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By John G. Koert, Koert D. Burnham, John G. Broughton

Wollastonite in Essex County, New York, occurs as a typical contact mineral in a series of rocks metamorphosed by anorthosite. Sole current use is in various types of electric welding fluxes. Its uniform lathlike shape suggests its use as a specialized filler. Introduction Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was first noted in the vicinity of Willsboro, Essex County, New York, about 1810 by Dr. William Meade, and described from the same locality in 1821 by Lardner Vanuxem.' Recent exploration and development indicate that the deposit is of adequate size for continued exploitation on a larger scale than the present operations. The only other known occurrence of like magnitude in this country is in Kern County, California.* Wollastonite has been reported from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Lewis County, New York, but these are little more than mineral localities. Geology The Essex County wollastonite has been found outcropping at numerous separate localities in a belt of contact metamorphosed sediments, 1/4 mile wide, which begins 2 miles southwest of the village of Willsboro and trends N. 70" W. for approximately 6 miles (Fig. I). In this belt, the pre-Cambrian Grenville has been injected and partially replaced by the more liquid portions of an anorthositic magma. Bud-dington and Whitcomb3 have described the rock in this contact metamorphosed belt as "Mixed gneisses: Grenville mafic, pyroxenic and garnetiferous gneisses and skarns* with local nearly uniform garnet or pyroxene layers and with gabbroic anorthosite sheets. A few limestone layers." These rocks are underlain, presumably at no great depth, by gabbroic anorthosite gneiss, the typical Whiteface border facies of the Adirondack anorthosite massif. The occurrence of wollastonite in large quantities was discovered during the quarrying of the garnet-rich layer that overlies the wollastonite at one opening. Further prospecting revealed its presence elsewhere in the belt, overlain in most places by the garnet. Accurate tracing of the wollastonite is difficult, owing to the glacial cover and to the fact that the weathered surface of the mineral has a dark, dirty brown color, and that the wollastonite itself has been dissolved more or less completely along the outcrops. It has, however, been noted at 10 localities within the skarn belt in the first 2 1/2 miles from its southeastern end. It has not been found in the northern half of the belt and therefore may be limited to the southern half. At the Fox Hill quarry, which is the main opening, 150 ft. have been exposed, showing an aggregate thickness of 30 to 35 it. Of

Jan 1, 1948

By Koert D. Burnham, John G. Broughton, John G. Koert

Wollastonite in Essex County, New York, occurs as a typical contact mineral in a series of rocks metamorphosed by anorthosite. Sole current use is in various types of electric welding fluxes. Its uniform lathlike shape suggests its use as a specialized filler. Introduction Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was first noted in the vicinity of Willsboro, Essex County, New York, about 1810 by Dr. William Meade, and described from the same locality in 1821 by Lardner Vanuxem.' Recent exploration and development indicate that the deposit is of adequate size for continued exploitation on a larger scale than the present operations. The only other known occurrence of like magnitude in this country is in Kern County, California.* Wollastonite has been reported from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Lewis County, New York, but these are little more than mineral localities. Geology The Essex County wollastonite has been found outcropping at numerous separate localities in a belt of contact metamorphosed sediments, 1/4 mile wide, which begins 2 miles southwest of the village of Willsboro and trends N. 70" W. for approximately 6 miles (Fig. I). In this belt, the pre-Cambrian Grenville has been injected and partially replaced by the more liquid portions of an anorthositic magma. Bud-dington and Whitcomb3 have described the rock in this contact metamorphosed belt as "Mixed gneisses: Grenville mafic, pyroxenic and garnetiferous gneisses and skarns* with local nearly uniform garnet or pyroxene layers and with gabbroic anorthosite sheets. A few limestone layers." These rocks are underlain, presumably at no great depth, by gabbroic anorthosite gneiss, the typical Whiteface border facies of the Adirondack anorthosite massif. The occurrence of wollastonite in large quantities was discovered during the quarrying of the garnet-rich layer that overlies the wollastonite at one opening. Further prospecting revealed its presence elsewhere in the belt, overlain in most places by the garnet. Accurate tracing of the wollastonite is difficult, owing to the glacial cover and to the fact that the weathered surface of the mineral has a dark, dirty brown color, and that the wollastonite itself has been dissolved more or less completely along the outcrops. It has, however, been noted at 10 localities within the skarn belt in the first 2 1/2 miles from its southeastern end. It has not been found in the northern half of the belt and therefore may be limited to the southern half. At the Fox Hill quarry, which is the main opening, 150 ft. have been exposed, showing an aggregate thickness of 30 to 35 it. Of

Jan 1, 1948

By J. G. Asbury

Broadly conceived, the demand for electricity depends upon three sets of variables: (i) the growths of the many individual demands for energy services; (ii) the competitiveness of electrically driven technologies in meeting these demands; and (iii) the energy-conversion efficiencies of installed electrical technologies. The first set of variables establishes the size of the potential market; the second, the market penetration of electrical equipment; and the third, the quantity of electricity required to operate the equipment. All forecasts of electricity consumption ultimately depend upon inferred or assumed relationships to describe the future behavior of these variables. This partitioning of the demand-forecasting problem is conceptually useful and will guide the discussion presented in this paper. However, it is also something of an oversimplification. Examined in more detail, the electricity fore-casting problem is exceedingly complex. The variables mentioned above are, in turn, found to depend upon more fundamental sets of demographic technological, resource, and policy variables. The demand projections developed by the major forecasting services are usually developed in terms of these underlying variables, which themselves must be independently forecast.

Jan 1, 1985

By K. Mukherjee

A quasi-thermodynamic calculation is presented for estirt~ating vacancy Parameters in fcc metals. For fcc metals the equilibrium vacancy concentration at the melting point can be approximated by a constant mole fraction. The Gibbs free energy of formation of the vacancies can then be expressed as a simple function of the absolute melting temperature alone. From this description the formation energy Ef, the vibrational entropy Sv, and the formation volume of a vacancy can be calculated in terms of known thermodynamic parameters. The calculated values are in good agree-rnent with available experimental results. IT appears that many of the physical parameters associated with lattice defects can be empirically related to thermodynamic melting parameters.'-7 Besides the implicit correlations between melting phenomenon and point defects, the melting temperature itself at atmospheric pressure can be used as a reference temperature for the purpose of comparison of vacancy concentrations in a given crystal class. The concentration at the melting point then corresponds to the maximum vacancy super saturation in the crystalline state at a fixed pressure. For pure fcc metals such as Au, Cu, Al, Ag, Pb, and Pt the mole fraction of vacancies at the melting point8 is of the order of 10*"3 to 10"1. The equation expressing the equilibrium vacancy concentration at the melting point contains three parameters: the formation energy, the vibrational entropy, and the absolute melting temperature, see Eq. [2]. Since these three parameters cover a wide range of values8 in the above-mentioned metals, it can be assumed that in other fcc metals, for which no reliable data are available, the mole fraction of vacancies at the melting point most likely lies in the range 10~3 to lO"4. This is then the basis of the calculations described in this article. Within this range the mixing entropy can be linearized and the vibrational entropy, the formation energy, and the vacancy formation volume can be calculated in terms of known thermodynamic constants. 1} LINEARIZATION OF MIXING ENTROPY The Helmholtz free energy of a crystal containing n vacancies at the melting point can be writteng as where Ef, T,, k, and S, are the formation energy of a vacancy, the absolute melting temperature, Boltz-mann's constant, and the vacancy formation entropy, respectively. After applying Stirling's approximation in Eq. [l] and minimizing with respect to n where (n/N), is the equilibrium vacancy concentration in mole fraction at the melting temperature at 1 atm pressure. If instead of setting (6~/6n) = 0 immediately after Stirling's approximation in Eq. [I], the configurational partition function is simplified, then some useful and significant results can be obtained by utilizing the experimental inforrnation After applying Stirling's approximation and rearranging is plotted as a function of (n/N) in Fig. 1. The points, not all of which are shown, are fitted by a straight line substituting from Eq. [5] into Eq. [I] and minimizing with respect to n combining Eqs. [6] and [2] It must be emphasized that Eq. [7] is only a crude approximation based on an oversimplified model of

Jan 1, 1967

By L Klemettinen, A Jokilaakso, D Attah-Kyei, P Taskinen, M Tiljander, D Sukhomlinov, D Lindberg

In this study, the use of carbon neutral biochars as reducing agents in the pyrometallurgical treatment of nickel slag was investigated at 1400°C in order to recover valuable elements such as copper and nickel from the slag. A large amount of slag is generated during the nickel matte smelting. Nickel slag contains valuable elements such as copper, nickel and cobalt, which can be recovered. Disposal of this slag results in loss of resources and may cause pollution of the environment. It is important to retrieve these metals for environmental and economic reasons. In this study, the slag was reacted with non-fossil reducing agents (biochar) which were produced from hydrolysis lignin and black pellet biomass pyrolyzed at 600 and 1200°C and with metallurgical coke for comparison. The reduction experiments were done at 1400°C for 15, 30 and 60 mins under inert gas atmosphere. The samples were quickly quenched and analysed with Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPMA). The results showed that the use of biochar resulted in faster reaction kinetics in the reduction process compared to coke. The fast reaction kinetics is attributed to the relatively high content of volatiles in this biochar, leading to gas formation and thus mixing of the sample material. Moreover, thermodynamic modelling was also performed using FactSage™ to simulate equilibria with different amounts of biochar. The metal to slag distribution coefficient calculated from the results of thermodynamic modelling were consistent with experimental results. In addition, thermodynamic calculations confirmed that nickel is reduced rapidly and it deports to the metal alloy phase. As the reduction progresses or extra reductant is available for reactions, more iron is deported to the metal phase. The calculations also revealed that Zn vaporises into the gas phase.

Jun 19, 2024

By D. Harrington

Advocates of health and safety in mining have found themselves confronted in recent years with what might appear to be contradictory procedures with regard to dust occurrence in mines and what appear to be suitable methods or measures to give the mines and mine workers a maximum measure of protection against dust. A concerted and relatively effective drive has been made to introduce rock dust into bituminous and lignitic coal mines to prevent or limit explosion and fire disasters, while an equally determined effort has been and is now being made to curb rock dust or to eliminate it from air in metal mines to prevent or at least limit the occurrence of miners' consumption and other diseases. Both procedures are logical even though the efforts appear to be of an opposing nature. While rock dusting has not been applied in coal mines nearly as universally or as effectively as could and should be done, nevertheless a careful analysis of the record of the past 10 years indicates that the amount of rock dusting that has been done has resulted in the saving of a minimum? of 200 lives annually certainly no small achievement. Largely but by no means wholly due to the use of rock dusting, the number of fatalities from explosions and fires in our coal mines in the last 4 years haw been reduced more than 75 percent as compared with the 4-year period 1911-15, the first years of the existence of the United States Bureau of Mines, which was brought into existence in 1910 largely to try to do something about reducing the disgracefully high fatality occurrence from explosion disasters in our coal mines. Hence, rock dusting has been given at least a. trial and has proved its effectiveness definitely.

Jan 1, 1937

By K. D. Jacob, W. L. Hill

Fluorine recovery in the United States has been restricted chiefly to manufacture of ordinary superphosphate and wet-process phosphoric acid. However, there is an expanding use of fluorine by industry in the form of hydrofluoric acid. Improved methods for recovering fluorine from phosphate rock would yield an adequate supply of fluosilicates and a substantial contribution to the hydrofluoric acid requirement. THE bulk of natural phosphates is comprised of calcium phosphates, which are usually apatites;' calcium aluminum phosphates such as pseudowavel-1ite; and aluminum phosphates, which occur in extensive deposits, notably on Grand Connetable Island." Nearly all deposits of current commercial value are apatite, often with admixed material of other classes. In the trade coarsely crystalline material, mainly fluorapatite of igneous origin, moves as apatite, whereas the fine-grained material of sedimentary origin is marketed as phosphate rock. The latter classification includes the phosphate shales in western North America. Although several genetic varieties of phosphate rock are recognized, most known reserves are of marine origin. Calcium phosphate is concentrated from Florida land pebble and Florida hard rock deposits and from Tennessee brown rock deposits. Phosphate Rock as a Fluorine Carrier: More than two decades ago Reynolds and Jacob surveyed the fluorine content of commercial phosphate rock from various parts of the world. Later these samples were re-analyzed by a new and more reliable method of determining flourine. The revised results with interim additions of new samples, published a few years ago in a brief summary," are shown in Figs. 1-3. Through the points representing the respective varieties of rock medial straight lines are drawn. In some instances the lines are well defined by the points; in others, where scattering renders the position of the best line uncertain, the greater weight is given points near the end of the covered range. Wherever distinct varieties are not recognized among regional deposits the custom is to identify the sample with the geographical location of the deposit. Although all rock varieties cannot be classified with certainty, the plotted results exhibit three distinct types of rock in which the F to P2O5 ratio diminishes, remains sensibly constant, and increases, respectively, as the grade of rock increases. Existence of two types of Florida land pebble, Fig. 1, is supported by additional results recently supplied by a producer." Generally speaking, phosphate rock from continental deposits carries considerably more fluorine, and apatite and insular phosphates less, in proportion to the phosphorus content than is required by the formula for fluorapatite. Exceptions to this are apatite from Canada and certain samples of Florida waste-pond phosphate. The manner in which excess fluorine is held and the nature of the carbonate in carbonate apatite are discussed in recent articles. High-grade calcium phosphates with F to P2O5 ratios less than 0.05 have been found in Curacao, Christmas Island," Mexic,13 and elsewhere. The calcium aluminum phosphates and aluminum phosphates aften carry notable amounts of fluorine. The F to P2O, ratio for one sample of pseudowavel-lite concentrate was 0.05." Aluminum phosphate from Grand Connetable Island is very low in fluorine, whereas some aluminum phosphate minerals" carry as much fluorine as highly fluorinated phosphate rock. Fluorine in Domestic Phosphate: The curves shown in the figures permit interpolation of the F to P2O5 ratio corresponding to the midpoint of selected ranges in grade of any one of the several varieties of phosphate. Multiplication of the interpolated ratio by the mid-range grade (P2O5) yields a figure for the percentage of fluorine in this grade. Then, with the use of the mid-range grade, the amount of fluorine held in phosphate reserves can be estimated, see Table I. Accordingly, on Jan. 1, 1950, the fluorine complement of known domestic reserves exceeded 420,000,000 long tons of the element. A previous figure," deduced in 1940 by a simpler procedure

Jan 1, 1955

By R. A. Morse, C. R. Stewart, F. F. Craig

This paper preFents the results of a series of model flow test on a number of large limestone cores, having different pore configurations. For limestone cores having substantially sandstone type porosity, the production characteristics for solution and external gas drives are similar. For cores whose pore spaces were microscopically heterogeneous (i.e., consisted of combinations of solution cavities, matrix. and fissures), the production characteristics lor solution and external gas drives vary widely. The degree of divergence between gas-oil relative permeability relationships calculated from solution or external gas drive tests is an indication of heterogeneity of rock pore structure. The results of water floods on cores depleted by solution gas drive for each of these two general types of limestone porosity are also shown. Generalizations are made on the water flood recovery that could be expected from each of these two types of limestone porosity. The similarity between solution drive field performance and model solution drive performance on cores from the same formation is shown for several cases. This indicate? the feasibility of predetermining limestone field performance from such large core tests. Photomicrographs of plastic-impregnated rock thin sections of the samples tested are presented as an aid in understanding the flow test performances. INTRODUCTION During the past 15 years. reservoir engineers and research workers have developed methods of testing rock and fluid samples and applying the results, through calculation, to allow reasonably satisfactory predictions of oil recoveries and performances to be expected in sandstone oil recervoirs. It has been determined that representative fluid flow data can be obtained on rock samples as small as three-fourths in. in diameter by one in. long in most sandstones. However, little has been accomplished toward the laboratory determination of fluid flow characteristics in limestones. There has been a great deal of speculation as to the influence of variations in pore size, shape, and degree of interconnection upon oil recovery processes, and a great deal of thought has been given to the interpretation of limestone field perfomance. It has been generally recognized that predictions of reservoir performance based on oil displacement tests on small limestone core samples the size of those used for sandstone tests can often be misleading because of the improbability of obtaining a representative sample in such a small core. Obviously, if there are present in the rock, pore openings of the magnitude of 1/16 in., or fractures or solution channels up to one in. or more in length, it will be impossible to cut any sample less than one in. in any dimension which would represent the flow geometry of the gross rock system. In some formations, the individual openings in the rock are of such size that it would be impossible to obtain a good sample of the flow system even in the total core available from conventional-sized well cores. However, by increasing to the maximum the size of the sample used, it should be possible to obtain representative flow data from the majority of limestone reservoir materials which can be used for prediction of future primary production performance or response to be expected from secondary recovery measures. The only alternatives to obtaining good laboratory test data to serve these purposes are extrapolation of primary performance data obtained by partial depletion of a field, or obtaining information from pilot tests. It has been shown previously, and will be demonstrated further by the work reported in this paper, that extrapolation of solution gas drive performance for an estimate of gas injection response can be very misleading in reservoirs of heterogeneous type porosity. Although it cannot be expected that laboratory information can ever eliminate the necessity of small-scale pilot operations, it is expected, as is now the situation with sandstone reservoirs, that laboratory tests should provide reliable information for screening of

Jan 1, 1953

By S. Gaillard, E. Cauda

"Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is an occupational health hazard in underground mines. It generally occurs in the submicron range, and is often present in the mine atmosphere with significant concentrations of dust particles that tend to occur in the supramicron range. Since dust can interfere with analytical methods to measure DPM, it is often removed from a sample stream using impactor-type size selector (diesel particulate matter impactor, DPMI). Because the DPMI physically removes oversized particles from the stream, its performance may be gradually reduced with aging. Sharp-cut cyclones (SCCs) represent an alternative size selector for DPM sampling applications, with a major advantage being that, by design, they should not be susceptible to rapid aging. This paper presents results of a field study designed to compare the performance of aged versus new/clean DPMIs and SCCs in an underground mine. DPMI aging resulted in clogging of the device, and eventually a reduction of its effective particle cut size – though, when sample flow rate was maintained, DPM sample mass collection was not affected until significant aging had occurred. Under the conditions present for this study, effects of SCC aging were observed to be minimal by the end of the study period. INTRODUCTION Submicron particles are increasingly recognized as significant respiratory health hazards (Cantrell and Watts, 1997; Kenny, et al., 2000; Ristovski, et al., 2012). Diesel particulate matter (DPM) represents a major source of submicron particles in both public and occupational environments (Kittleson, 1998; Abdul-Khalek et al., 1998). Due to their work around large equipment in confined spaces, underground miners have some of the highest exposures to DPM (EPA, 2002; Grau et al., 2004). DPM largely consists of solid elemental carbon (EC), commonly known as “soot”, and organic carbon (OC) that may be sorbed to EC particles (Kittleson, 1998; Abdul-Khalek et al., 1998). EC and OC can be measured by thermal-optical methods such as the NIOSH 5040 Standard Method (Birch, 2016), and their sum is referred to as total carbon (TC). While the complex nature of DPM does not allow for its direct measurement, both TC and EC have been accepted as suitable surrogates for monitoring occupational exposures to DPM (Noll et al., 2007 and Birch, 2016)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Kennedy, Joseph E.

MANY things must be considered in coming to a decision as to what type of crushing and grinding equipment is to be used for preparing run-of-mine ore for concentration, amalgamation, flotation, or cyanidation. This paper is intended in no sense as a thorough discussion of these various factors, but rather contains a few observations based on a wide experience in the manufacture and application of milling machinery. One important governing factor is the tonnage to be dealt with. In large plants treating several thousands of tons in eight hours, a large jaw or gyratory crusher of substantial construction is standard equipment for reducing ore to 8 or 10 in. or finer. In open-pit work, using power shovels with 4- or 5-yd. dippers, a jaw crusher should have a receiving opening of 48 by 60 in., or 60 by 84 in., so that dynamite or hand sledging will not be required for breaking to a finer size before primary crushing. The coarsely broken ore is then conveyed by a belt to vibrating screens, the oversize from which is again conveyed by belts to secondary crushers having openings of 12 or 14 in., the product from which is conveyed to storage. From storage, the material goes to a finishing gyratory for reduction to 1/4 in. or finer.

Jan 1, 1936

By G. M. Brownell

THE Falcon Lake stock is a small igneous mass, 2.6 square miles in area, which has intruded a belt of older lavas and metamorphosed sediments. It is well exposed and the entire area of its outcrop is taken up with surveyed mining claims, the claim lines forming a grid which makes ideal conditions for a detailed petrographical study of the unusual variations which are found in the composition of this unit (see Figure 1). The study of this mass, which has revealed features of both scientific and economic significance, began in the summer of 1939 when trainees in a Prospectors' Training Camp, a Do-minion-Provincial youth-training project under the writer's supervision, were, detailed to map rock outcrops on various mining claims. Microscopic study of rock specimens taken on a line across this stock were made during the following winter and proved to be of such interest that a special trip was made the following summer for the purpose of gathering more data, the results of which are presented here. Location The stock is close to the southeast corner of the province of Manitoba, about three miles from the Ontario boundary. It lies between Falcon and West Hawk lakes and less than a mile south of the Trans-Canada highway. It is easily accessible by motor car, as a branch road from the highway leads to the Sunbeam Kirkland gold mine, which is within the inner core of the stock. Previous Work This area was the first in the Province to receive attention from prospectors, who entered it from the adjacent Lake of the Woods district during the days of the mining boom in the 1890's. Small occurrences of gold, copper, molybdenum, and tungsten ores were found, but to date there has been no production from the district, except for small shipments of gold ore. The regional geology has been mapped by the Manitoba Department of Mines and Natural Resources, the Falcon Lake stock being shown and recorded as of "varying composition". The more detailed work involved in preparing the accompanying map has necessitated only minor changes in the outline as previously mapped.

Jan 1, 1941

By Stanley G. Butcher

"The methods generally applied to predict performance and financially evaluate beneficiation options are reviewed.Typical costs f or a western Canadian thermal coal operation are examined. Preparation-from truck dump to loadout-frequently amounts 10 over a quarter of total minesite costs. Failure to achieve projected yield-whether caused by mine or plant problems-s-substantially increases production costs because more coal has 10 he mined to meet a specific market demand. Problem identification by mass/ash balances is recommended.Thorough characterization of the coal and associated waste materials and more reliable prediction of beneficiation process performance are therefore essential to determine a project 's financial viability.IntroductionWestern Canadian coal prep a ration plant capacity is partway through a massive expansion program . In 198 1 potential product ion was 14 million tonnes, by 1985 it will be 26 million tonnes per year. Only two years ago the industry was concerned whether it could sustain this rate of growth to meet market demands : now with diminished market demand and lower coal prices being offered by our international competitors there are doubts whether t his potential will be fully employed , even by 1990.One direct consequence o f the occurrence of a variety of coals in a stunningly beautiful but complex geo logical setting such as the Rocky Mountains and their Foothills is that each project is unique. Coal is a low value per tonne product. To supply distant markets from geographically isolated deposit s necessitates expensive , dedicated , infrastructure . T o be profitable these operations must achieve eve ry advantage of the economy of scale.Each of the mi ne complexes commissioned in the 1970s experienced severe problems in the area o f co a l preparation . Most bought their way out , paying for major plant modifications by increasing the scale of their total operation . The current market recession may not allow new operations this route to profitability.The objective of this paper is to illustrate the economic impact of coal preparation problems on the profitability o f the total minesite operation and thus provide a sound basis for decision making process."

Jan 1, 1985

Presentation Agenda ?Background ?OEM Recommendations before RCM ?Operating Context ?OEM Recommendations after RCM ?Reality of Failure ?RCM Deliverables ?Maintenance program optimization ?Spare part optimization ?Implementation ?Further Considerations -Three scenarios ?Summary and Conclusion Background ?P&H Mining?s LCM division performed a RCM study on a ?generic 4100 XPB shovel?in Milwaukee. ?P&H soon realized that the analysis required context -The recommendations were manufacturer knowledge based. -The outcome based on manufacturer requirements. -The strategy was not applicable to all machines, etc. Operator experience and ?local knowledge? are key to the success of an RCM analysis. P&H approached Teck Coal?s Fording River Operation to assist with ?Operating Context?. Teck provided operator and maintainer experience.

May 1, 2010

By I. R. Kramer

The delay time for single crystals of iron, zinc, and pre-strained aluminum was measured under conditions of high-speed deformation. The delay time of aluminum was found to be affected by the orientation of the crystal. Under the dynamic conditions employed, tile calculated "activated volume" term appears to be very small for the three metals studied. IN a previous paper,1 it was shown that under dynamic testing conditions at 78° K, there was a delayed yield in single crystals of aluminum and copper which had been cold-worked prior to testing. The experimental results also indicated that the delay-time effect was not due to the interaction of dislocations with impurity atoms or vacancies, but rather to a dislocation-dislocation interaction since aluminum which has not been prestrained shows no delay-time phenomenon. In this paper, some data are reported on the effects of orientation on the delay time of aluminum single crystals; the delay time of zinc single crystals saturated with nitrogen and the delay time of iron single crystals also were measured. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Aluminum (99.997 pct) and zinc (99.999 pct) crystals, 1/2 in. in diam and 8 in. long were grown by the Bridgman technique. The iron single crystal was supplied by Dr. R. Maddin. The zinc crystals containing nitrogen were prepared by melting high-purity zinc in a graphite crucible and the nitrogen was introduced by additions of ammonium chloride. The liquid zinc was then drawn up into glass tubes of 1/2 in. diam and allowed to solidify. The rods were cooled to room temperature before the transfer to the mold for conversion into single crystals. The orientation of all specimens was determined by the Laue' back-reflection technique, Fig. 2 and Table I. To prepare for the delay-time measurements, the crystals were cut with a fine jewelers saw and the ends carefully machined. The specimens then were electrolytic ally polished to remove the cold-worked metal, mounted in a special fixture and hand-lapped. As a final step, the crystals were annealed in evacuated tubes. Specimens of aluminum crystals, Nos. 24 and 26, were compressed 0.5 and 2 pct, respectively, in the direction of the later impact. The zinc specimens were aged at 50°C for 15 min, In the case of iron, only two specimens could be obtained. To obtain sufficient data, it was necessary to resort to a reaging treatment. After each delay-time test, the specimens were aged at 65° C for 100 min. This treatment, according to Clark,2 is sufficient to restore the original delay time. It is believed that although the specimens were plastically deformed approximately 10-4 pct, after each test the delay-time values are reliable. The delay-time measurements were made in an apparatus similar to that described previously.' Single crystals approximately 1 in. long and having a diameter of 1/2 in. were placed in a pendulum which consisted of a bar 1/2 in. in diam and 8 ft long, designed with a crystal holder to accommodate the specimen at low temperatures. The crystal was held at a position 2 ft from the front part of the pendulum. This portion of the apparatus was supported on a fine molybdenum wire. A projectile bar of the same diameter and length comprised the other portion of the apparatus. This bar was supported on

Jan 1, 1962

By D. R. McCord

Data of a known statistical quality has been successfully used in a system of conventional fluid mechanics equations essentially free of empirical "conformance factors to prediet early detailed field 03 in a reservoir where gravity drainage is important and oil and rock properties vary con. siderably. The system is useful where comparative recovery predictions for one or more cases of natural depletion and gas cap pressure maintenance are needed and the reservoir is not too heterogeneous. INTRODUCTION Many authors, have examined various facet* of the gravity drainage-gas cap pressure maintenance problem over the last several years. Two of them. Burtchaell and Elkins, have published practical studies. In the case described in the present paper the best development and operating plan for one of the important reservoirs of the Bolivar Coastal Field in Western Venezuela was urgently needed. It was requested that sound comparative economics be presented along with an engineering evaluation of no additional drilling, maximum drilling. several cases of gas pressure maintenance, of water flooding and combination cases. A rapid analysis of the effect on recovery of the range of crude and rock properties indicated that none of the published methods using average properties would yield adequate comparative predictions. This paper covers the predictive system developed to deal with natural depletion and gas cap pressure maintenance. The large amount of data available for this field permitted statistically reliable correlations to be made of most rock and oil properties, and the evident smooth areal variations of these properties encouraged the construction of a lineal mathematical model of material balance and fluid flow equations, which could be manipulated by a modified iterative procedure. The manipulation is much more adaptable to computing machines than manually operated calculators and subsequent studies have been prepared for the IBM Card Program Calculator. A matrix as opposed to linear model has been tentatively worked out by other members of our group to deal with more heterogeneous reservoirs. It is more adaptable to computers such as IBM-701 or the Remington-Rand Univac. In 1950, when the system reported below was developed, no rapid computing machines were available to the author. Their existence and promise encouraged an initial approach by hand. Some details of oil and rock Property correlation are included because there are a surprisingly large number of medium-sized reservoirs in the world that show systematic property variations which are significant for a rigorous analycon. All large reservoirs (over half a billion barrels recovery) with which the author is familiar contain at minimum a significant temperature variation. Using the rock and oil property correlations, past pressure and production, the gas-oil ratio history of the reservoir was computed and found to be in close agreement with field measurements. The future performance under cases of natural depletion, gas injection of 100 MMcf/day, and of 130 MMcf/day, was then computed; a 70 MMcf/day case was also carried far enough to provide data for comparative economics. The 130 MMcf/day case proved to be the most attractive. A 50,000 horsepower gas turbine driven centrifugal compressor plant to take this quantity of adjacent field gas from 30 to 1,950 psia and inject it into the reservoir is under construction. The total cost of the project will exceed 20 million dollars.

Jan 1, 1953

By David R. Winfield

I would like to thank you for spending the time with me today to review the FLIR PathFindIR thermal imaging camera system: It is truly an innovative safety system that has the added benefit of offering increased efficiency Our company the Winsted Group, specializes in mobile video systems that are fully customizable to address standard and unique operational requirements in a variety of industries from heavy equipment cameras to police and military digital recording systems, high end video camera systems are a hallmark of Winsted?s product line. The use of thermal imaging camera systems to enhance mobile safety is a relatively new concept as it relates to their use in both transportation and heavy equipment operation. This technology, like so many before it, has been adopted for civilian use from its military roots. The identification of enemy combatants through their heat signature has given our troops a decisive edge in military operations in total darkness Likewise, the ability to discern people and objects that give off heat is a significant step forward in collision and accident avoidance. The PathFindIR camera system that I am demonstrating today is so advanced that it cannot be exported outside of continental North America without a US government approved export license I would like to commence my presentation with a short video clip that discusses the technology associated with the FLIR PathFindIR Thermal Imaging camera systems. The video demonstrates the operational effectiveness of thermal imaging camera systems installed on a vehicle operating on the roadway at night, of course there are definite parallels to use in a mining environment, primarily the fact that lighting is limited and the chance for vision limiting dust is ever present. We are, of course more concerned with personnel safety in our mines than encountering wildlife on the roadside. From the same perspective, the transport driver is just as concerned with encountering a stalled vehicle as our mine truck operators are with other mine traffic.

Feb 1, 2008

By L. C. Glenn

IN the preparation of this paper the writer has drawn freely upon the writings of Orton, Munn, Shaw, Mather, Miller, Hoeing, St. Clair, Jillson, and others, as well as upon his own personal knowledge of the fields of both states. It is to be regretted that certain data gathered by him and his assistants last fall are not available for publication. OIL IN TENNESSEE A few wells drilled for brine for salt making in Tennessee between 1820 and 1840 obtained oil, but no definite search was made for oil until just after the close of the Civil War. Active drilling was then begun in Overton and counties southwest of it on the eastern half of the Highland Rim. A number of strikes were made at shallow depths in the basal part of the Mississippian but the wells were soon exhausted and abandoned. Drilling was revived, about. 1892, when the Spurrier district in Pickett County was developed and was followed by the Riverton district in the same county in 1896. A pipe line was laid from the Wayne County, Ky., fields and about 60,000 bbl. of oil were run before a very heavy slump in the production, a failure to find an extension of the field, and excessive local taxation caused the removal of the pipe line in 1906. There was then no production in Tennessee until the discovery, in 1915, of oil near Oneida, Scott Co., at about 950 ft. (289 m.) in fissures in the Newman or St. Louis limestone. This field, however, soon failed and was abandoned. In 1916, oil was found at Glen Mary, Scott Co., in the Newman limestone at a depth of 1232 ft. (375 m.) A number of wells have since been drilled there, some of which were dry while others, close by, were producers. The largest one yielded, at first, about 340 bbl. per day and produced for several months, when it suddenly went dry. Several of the first wells began at 6 or 8 bbl. per day and are still maintaining that

Jan 1, 1920

By A. R. Farkoosh

Al-Si based alloys have been recently used by automotive industry for highly stressed engine applications. Due to severe working conditions of the engine parts, existing alloys hardly endure high pressures at high temperatures. This necessitates alloy modifications to enhance the elevated temperature performance. In this study, the effects of trace nickel additions on the microstructural and mechanical properties of A356+0.5Cu alloy have been investigated at different aging conditions. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to study the microstructural changes. Aging curves have been obtained by hardness measurement. It was seen that the presence of additional nickel introduced many complex intermetallic phases within the microstructure which led to improved high temperature mechanical and aging response.

Jan 1, 2011

By G. L. Neumann

The Andover-Sulphur Hill iron mines in Sussex County, N. J., have a production record extending over 100 years. The last production recorded was about 1880. These mines produced high-grade ore of two types: Bed ore (hematite) and blue ore (magnetite. Some sulfides (lead, zinc, and copper) were found underlying the iron deposits. Data as to size and grade of these sulfide bodies are very sketchy, Toward. J. Hewitt of Elizabeth, N. J., lessee of the Sulphur Hill mines from 194045, prospected for lead, zinc, and copper. .His Only production was several hundred tons of low-grade iron ore, which was crushed and used as heavy aggregate to make concrete blocks for ship ballast. In October and November 1942 made a magnetic survey of this area and bored six-diamond-drill holes with the dual objective of prospecting for sulfides and testing for extensions of the iron-ore deposits indicated by the magnetic survey. In 1944, an iron-mining company examined this property and diamond-drilled seven holes Between December 1949 and March 1950, the Bureau Of Mines in search of sulfide deposits, bored three additional diamond-drill holes. Two of these were on the Sulphur Hill tract and one on the adjoining Tar Hill tract.

Jan 1, 1952

By J. S. UNGER

A LARGE proportion of the coke used is made in the by-product oven from the high-volatile coals mined in the adjacent district. At the beginning it was feared good by-product blast-furnace coke could not be made with our coals. By experimenting with various mixtures of coals, coking time, oven design, and coking temperatures, much has already been accomplished. The results show that a hard, dense coke, not easily broken by handling, can be produced. In its present state it is not all that could be desired, but it is being constantly improved. Such coke has been used alone as the fuel on several of the blast furnaces producing the highest daily production in the Pittsburgh district. Many of the coals in the Pittsburgh district when coked in the by-product oven yield a gas which contains a high percentage of sulfur, which is objection- able for many metallurgical operations. As this fuel is gradually replacing the ideal fuel, natural gas, which is becoming less plentiful, studies are being made of the best methods for purification. Some metallurgists believe sulfur to be a very injurious element in steel. Recent investigations by Government bureaus, scientific bodies and private firms, seem to indicate that a reasonable amount of sulfur may exist in steel without detriment. Without wishing to provoke any metallurgical controversy on the subject of sulfur, the fact remains that the daily purification

Jan 1, 1926