixed collector suites in sulphide flotation can be traced back as far as 1957 with the work of Glembottskii and his co-workers in Moscow. The subject was reviewed by Lotter and Bradshaw in 2010, and proposed a synergy between ideally-selected different reagent types to deliver improved performance, in particular the in situ catalysis of a xanthate to dixanthogen by a dithiocarbamate. Correctly formulated for a particular application, an optimally arranged mixed collector suite delivers the following improvements to the flotation process: • An increase in the flotation kinetics • Improvement in coarse, or middling, particle recovery • Reduction in total dosage requirement • Best results are found from testing the ratios of the collectors. This is of critical importance. In all an optimally formulated mixed collector system usually delivers an increase in paymetals recovery of 1–4% absolute, with a gain in concentrate grade in the range 10–20% relative. In recent years, the addition of semi-conductor theory and associated electrochemistry has contributed significantly to this toolbox by way of identifying optimum domains of Eh and pH for the flotation of individual minerals. In the case of mixtures of minerals, this is where the mixed collector system delivers significant value by way of presenting a mixed set of collector radicals and dimers in a common Eh and pH domain for overall performance. This calls on a fundamental understanding of organic chemistry, mineralogy, semiconductor theory, and electrochemistry. Whereas the selection of grinding media type effectively influences the Eh, the pH can be easily controlled by pH modifiers. The theory of this system, and some industrial case studies, are discussed.

By M. Cousineau, S. Gariepy

"Current business and corporate environments push for improving metal accounting practices in smelters. The ensuing projects commonly proceed along a bottom-up approach. As such, efforts are first put on reviewing the measurement system and then on remedying the identified weaknesses. The focus is thus moved to mass/metal balance only after the measurements upgrade process has been completed. However, practice has shown that assessing the high variances related to suboptimal measurement processes is complicated without the help of statistical data reconciliation. This bottom-up approach leads to a to-do list that can not only exceed available resources but also lack prioritization in view of achieving the targeted end use. This paper describes an upgrade project done differently where all the three dimensions of the metal accounting system: hardware, software, and people were instead involved at the onset. Personnel was thus trained on data reconciliation software at the beginning of the project to make the reconciled mass balance benefits available earlier in the upgrading project. This has pinpointed the most critical measurements where accuracy and reproducibility should be improved. Overall, not only the instrumentation retrofitting process has been streamlined, but the global risk for the whole upgrading project has been significantly lowered.INTRODUCTION Mining companies are pressured to improve their production accounting practices in response to the strengthening of corporate requirements for timely and accurate production reporting (Gaylard, Randolph, & Wortley, 2014). Smelters are not spared from these changes. However, their unique situation in the mining value chain set them as strategic targets for upgrading projects. They usually have a longer lifespan than concentrators thereby offering an extended lifecycle to justify investments. Furthermore, numerous smelters have toll agreements with third parties. Accurate cost and production accounting is, therefore, a vital piece of information to fix acceptable contract conditions. Mining companies are ultimately aiming at a clearer view of the operating performance of each business unit to improve their business decisions in a competitive environment. This sought for increase in visibility through plant performance can only be achieved through an upgrade of the metal accounting system. Figure 1 shows the different components of a state of the art system (Gaylard, Morrison, Randolph, Wortley, & Beck, 2009)."

Jan 1, 2017

By W Curlewis, D Hake, Z Cuthbert

The South Island Line (East) will be a medium-capacity railway covering approximately 7 km from Admiralty Station to South Horizons Station on the south side of Aberdeen Harbour in Hong Kong, with intermediate stations at Ocean Park, Wong Chuk Hang and Lei Tung.South Island Line (East) Contract 904 project is located on the island of Ap Lei Chau at the southern side of Hong Kong island and requires extensive construction works to be completed in close proximity to the existing residential estates of South Horizons and Lei Tung. The project also has areas of significant cultural heritage, including 18th and 19th century temples and historical gravesites. Owing to the site access constraints and location for the project, detailed planning and methodology innovations have been required to ensure the most effective and responsible means of delivering the project works. To excavate the tunnels using drill-and-blast techniques in these restricted locations, the maximum instantaneous charge weight that could be fired while blasting was severely limited. To overcome these restrictions, the project team developed and pioneered the use of ‘deck loading’ in Hong Kong to minimise the impact of blasting operations and has successfully implemented double- and triple-deck blasting operations during the completion of tunnel excavation works.Upon completion of the drill-and-blast excavation, the tunnel lining works were completed using both in situ concrete lining with travelling forms and permanent shotcrete works.CITATION:Curlewis, W, Cuthbert, Z and Hake, D, 2014. SIL904 Hong Kong – Drill and Blast Tunnels, station blasting innovations (double- and triple-deck blasting) and lining solutions, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 21–28 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By Farnham. G. S.

It is difficult co know how to deal with this subject before a group having such mixed interests. The mining man is not coo concerned with the problems of alloy research. The engineer is more interested in properties of materials than how these properties can be achieved. The business man feels that scientific history and prognostication are not for him, predicting trends or possible developments in the economic field being a more than sufficient occupation. Yet the application of physical metallurgy research to industry is of importance to miner, engineer, and business man, for only through such application can the continuing existence of industries manufacturing or consuming metals be assured. History shows that hard work does not guarantee industrial survival. For instance, the Bessemer method of steel making superseded puddling operations; it, in its turn, has been largely displaced by open-hearth processing; later, steels made in electric-arc furnaces displaced open-hearth products in the quality field; and now, very specialized steels are being made in high-frequency rather than in arc furnaces. It is apparent then, if industry is co remain healthy, complacency must give way co imaginative planning, based on a thorough knowledge of production technique, a knowledge supplied by efficient research.

Jan 1, 1947

By F. Bélanger, P. A. Fournier

"Modelling and optimization techniques used in the operation of the Detour Lake Mine leach circuit are contrasted to a 1973 review of contemporary techniques used by a major gold producer. The leach circuit at the Detour Lake Mine was modelled using a full factorial Design of Experiment of stirred tank reactor leach tests using circuit feed. Contour plots of extraction were applied in the plant to optimize addition rates of cyanide and the newly-commissioned lead nitrate system. Contour plot sections were used to understand the impact of sulphur in circuit feed at different operating dissolved oxygen concentrations. The 1973 review paper offers insight into industrially-applied modelling and optimization techniques. In particular, a mathematical model of plant data was developed using multilinear stepwise regression analysis. The model was presented using graphical representations available at the time and applied to optimize the rates of cyanide addition. Off-the-shelf software solutions of today allow mineral processors to quickly and easily visualize data, allowing them to re-allocate time and resources spent processing data to generating raw data and extracting actionable information.IntroductionModelling and optimization in mineral processing is the art of reducing reality through judicious use of assumptions to understand a process and leverage this knowledge to engineer practical solutions to metallurgical problems. Data analysis is at the core of this enterprise.While this paper showcases the modelling work done at the Detour Lake Mine (DLM), the primary objective is to pause and reflect on how far the field has progressed since the 1970’s. A snapshot of state-of-the-art gold cyanidation modelling at that time is a review paper of the Anglo American Group’s capabilities (Brittan & van Vuuren, 1973). The objective of this paper is not a play-by-play of the evolution of modelling and optimization since that time. Rather, it is a comparison of the field at two points in time.In 2016, DLM undertook an extensive bench-scale leach circuit modelling program to better understand the impact of cyanide, dissolved oxygen, lead nitrate, grind size, density, and pH on gold cyanidation (Fournier, 2016). Two major capital expenditure projects were anticipated for 2017: improvements to oxygen control and a lead nitrate distribution system. While the lead nitrate system was planned for construction, the design parameters had not yet been selected. Following the development of the model, plant trials were executed to validate aspects of the model and the methodology was expanded to address other plant issues, in particular the effect of talc chlorite and pyrrhotite in leach feed.The variables of the bench-scale study are summarized in Table 1. Dependent variables were varied using a full factorial design of experiment with two repetitions for each test condition, yielding a total of 300 tests. Test order was randomized to eliminate bias from independent variables."

Jan 1, 2018

By H. Netuka, J. V. Horak, A. W. Khair

"A general review of major problems concerning mathematical modelling of roof bolting problem is given. A mathematical model (MM) of interactive set Bolt - Resin - Rock and its discretization based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed to calculate numerically course of displacement, stress and strain fields in this set. This new MM enables to get also course of the normal and tangential components of contact stress vector, normal displacement and then mutual tangential slip at the bolt - resin and resin - rock interfaces, respectively.Behavior of system on all interfaces is modelled in the MM as a ""unilateral contact"" governed by so called non-classical boundary condition of Signorini's type including Coulomb's law of friction between resin and rock, and ""a given friction"" law between bolt and resin (see Duvaut, Lions (1972) for mathematical formulation).Numerical example and some values of resulting stresses are shown and remarks on necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability of the problem are also given.IntroductionAs is well known roof bolting has become the primary support system in almost all underground coal mines. But the ""theoretical"" design criteria for roof bolt patterns are rather problematic because: "" ... real mechanisms by which the roof bolts reinforce the immediate roof of underground coal mine entry are still relatively unknown"", see Peng (1986).The aim of this contribution is to present brief description of fundamentals of mathematical theory (see Hlavacek et al., 1988) which could be, according to our opinion and knowledge, very helpful for numerical modelling of a such type of problems. For the sake of brevity we restrict ourselves here to just one of the simplest possible problem: analysis of the behavior of interactive set composed by only single full - length - grouted bolt, resin (or cement) and suitable part of domain of a ""immediate"" neighborhood of bolt which should represent physical action of real rock material."

Dec 1, 1995

By C. C. Clark, D. J. Benton, J. B. Seymour, L. A. Martin

"The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting research on jackleg use and related accidents in underground metal mines. This paper provides an analysis and overview of jackleg drill usage, accidents, operational characteristics and alternatives, based on information from injury reports, legacy research, stakeholder input and published literature. The results indicate that jackleg drills are involved in more groundfall accidents in underground metal mines than any other drill, and jackleg-drill-related injuries are most prevalent at the face in the course of installing initial ground support. Practical mechanized alternatives to jackleg drills for drilling and bolting under incomplete support in narrow underground openings have not yet been realized. Small, versatile mechanized bolting equipment needs to be developed to address jackleg-drill-related accidents and improve safety at mines where jackleg drills are being used. IntroductionJackleg drill is a generic name for a handheld, rotary, percussion rock drill equipped with an attached reaction leg to provide stability and thrust (Fig. 1). All of the drill and leg controls are located near the operator’s handle at the rear of the head portion of the drill. Jackleg drills are classified according to the bore size of their pneumatic pistons, which normally range from 6.03 to 8.26 cm (2.375 to 3.25 in.) (Kurt, 1982; Clark, 2012). Jackleg drills typically weigh 46.7 kg (103 lb), but the weight can approach 54.4 kg (120 lb) after being fitted for operation with drill steel and air and water hoses (McKibbin and Clark, 2001). In underground mines, jackleg drills are commonly used to drill 3.8-cm (1.5-in.) diameter holes up to 1.83 m (6 ft) deep in rock."

Aug 1, 2016

By J. S. Chen

DOE recently funded 21 projects under the solicitation by its Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Division. This project is combining the expertise of an interdisciplinary team of researchers with that of three manufacturers to isolate nuclear waste storage sites using remote longwall mining. The concept is being pursued in Germany, too. This paper will present the conceptual approach to the project and discuss the problems in transferring longwall mining technology to nuclear waste containment.

Jan 1, 1994

By A Golsby

Although much talked about, social licence to operate (SLTO) is a relatively new concept that has been deemed as one of the four biggest business risks to a mining project over the life-of-mine. There is no accepted single definition of SLTO and this author understands SLTO to be stakeholder perception of the legitimacy of a project, a company or an industry. At a specific site, and across different sites within the same organisation, SLTO ranges through different levels according to stakeholders’ degrees of acceptance in time and space. Management of SLTO is vital for the mining sector but is difficult as it is informal and intangible. Although there are no key performance indicators, there are certain indicators that enable relative measurement of the ‘level’ of the SLTO. Because of the importance of the SLTO, information management during the entire life-of-mine, from exploration to rehabilitation, becomes crucial for the continued operation of a project. This paper identifies ten basic principles for the management of information to support the SLTO.CITATION:Golsby, A, 2014. Managing information to support a social licence to operate, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 389–398 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

Blast vibrations induce sounds within neighboring residences. A house wide vibration and sound monitoring system was installed in a West Virginia home which was subjected to blasts at varied distances and direction. Eighty-nine blast events were monitored and analyzed for this case study. Fifteen channels of data were collected including three triaxial geophones, one airblast microphone, one uniaxial geophone mounted to the wall of the house (response channel), and four microphones that recorded CD quality sound waves inside the house. Each of these channels was recorded on the same time reference and scale allowing for direct comparison of the waveforms. The response channel signal was easily separated into ground vibration induced and airblast induced movement due to the differences in their times of arrival. This response channel was then compared to the sounds recorded inside the home to determine which component of blast vibration induced the maximum sound response inside the home. Blasts at distances less than 762 meters (2,500 feet) had maximum sound responses from both ground vibration and airblast. While for blasts beyond 762 meters (2,500 feet), the maximum sound response inside the home was caused by ground vibration without exception. When airblast was identified as the dominant sound generator in the house, the peak amplitude of the sound was directly related to the amplitude of airblast. When ground vibration was identified as the dominant sound generator in the house, the peak amplitude of sound was not related to the amplitude of ground vibration. In these cases, sound amplitude was driven by the conditions present in the house such as loose items, doors, and windows creating sudden peaks from falling or slamming. In the same respect, sound amplitudes varied depending on where the sound was recorded. Different rooms generated very different sounds based on the contents of the room. Findings from frequency analysis showed that the frequency content of sounds inside the house were not related to frequency content of airblast or ground vibration regardless of source suggesting that residents would have difficulty determining the source of blast induced noise in their homes.

Jan 1, 2010

By P. Klossek

It is estimated that China accounts for 94% of the world supply of rare earths (Roskill, 2011). This fact, together with the impact of China?s export policy, poses a substantial risk to the security of the rare earth supply as well as a rare earth price risk. This situation has motivated an increase in the number of rare earth projects under development, i.e., there are currently more than 440 worldwide (Technology Metals Research, 2012). However, economically and environmentally acceptable processing technology to produce tradable products from rare earths (e.g., separated rare earth oxides) is not freely available on the market at the moment. In this respect, a lot of research and development has been initiated on this topic, in academia as well as in industry. Using a proprietary model and scenario-based analysis, we studied the impact that the development of rare earth processing technologies would have on the rare earth market and the economic feasibility of rare earth projects mentioned before. The analysis showed that this impact varies depending on the technology type (e.g., technology can affect project production volume, cost structure or both) and the legal context of the invention (e.g., free or limited by patenting availability of a new technology). The effect of a technology which influences project production volume is not the same as of a technology which changes project cost structure. The impact of a patented processing technology differs from the impact of a processing technology which is freely available on the market. In the case of a new technology which is limited by patenting, its impact depends on the market position (?producing?, ?next-coming?, or ?not producing? project) of the patent holder. The paper contributes to existing research by studying the dependence of the expected micro- and macroeconomic impact of rare earth processing technology developments on the properties of a new technology (e.g., costs, legal framework etc.). By this means, the paper adds to existing knowledge and attempts to make the rare earths market more transparent and predictable from a perspective outside China.

Aug 1, 2013

By S Rogers, D Stead, E Eberhardt

The last decade has seen a major increase in use of the discrete fracture network (DFN) approach applied to cave mining problems, often integrated within more complex geomechanical simulations. Because the value of the DFN model directly depends on the quality and quantity of available field data, there is the need to apply dedicated mapping procedures to collect sufficient structural data at the required engineering scale. This paper attempts to address several key questions about DFN modelling; for example: are current methods for fracture mapping suitable for DFN modelling? What are the critical parameters that we need to measure and what do we need to change in the current practice? Particularly at the earlier stages of a cave project, engineers may have to account for the lack of appropriate data, which manifests itself in the form of increased uncertainty and the difficulty to characterise variability in an objective manner using a limited set of data. DFN models could in principle be generated using limited data by assuming statistical distributions for the sampled parameters; however, engineers would need to be aware of the implications that such limited knowledge (and increased uncertainty) would have on stability analysis, fragmentation analysis and mine design. When used correctly, a DFN approach offers practitioners the opportunity to:maximise the use of fracture data collected from mapping of rock exposuresgenerate more realistic synthetic rock mass modelsprovide estimates of natural fragmentation that also account for rock mass variability.CITATION:Elmo, D, Eberhardt, E, Stead, D and Rogers, S, 2016. Discrete fracture network modelling – importance of accounting for data uncertainty and variability, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 845–852 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By J. A. Harle

Introduction When considering power in Alberta, there automatically come to mind ideas of either hydro or thermal generation, leaving in one's thought an uncertainty as to which one would propose. There is frequently an obvious source of power in some locations on our fastflowing rivers, the major possibilities being described in the report on Surface Water Supply and Water Power of Alberta issued by the Alberta Government in 1948, but it must be realised when reading that report that the sites so described will require extensive geological and other surveys before they can be exploited, and account must be taken also of the transmission distances involved in each instance. From a conservation point of view, where water power can be economically developed and power transmitted to the load centres, this should be done, and our thermal resources should be husbanded for our coming generations, especially if our water resources are falling owing to glacial shrinkage.

Jan 1, 1951