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By C. E. M. Meskers

Electronic and Electric Equipment contains a range of components made of a wide variation of metals, plastics and other substances. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronic equipment: base metals, precious metals and special metals in circuit boards and batteries. Because of its amount WEEE represents a considerable metal resource with a higher special and precious metal content than found in ores. The Umicore integrated smelter and refinery recovers and supplies back to the market 17 different metals from EEE. Pre-treated materials enter state of the art, material and energy efficient metallurgical processes for environmentally sound recovery of metals and treatment of off gasses and hazardous substances. The organics in the feed function as reducing agent and alternative energy source during smelting for precious metal recovery. Lithium-ion batteries are treated using a dedicated process. As a result the environmental footprint of metals produced from EEE is much smaller than primary production.

Jan 1, 2009

By Fredrick Laist, J. P. Cooper

In the spring of 1931 an experiment was made at Anaconda with a small reverberatory furnace, with which was combined a roasting shaft. The arrangement is shown in the accompanying drawing (Fig. 1) and requires but little explanation. The general idea was to roast flotation concentrates, mixed with the proper fluxing materials, by dropping them down a heated shaft, from which the calcines would enter the smelting zone of the reverberatory furnace through an opening in the roof. The hearth of the reverberatory was 3 ft. wide by 21 ft. long. The roasting shaft was 3 ft. square inside and had an effective height of about 20 ft. The reverberatory furnace was arranged so that it could be charged either directly through the roof with regular hot calcines, in the usual manner, or by means of the shaft, at the top of which were a feeding arrangement by which cold flotation concentrates, suitably fluxed, could be fed continuously and a pipe through which cold air was blown in. Means were provided for distributing the feed over the cross-section of the roasting shaft. At first a mechanical arrangement was used but later it was found that a simple cone served the purpose equally well and gave less operating trouble. On account of the small size of the equipment, it was realized that absolute capacity and fuel consumption figures would mean but little. It was not to be expected that ratios comparable to those obtained in large furnaces could be gotten, and the only way in which any idea could be obtained as to the possibilities of the combination furnace was to run it in parallel with the reverberatory furnace charged in the usual manner and operating without the shaft. The results of such parallel runs are given in Table 1. The amount of oil burned in the reverberatory was purposely maintained at substantially the same rate during both runs in order that the benefits resulting from the shaft might be gaged. It was expected that the shaft would considerably increase the capacity of the reverberatory and that a better fuel ratio would be obtained on account of the high temperature at which the calcines would enter the

Jan 1, 1934

By E. G. Bailey

The bituminous coal industry faces a real problem, if it desires to retain the position in the power-generation field to which it is economi-cally entitled. More power is probably produced today for electrical energy, for steam-driven and steam-heating industries and processes, for transportation by rail, water, highway and air, collectively, than ever before, and yet the total bituminous coal production has decreased about 38 per cent, from 575,000,000 tons in 1926 to 357,500,000 tons in 1934. It is not the intention of the writer to recommend coal as a fuel for automobiles and airplanes, but rather to point to these forms of transpor-tation as being responsible in a very measurable degree for reducing the coal consumed by railroads. Petroleum products may still further reduce consumption of locomotive fuel through the extension of the use of Diesel-driven trains. Oil-burning steam-driven locomotives are replacing coal in some places, where railroads operating high-speed pas-senger trains are willing, temporarily at least, to pay a premium for the fuel, that is low in ash and produces less smoke and practically no cinders. In the navy and ocean-going passenger ships, oil is so firmly estab-lished, and has such definite advantages over coal as formerly fired, in steaming radius, in ease of bunkering, cleanliness, and reduction in firing labor, that very outstanding developments in the handling and burning of coal will be required in order to replace oil. For freighters on the Great Lakes, coal is the logical fuel, but there is great and immediate need of radical improvements in its use, else that market also may be lessened. It is not within the scope of this paper to discuss in detail bitumi-nous coal for either locomotive or marine use, but, rather, generation of power in stationary plants, consisting of electrical generating stations and that very large group of miscellaneous industrial plants, such as paper, rubber, textile, steel and other industries that use electrical, mechanical, and steam power, derived from either hydro or some form of fuel.

Jan 1, 1935

By L Spencer, H Zwingmann, I Graham, D Cendon, B Kelly, D Burkett, F Lau, P Lennox

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Kulumadau deposit represents an intermediate-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit (3.8 Mt at 2.3 g/t, Ag:Au = 1). Mineralisation is primarily confined to hydrothermal breccias within pre-existing fault zones, where it is disseminated throughout a hydrothermal matrix comprising chlorite-quartz-adularia-illite-I/S clays-calcite-pyrite. The host sequence represents numerous mid-Miocene pyroclastic flow eruptions within a tectonically active emergent shallow marine to subaerial depositional setting. Subsequent growth faulting was responsible for debris avalanches, which were subsequently cut by reverse faults. Faults were exploited by hydrothermal fluids, with the heightened porosity at the juncture between faults and debris material facilitating boiling of the ore constituents. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that fluid mixing between meteoric fluids and magmatic fluids, accompanied by boiling, were the primary mechanisms for gold deposition. The occurrence of anhydrite/gypsum as late-stage veins and their sulfur and oxygen isotopic values indicate post-mineralisation mixing of sea water with hydrothermal fluids.CITATION:Burkett, D, Graham, I, Spencer, L, Lennox, P, Cohen, D, Zwingmann, H, Lau, F, Kelly, B and Cendon, D, 2015. The Kulumadau epithermal breccia-hosted gold deposit, Woodlark Island, Papua New Guinea, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 205–212 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

The great problem at Port Pirie and many other lead smelters has always been to keep the lead content of the slags down to a low level. This has been done in the past largely by empirical methods, the lead content varying from less than 1 per cent to over 4 per cent, the more usual figure being something under 2 per cent. Subsidiary to this, but of major importance in the future, was the extraction of the considerable quantities of zinc in the slag. At this stage little was known about the constitution of the slags apartfrom their chemical composition. Some early work on slag constitution was carried out in the B.H.A.S. Research Laboratories between 1919 and 1921, but except for a microscopic examination of a few thin sections the greater part of this investigation wasdevoted to the recovery of the zinc content of the slag by leaching methods.In 1949, therefore, it was decided to initiate a programme of fundamental research into the constitution and properties of the lead blast furnace slags. The information thus gained would give a clearer picture of reactions taking place in the slag, both in the blast furnace and during dezincing.There was also the hope that these results would lead to improved industrial techniques resulting in smaller lead losses, and, taking the long-term view, to efficient methods of producing zinc from the slags.A series of investigations was therefore begun at various centres over a period of time. These were:1. A mineralogical examination of the slags by Dr. A. B. Edwards of the Mineragraphic Section, C.S.I.R.O.2. A study of the thermodynamics of various slag com...

Jan 1, 1956

By J-M Huizenga, Q Shu, Y Lai, J Hammerli

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Baiyinnuo’er Zn-Pb deposit is a typical skarn deposit in NE China. Skarn and orebodies mainly occur between different units of the Lower Permian Huanggangliang Formation carbonates-sandstone-mudstone or within the contact between intrusions and marble. Skarn minerals are dominated by prograde garnet and clinopyroxene, and the main ore minerals are sphalerite and galena. We conducted single fluid inclusion compositional studies using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on clinopyroxene (pre-ore-stage mineral) and sphalerite and calcite (syn-ore-stage minerals). The results show that the Baiyinnuo’er fluids are distinctly different from basinal brine but similar to magmatic fluid, thereby indicating that the deposit has a dominantly magmatic origin. This interpretation has also been supported by the Cl/Br mole ratios, which remain stable (~500) in different fluid stages. The decreases for most of the elements in the fluid inclusions from pre-ore-stage clinopyroxene to syn-ore-stage sphalerite and calcite suggest that mixing with groundwater has occurred during mineralisation, with significant Zn, Pb and Ag deposition.CITATION:Shu, Q, Hammerli, J, Chang, Z, Lai, Y and Huizenga, J-M, 2015. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study on fluid inclusions of the Baiyinnuo’er skarn Zn-Pb deposit, north-east China, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 451–456 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By Frank F. Rahne

Butler Taconite, operated by the Hanna Mining Company, is an Iron ore pelletizing operation that is located on the Western end of the Mesabi Iron Range in Northeastern Minnesota. The operation mines low-grade taconite ore and through primary crushing, two stage grinding, magnetic separation, agglomerating and indurating, produces 2.6 million annual tons of high quality, 66% iron pellets. Mining and stripping is done with 13 - M100 trucks and 5 - 12 cu. yd. shovels. The operating processes in the concentrator and pellet plant are primarily con¬trolled through a centralized control room and monitored by a PDP l140 computer. During 1969 and 1970, a re-organization of the Company took place. Through this re-organization, each mine unit was analyzed and studied to determine the proper staffing of the internal departments. At this time, it was decided to continue with further detailed studies of the Maintenance Department with the intent to reduce maintenance costs. Maintenance costs at the time of the re-organization were 38.6% of the total mine operating cost. The preliminary study indicated that the Maintenance Department had a system of maintenance, as a matter of fact, it had a separate system in each sub-maintenance division and in some of the sub-divisions each foreman had a system of his own. Therefore, from the data collected, it was decided to develop one system of maintenance that could be utilized throughout the entire operation. To determine the type of system suitable to all phases of the operation, detailed time and method studies were conducted. All types of maintenance tasks performed at the operation were studied. The data collected was analyzed and the recommended improved methods were reviewed with the Maintenance Superintendent and his staff. The new improved methods that were accepted as feasible, were introduced into the system immediately.

Jan 1, 1975

This article presents a proposal for the rehabilitation of the mined area of the Mogiana quarry. The Mogiana quarry produces material used in civil construction and is situated in the Brazilian State of Spo Paulo in the kilometre six of the Mogf Mirim - Itapira highway. The mineral exploitation in the Mogiana quarry provokes modifications in the environment such as alterations in the relief, vegetation, quality of the air, water and landscape. Through previous study of the area it was verified that after the closure of the exploitation the mine should be occupied mainly by pasturage. At the closing of the mine the exploitation benches, berms and slopes in general as well as the surrounding areas should be covered with a layer of soil and vegetated with native species in order to mitigate the negative impacts caused by the mine. The rehabilitation project of the area is based on the probable future use of the area, located between agricultural cultivations and cattle creation. The great alteration of the relief and soil would make future use of the area for agriculture difficult. It is more suitable t0 animal creation, mainly cattle. The high and thick rock slopes originated by the mining should be covered by vegetation, where possible, to reduce the negative visual impact. Obviously several measures will be necessary to reduce the impacts on the environment during mining. The final and definitive reclamation will only be possible after abandonment of the area. The main aspects of this reclamation process will be discussed in this paper.

Dec 6, 2010

By Glen A. Knox

The writer has been asked to set forth for this Institute, the experience of the past eleven months in the mining operation conducted at Sweetwater Mine in which coal has been produced by the use of Link-Belt Conveyors on long faces. The coal in this mine has an average of six feet three inches in thickness, and lies on an average pitch of five degrees. The roof is a sandy shale of medium hardness and has been generally considered as good top in the room and pillar method of mining. When our company became interested in conveyors, the writer visited most all of the mines in the East where conveyors and other mechanical methods of mining were in use and decided that the modified method of w-hat is in use at the Norton-West Virginia mine would be the most feasible for our conditions. We in- stalled three hundred feet of conveyor as an experiment to see whether or not our roof could be handled and taken care of on long faces. This three hundred feet was installed as two separate conveyors, one as a face conveyor-100 feet in length, the other as a heading conveyor that delivered the coal into the mine car on the main entry. This face was worked directly on .the strike and down the pitch. This did not prove to be a success as the caving of the roof carried over to the working face and necessitated propping between the conveyor and the face and it was also necessary to shovel coal on the conveyor up the pitch. After working out this block, 200 feet in length, we installed these two conveyors at a place adjoining this worked out block, but on a half V shape shown on the sketch. This block of coal was sixty feet wide. This method proved to be very successful. We cut a place, moved the conveyor against the face before shooting and carried two rows of cribs between the conveyor and the cave, and caved the roof every second cut. After working out this block we were satisfied that this system was feasible with our mine. We then ordered twelve hundred feet more of the same type as the trial conveyor with the exception of a very few modifications. We then installed this fifteen hundred foot unit on the four faces shown on the sketch, with one hundred feet to each face, two hundred feet on each heading and three hundred feet on the main conveyor that delivered the coal into the pit cars. We also had a head and rear section for each of the four advancing places shown on the sketch. As the sections were taken out of the heading conveyors they were installed on the advancing conveyors, and when the faces approached the main conveyor, the main conveyor was taken out and installed in the next uphill or main conveyor place. The roof caved very well in line of the points and was broken about every twenty feet. It broke in a straight line and did not curve at each V. We encountered no trouble unless we permitted one of the points to get behind. The maximum tonnage possible to be produced on this method was estimated to be seven hundred and twenty-five tons a day, assuming that all places were cut and cleaned up in one shift, and this we did for several consecutive days. While this was a success from a cost standpoint, we felt that we could

Jan 1, 1925

By B. V. Knelson

"GENTLEMEN:This paper will deal with centrifugal separation - theory and practical, and since the Knelson Concentrator is the only centrifugal concentrator with a properly fluidized bed, this paper will cover the Knelson Concentrator and its technical and structural advances over the last five years. As I am the person with the most experience in this line, I guess I am some kind of an expert; what kind I’m not sure, but some kind.This type of concentrator truly was developed because I’m lazy and I constantly look for easier ways to do things. My experience in the mining industry was very limited but I did realize in looking at placer operations, which is the application where I spring from, that it was tremendously labour intensive and my first reaction that ""my god, there must be some method or way-of handling product in a more efficient (and you can read that as being able to quickly recover very fine particle gold) way than was being shown at that time"". So, the Knelson Concentrator was born - about 6 or 7 years later. Our first attempt was a cone with about the same degree of slope as our present machine and since we had no knowledge of vibration dampening and centrifugal forces at that point, it was just an idea that this should work.Our first run was one of twenty minute duration. We did make that first machine variable speed by a mechanical belt system and we found that at about 240 rpms we were virtually shaking the gravel plant apart that we were attached to. So the first run was twenty minutes and back to the drawing board. However, that first run produced a concentrate so superior to anything we had seen previously, that we knew without any question, we were definately and accurately on the right track."

Jan 1, 1985

By Xiang-yang Zhou

Keywords: Low-Grade Dolomite, Low CaO Content, High Specific Surface Area, MgO. A low energy consumption preparation technology of magnesium oxide with low calcium oxide content and high specific surface area from low-grade dolomite has been investigated. The optimum technical conditions for the preparation of magnesium oxide are the followings: dolomite is partially calcined at 750-800° for 2 h; the optimum solid-liquid ratio range in calcined dolomite slurry is 20-30 g?l?1; carbonation temperature, carbon dioxide pressure and end point pH value of carbonation are less than 40°, 0.4-0.6 MPa and 7 respectively during carbonation process; decomposition temperature of Mg(HCO3)2 solution is near 100°; calcination temperature of the precursor (i.e. precipitated basic magnesium carbonate) is less than 850°. More than 90% of magnesium can be extracted by the technology. The MgO product (CaO < 0.38%) with a specific surface area of near 50 m2?g?1 also can be obtained by the technology.

Jan 1, 2005

By Susan L. Bednarz

Recent advances in digital cameras and image processing allow photographers to produce excellent high-resolution action shots in low light and high contrast conditions commonly encountered underground. Digital photography is often used for construction and inspection documentation for underground structures. Designers, owners, and contractors benefit from quality photographs that document incremental progress and project milestones. Documentation photos serve as a lasting record of as-built conditions, are an important marketing tool, and help the owner build public support for expensive public works projects. When the project is complete, the only mementos that the participants will hold onto are the photographs.

Jan 1, 2008

By G. W. Traer

The distillation of bituminous coals at what is commonly termed low temperature, and the quantities, nature and adaptabilities of the products have been the subject of considerable experimentation, during recent years. Fortunately, the earlier work in this country was done by men whose scientific training qualified them properly to record and interpret the results of their experiments. The work of Prof. Parr, of the University of Illinois, is especially notable in this respect. Prof. Parr&apos;s work, added to that of English experimenters, demon-strated-certain things to a degree which is generally regarded as convincing. They have proved that a caking bituminous coal, when subjected to a temperature of not more than 1000" F. (preferably somewhat less) will yield light tar having low specific gravity (about 1.06) and high value; also, that this yield, with a given coal, will depend upon the percentage of hydrocarbons in the coal, the maximum temperature used, and the promptness with which the distillate gases are removed. It is assumed that air is excluded from the retort, and that the coal is subjected to heat for a sufficient time to drive off all of the tarry hydrocarbons. The results attained in the first, or low-temperature stage of the car-bocoal process, recently described by C. T. Malcolmson,1 corroborate these general principles. It is the purpose of the writer to describe other work of a practical nature, directed toward the commercial adaptation of these principles, which was begun nearly two years ago; this investigation was assisted by A. J. Sayers, of the Link-Belt Co., and Carl Scholz. The first step was to draft tentative designs for the handling of the coal and coke so as to produce a coke having a suitable structure for sizing, storage, shipment, and handling, without the necessity of briquetting. Prof. Parr&apos;s results had indicated that the rather open-pored volatile coke produced by him had a low ignition point, which would contribute toward easy control of the fire in stoves, house furnaces, fire-boxes, and boilers. It is recognized by those experienced in the marketing of fuels that the hard non-volatile coke from the high-temperature process,

Jan 1, 1920

By H. E. Miard

"IntroductionIT HAS BEEN SAID, with good reason, that the future of the coal mining industry, in our mountainous regions at least, depends on ability to extend operations successfully to depths greater than those reached until now. However, at many points, Nature has given definite hints that trespassing there could be fraught with very un-pleasant possibilities, unless the intruder be governed by a series of rigidly observed principles. In the coal mines of British Columbia, so far, bumps have taken place only at the Coal Creek colliery, but there they gave ample evidence of the extent to which they can hamper underground operations. Some of these manifestations have also been experienced at the McGillivray Creek colliery, in Alberta, at Carbonado, in Washington, and at Sunnyside, in Utah.Cognate phenomena, known as 'air blasts', have been experienced also in some deep metalliferous mines in British Columbia. Such occurrences were responsible for three fatal accidents at the Le Roi and War Eagle mines, near Rossland, in 1916 and 1917.In more or less disturbed coal fields, another form of stress release, equally detrimental, has been still more generally experienced than have been the bumps. Coal outbursts have taken place at Morrissey and Coal Creek, in the Crow's Nest Pass district, and at Cassidy, South Wellington, and the Nanaimo Reserve colliery, on Vancouver island. Manifestations of this kind have been made the subject of intensive study in European countries where they occurred on a really impressive scale, which must not be construed as meaning that some of our own outbursts did not approach a comparable magnitude."

Jan 1, 1953

By D. Bienstock

As part of the development of the hot-carbonate scrubbing process by the Bureau of Mines, the corrosion rates of steel in boiling solutions of potassium carbonate saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were determined, and the effectiveness of various inhibitors was evaluated by Bureau researchers. The highly corrosive solution of carbonate saturated with carbon dioxide can be inhibited with a 0.2-percent concentration of either potassium chromate or sodium metavanadate. Solutions of carbonate saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are mildly corrosive, 0.01 inch per year. Complete absence of corrosion is obtained with 0.2 percent sodium metavanadate or 0.15 percent vanadium pentoxide. Oxidizing inhibitors such as potassium chromate are destroyed in the alkaline sulfide mixture, N-alkyl trimethylene diamines, at a concentration of 0.1 percent, lower the corrosion rate to about 0.005. Sodium metasilicate, at a concentration of 0.6 percent, completely inhibits the corrosion but may deposit free silica in the system. Commercial cladding materials such as the epoxy coatings also prevent corrosion.

Jan 1, 1962

By G. Styles, K. Lye, R. Tenbergen, M. Mayhew

Requirements to produce a higher bulk concentrate grade have necessitated extensive use of on-stream analyser data and computer programming to obtain the targets set for Frood Stobie Mill as required by overall milling considerations.A brief history of milling process changes associated with the changes from a low grade (3% Ni) bulk concentrate in the sixties to a high (6 to 8.5%). Nil bulk concentrate currently will be presented.The heart of the presentation will be the computer control schemes for ""self optimisation"" of the distinct flotation sections in the plant within certain restraints to achieve targets set by the mill metallurgist.

Jan 1, 1985

By E. S. Bardwell

The reverberatory copper-refining furnaces at the Great Falls Reduction Dept. of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. have used successively as fuel, lump coal on grates, pulverized coal, oil and natural gas. In no other plant, so far as can be ascertained, has such a variety of fuels been used. This fact affords a unique opportunity for comparing the relative efficiency obtained with these several fuels under nearly identical conditions. Furnaces The present furnace refinery at Great Falls was placed in operation in April, 1916. The original installation consisted of two furnaces, each with hearths 36 by 14 ft. and provided with fireboxes 10 by 12 ft. for firing lump coal on grates. These furnaces had air-cooled sand bottoms and chrome-brick side walls both above and below the metal line. The roofs were of 12-in. silica brick. Each furnace was provided with a waste-heat boiler of approximately 400 boiler-hp. capacity. We soon found that chrome brick was very unsatisfactory as side-wall material because of its excessive spalling. At the first opportunity the furnaces were rebuilt, using magnesite brick below the metal line and silica brick from the metal line to the roof. At the same time the thickness of the side walls was increased, thus decreasing the width of the hearth to 13 ft. At about this time also, the thickness of the furnace roofs was increased from 12 to 15 in. No further changes occurred in furnace design until 1922, when the use of lump coal on grates was abandoned in favor of pulverized coal. The first charge to be melted and refined with pulverized coal was cast on March 30, 1922. When pulverized coal first was used the burner pipes were introduced directly into the firebox as it was felt that some kind of a combustion chamber might prove necessary, but this was not needed. The fireboxes were dismantled and the burners introduced through openings directly over the bridge wall. During the summer of 1922 one of the furnaces was completely rebuilt, lengthened 10 ft. and provided with a silica-brick bottom in the form of an inverted arch. At

Jan 1, 1934

Objective: To improve the effectiveness of dust collector capture on surface mine drills.

Oct 1, 2005

By N. S. Dalal, W. Irr, X. Shi, V. Vallyathan

"Inhalation of crystalline silica is associated with a biphasic biologic response of acute cell injury and chronic pulmonary fibrosis. Dust induced cell membrane injury leading to the release of lysosomal enzymes and cell death has been implicated as the initial important biologic event triggering the fibrosis. However, it ls also possible other biologic reactions could alternatively, or in addition to these enzyme related cytotoxicity reactions, alter the normal functioning of cells. It is well known that phagocytic activation results in the production of oxygen radicals which are highly cytotoxic to cells. In healthy - lung, protection against the toxic effects of the normal balanced ·biologic reactions are provided by a number of defen1e systems including antioxidants. In disease or condition of overproduction of oxygen radicals, biochemical protection may be overwhelmed with resultant cellular injury.Our recent observations have shown that reactive oxygen radicals (ROR) are generated during grinding of crystalline silica. We hypothesized that these newly generated RORs may cause cell injury, lipid peroxidation, or even damage to macromolecules such as DHA. Biochemical aberrations caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica with ROR at occupational settings might overwhelm cellular and antioxidant defense systems of the lung leading to injury and subsequent fibrosis.To test this hypothesis, we have investigated the generation and decay of ROR produced by crystalline silica using electron spin resonance (ESR) and investigated its toxicity with conventional biologic tests at various time intervals after grinding. We also studied the decay of these newly generated RORs in buffer and the effect of antioxidants and scavengers in the abolition of cellular damages."

Jan 1, 1989

Rare-earth permanent magnetic roll separators, pioneered by our group a few years ago, have distinctly different operation characteristics compared to prior art electromagnetic separators of various types. Many new applications for dry high-intensity (or better: high-force) magnetic separation have been developed in a short time period. It has also been found that the new generation of separators generally are more efficient with regards to removal of weakly magnetic contaminants in glass and ceramic raw materials with minimum loss of valuable product compared to induced magnetic roll (lMR) separators. The latest development is in the area of production of clean magnetic concentrates at high recoveries. It is likely that the PERMROLLR magnetic separator will replace cross-belt and lift-type magnetic separators as a result of this most recent advance. &nbsp; The paper will review the features of the PERMROLLR magnetic separator in comparison with other types of magnetic separators on the market and give examples on applications.

Jan 1, 1990