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By D. B. Taliaferro

Information regarding the pores or voids in reservoir rocks is vitally important in the scientific extraction of petroleum from natural underground reservoirs, and petroleum technologists concerned, with subsurface, conditions have devised various methods that give reasonably accurate information as to the porosities of oil and gas-bearing sands.5/ In this, work, several investigators have made use of the experience of the ceramic and other industries. The method of determining the effective porosity of oil sands described in this report falls within the general classification of gas-expansion methods. It was devised and developed at the United States Bureau of Mines Petroleum Experiment Station, Bartlesville, Okla., as a part of the research dealing with fluid and energy relations in reservoirs and improved oil-recovery methods. The apparatus and procedure are well adapted to the requirements of the Bureau, and the following detailed description has been prepared so that others may make use of the information. A tabulation at the end of the report gives the results of several hundred porosity determinations for oil sands in fields of 11 States.

Jan 1, 1937

By D. B. Taliaferro

Information regarding the pores or voids in reservoir rocks is vitally important in the scientific extraction of petroleum from natural underground reservoirs, and petroleum technologists concerned. with subsurface conditions have devised various methods that give reasonably accurate information as to the porosities of oil and gas-bearing sands.5/ In this work, several investigators have made use of the experience of the ceramic and other industries. The method of determining the effective porosity of oil sands described in this report falls within the general classification of gas-expansion methods. It was devised and developed at the United States Bureau of Mines Petroleum Experiment Station, Bartlesville, Okla., as a part of the research dealing with fluid and energy relations in reservoirs and improved oil-recovery methods. The apparatus and procedure are well adapted to the requirements of the Bureau, and the following detailed description has been prepared so that others may make use of the information. A tabulation at the end of the report gives the results of several hundred porosity determinations for oil sands in fields of 11 States.

Jan 1, 1937

By Kenneth S. Johnson

Large reserves of high-purity Permian gypsum crop out and are at shallow depth in three regions of western Oklahoma, Gypsum beds in the Blaine Formation are 10 to 30 feet thick and are generally 95 to 99 percent pure, whereas the massive Cloud Chief Gypsum is 20 to 100 feet thick and is 92 to 97 percent pure. Reserves are estimated at 48 billion short tons. Eight companies in the State currently mine about 1 million tons of gypsum each year for wall- board, for plaster, as a retarder in portland cement, and as a soil conditioner. Future uses, under more favorable market conditions, may be in the chemical industries, largely because of gypsum's potential as a source of sulfur. Three thick sequences of Permian rock salt underlie most of western Oklahoma at depths of 30 to 3,000 feet. Individual salt beds 5 to 30 feet thick are interbedded with thinner layers of shale and anhydrite. Five large salt plains, fed by natural springs of saturated brine constitute additional resources of salt. Reserves, estimated at 20 trillion short tons, are virtually untapped, and, ironically, about 90 percent of the salt used in Oklahoma is imported. Chemical data on the rock salt are lacking, but evaporated salt produced from brines is generally 97 to 99 percent pure. Current production from three solar-evaporation plants is used mainly for stockfeed, recharging water softeners, and deicing roads. Potential uses are in the chemical industries, where salt or brine is a necessary raw material.

Jan 1, 1973

By A. Johnson

When are SMART transmitters the smartest choice? To answer this question requires a closer look at SMART transmitter technology. It is necessary to understand this technology in order to recognize how it can best be utilized to give the greatest value for the application. And, once the decision to buy transmitters has been made, it becomes a question of whose SMART transmitter to buy. For, although the under-lying technology is similar, the differences that exist in how the technology has been implemented can make a dramatic difference in the end result. What prudent users of SMART technology do is to analyze their needs by application before making their buying decision.

Jan 1, 1988

By L. E. Cardwell

This Bureau of Mines publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 495 natural gas samples from 21 States and three foreign countries. Of this total, 376 samples were collected during calendar year 1968. The remaining 119 analyses are of samples collected during previous years, but releases granting permission to publish the results Here not received until 1968. All samples were collected as a part of a continuous survey of the free world for occurrences of helium in natural gas. This survey has been conducted in the United States by the Bureau of Mines since 1917 and in late 1965 was expanded to include foreign gasfields. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus which are described in Bureau of Mines Bulletins 4863 and 576.4 Ten previous publications have presented results of 8,165 gas analyses made by the Bureau of Hines Helium Activity prior to 1968. The first three, Bulletins 486, 576,6 and 617,7 contain analyses and related source data on

Jan 1, 1970

By N. B. Strydom

I have read with interest all the papers dealing with heat transfer and the setting of heat stress limits that have appeared during the past two decades. Scientifically speaking, most of them can be rated as being of a high standard, and some of them have been acclaimed internationally as masterpieces of logical and calculated reasoning. Weathering of ore minerals A short course on 'The Weathering of Ore Minerals and the Textural Evaluation of Base Metal Gossans' is to be given by Dr I.M. Reynolds in Grahamstown from 4th to 6th October, 1982.

Jan 1, 1982

By Aldin Ardian, Mustafa Kumral, Jagjit Singh

Risk assessment of mining projects is a requirement in the mineral industries. In this process, many risk variables are timedependent, and the only available data are historical time series. Moreover, in the case of a multivariate scenario, conventional forecasting methods fail to capture conditional dependency across the variables, which is important when there is an underlying causal relationship that needs to be modeled for accurate project evaluation. Thus, we investigated the use of copulas to capture the conditional distribution of the factors involved in a mine risk assessment study. We employed a multivariate copula-based time-series approach to model several uncertain variables. The Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average - Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARFIMA-GARCH) model was used for the conditional mean and copulas were used to model the error distribution, thus capturing the collective variation and dependence pattern across the variables. The method was implemented to model gold prices, copper prices, and the 10-year US Treasury bond yields and to determine the project’s net present value and probability of being economically feasible. The proposed approach can be used for cases where simulation of multivariate time-series is conducted.

Apr 13, 2021

By Jeremy Fletcher

In today’s world, the requirement of Steel Producers to revamp and modernize their blast furnaces on-time, safely and with the latest technology is paramount. In addition they must meet the detailed design, construction and safety legislation and regulations, which can be different for the various countries around the world. Siemens MT is renowned for its ability to perform Blast Furnace rebuilds, relines and modernisations within extremely tight time frames and in a safe manner. Modular Blast Furnace construction concepts have been perfected to minimise project duration and plant downtime for furnace rebuilds. Safety and certainty are the keys for success. Siemens MT are constantly introducing new technologies into the market place including cyclone gas cleaning and triple external cone gas scrubber, along with step changes in technology such as dry gas cleaning and dry slag granulation. The economic environment and the continuing requirement for improved environmental performance, drive many of these innovations. This paper describes some of the latest rebuild reference projects of Siemens MT, along with the latest technical innovations installed on these furnaces, and some of the construction methodology used for a safe and secure rebuild.

Aug 1, 2018

This publication summarizes the research (in-house and contract projects) programmed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1984 (October 1, 1983-September 30, 1984) under its Health and Safety Technology Program. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced advance toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the systems technology required to create a more healthful and safer working environment for the Nation's mining and minerals processing workers.

Jan 1, 1983

By Brian Mangogna, Clay McNail, Weishi Mang, Adam Steimel

Together with innovatively applying modern flotation reagents and developing the breakthrough mill enterprise expert control and operating system, Doe Run Buick Mill constructed an advanced large copper rougher scavenger to process its complex Pb\Zn\Cu ore more efficiently. The scavenger circuit, featuring its own motor control center, air blower, multiple reagent loops and FrothSense+™ camera, operates both mechanically and chemically to maximize copper recovery and under expert control. Such scavenger features can be applied to zinc rougher circuits for all Doe Run mills to maximize Cu recovery during Cu special runs when the zinc rougher becomes a copper rougher scavenger.

Feb 1, 2025

By J. Fogarty, J. Sofra

The mobile telecommunications sector is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide. However, increasingly stringent environmental regulations are placing pressure on manufacturers to accept responsibility for end of life products. The companies are therefore exploring avenues to recover the valuable components contained within the mobile telecommunications devices thus reducing the quantities of toxic components going to landfill. Batteries used to power the devices, are typically based on either nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, or lithium ion cells. They contain toxic metals including nickel, cadmium, lithium, potassium, lead, and cobalt in a complicated arrangement of battery cells surrounded by a metals then plastic casing. The Ausmelt Catalytic Waste Converter (CWC) for waste treatment and recycling is well suited to processing all three mobile phone battery types for the recovery of valuable metals in marketable products that can be recycled to industry without turning out harmful levels of toxic emissions. Ausmelt recently demonstrated the capabilities of its CWC by continuously processing 4.5 tonnes of nickel-cadmium batteries. Using Ausmelt's pilot plant facility in Australia, the nickel-cadmium batteries were processed to produce a nickel iron sulphide (matte), a cadmium fume and a final slag which satisfied CS toxicity leach test criteria and was safe f<~r disposal to landfill. This paper explores the commercial development of the Ausmelt CWC for treating each of the three battery types in light of (a) the outcomes of the recent demonstration, and (b) the current and expected future availability of batteries for processing.

Jan 1, 2000

By Kevin W. Cargill

In September 2004, Hurricanes Frances and Ivan caused the Pigeon River in western North Carolina to flood. This flooding eroded the embankment below Interstate 40 (I-40) and sent one of the eastbound lanes, along with the roadway shoulder, into the river below the embankment. North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) needed to reopen all the lanes of I-40 as soon as possible and considered this damage to be an emergency situation. NCDOT contracted Schnabel Foundation Company to design and build a repair that would keep this important interstate open and reestablish the eastbound lane. The obstacles included limited work room, the requirement of keeping the remaining lanes of I-40 in service, and producing a final product that would be relatively maintenance free and last at least 100 years. The proposed repair had to consider that the existing interstate was founded on a rock fill that was constructed from rock blasted off the adjacent mountain side. The selected design included two, tied-back micropile walls to address these obstacles and other issues. Each of the walls were constructed of 10.75 inch diameter micropiles and corrosion-protected tieback anchors installed through the existing rock fill into competent bedrock, concrete wales, and a reinforced shotcrete facing. This successful project was completed during the coldest months of the year and within the timeframe established by the State of North Carolina. This paper will discuss the design and construction of the repair and the many challenges that had to be overcome.

Jan 1, 2006

By Emanuel Trotz

As the long-felt need of a reliable and easily-managed pyrometer has now been fully supplied, by the latest form of Professor Wiborgh&apos;s pyrometer, an account of this instrument will, per-

Jan 1, 1893

By Stuart Lister

"When MacLean Engineering chairman and founder Don MacLean got the first question from a minesite about the possibility of addressing ventilation limits through incremental fleet electrification, he was intrigued. It was back in 2015, and the MacLean scissor bolter was already diesel-electric (jumbo trailing cable), so it made sense to him that if they could engineer a battery drive system for the unit’s tramming cycle, they would have the inaugural electric vehicle (EV) MacLean unit.At that time, there were not any entirely diesel-free hard rock mines in existence on the planet, and that remains the case to this day — although the Borden project in northern Ontario is progressing toward that goal (see page 33). This meant there was essentially zero market demand for battery electric vehicles as well as a complete lack of battery technology to address the battery electrification of heavy haulage. Heavy haulage is the part of a typical mine’s mobile fleet with the largest footprint when it comes to diesel particulate emissions, greenhouse gases and wasted energy in the form of heat.Three years later — the wave of battery electrification that is currently picking up speed across the mining industry promises to hit full swing by the early 2020s when a slew of new build, diesel-free mines will start construction. But this movement toward emissions-free mobile fleets is not a completely new phenomenon. Instead, it is an updating of mining technology from a previous generation. What is going on now is the re-electrification of mining. Up until the 1960s, early generations of battery technology (lead acid) and electric locomotive systems were the norm for material and ore haulage in Canada and elsewhere.The thought of a coming paradigm change in mining was particularly pertinent to Don MacLean back in 2015, as he had been part of the era that ushered in the first generation of rubber-tire diesel equipment, when he was a divisional foreman with Inco in Sudbury in the 1970s. He was part of the operating team that was tasked to build a rail loop on one extraction level of the mine. At that time, events on the ground overtook the project, as diesel-powered mobile equipment became a viable option. Once the first diesel scoop was introduced at Creighton #3 shaft, it was clear what the power, haulage capacity and mobility could do for operations and that era of electric rail haulage underground was effectively over."

Jan 10, 2018

By Christopher Davey, Professor Emeritus, Marian Mazurkiewicz, Peter Kanjorski

The concept of a high pressure liquid jet mill with highly unsteady flow, has been developed and recently patented by Cornerstone Technologies LLC (CsT), for the purpose of micron and sub-micron particle production. The mill accepts feed sizes up to 15mm for some materials and is capable of sub-micron production. Successful material range from precious metals such as silver and palladium to dielectric components and substrates such as Barium Titanate slips, zirconia, titania and silica. The process has also succeeded in adequately reducing the size of materials for both composite and coating uses such as anthracite coal, graphite, chrome metal, wollastonite and more than 100 others. A unique design approach has been taken to highly maximize the energy flux in the mill’s chambers to create extremely high turbulence and destructive cavitation. This is assisted by shock waves, which cause particles to undergo ultra high frequency pressure pulsations, high frequency collisions and then abrasion, shattering, hydro-wedging, and cleaving. Due to these extreme properties the processing occurs in just fractions of a second allowing throughputs up to 1000 kg/h on a machine that would fit inside a 60 cm box. The technical solution and technological advance, as well as the environmental and economic benefits indicate rapid and wide spread acceptance of high-pressure liquid jet milling in modern industry.

Jan 1, 2003

By Wu Jian-tao, LI Guo-wei

"The Cement Mixing Pile (CMP) quality assurance assessment is an important programme in evaluating the efficiency of foundation improvement. Coring is the current specified method of quality assessment in China which has the shortcomings of long cycle, high cost and low efficiency. The field and laboratory test show that the regular cone penetration test can only detect maximum of 4m of effective detection depth in CMP. In contrast, the method of cone penetration test in the reserved hole can detect the quality continuously along the pile at any depth. The tip resistance of reserved hole penetration in the 7th day has good linear relationship with unconfined compressive strength in the 28th day. The slope of linear relationship decreases with the increasing of clay particles content.INTRODUCTIONThe method of Cement Mixing Pile (CMP) is often used to improve soft soil foundation in highway construction, with the major purpose of reducing settlements under embankments (Bruce et al., 2000),which is a form of what is known as the Deep Mixing Method (Bruce et al., 2013). The CMP technology spread quickly in China in the 1980s. CMP quality assurance assessment is an important programme in evaluating the efficiency of foundation improvement. Coring is the current specified method of quality assessment in China (China Academy Of Building Research, 2002). The method of Coring is perceived in some quarters that samples will provide lower strengths given the distress caused to the core during drilling and extraction (Bruce et al., 2002).The cone penetration test CPT can provide continuous measurements of the penetration resistance, sleeve friction at the tip of the probe, which has advantages of simple operation, low cost and high efficiency compared with coring. However, CPT tests have not been established to assess CMP in Sweden because of difficulties in maintaining verticality (Larsson, 2005). In Finland and Norway, however, CPT tests are commonly used (Halkola, 1999). One of the disadvantages of CPT is the tendency of the cone to steer out of the column (Porbaha et al., 2003). Darya Mokrousova (2010) states this tendency to deviate can be overcome by pre-boring and starting the penetration test from the base of the pre-bored hole. Sheng Haiyang (1999) found that probes may be deflected out, sometimes even at small penetration depths, and may not give a complete inspection of the pile. Liu Songyu et al. (2003) suggested that the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is an effective way to evaluate the strength and quality of stabilized soil-cement columns. In general, Regular CPT can’t test the full length of CMP, and SPT still needed drilling which causes discontinuous detection. From the existing standard of China, core sampling compressive strength test is the main method, evidently, coring displays a longer test cycle, high cost and low efficiency. Therefore, an improvement of CMP quality assessment, by conjuring a fast and reliable detection and evaluation method, is necessary. The aim of this paper is to research the feasibility of using CPT in assessing the quality of CMP and presents an improved CPT method."

Jan 1, 2015

By P. Gautier

Current feedstock in the aluminum hot forging processes can be used in the cast or extruded forms. The microstructural variation between as-cast and extruded materials could result in different mechanical properties and corrosion resistance for hot-forged products. Corrosion performances were examined for forged parts produced by two AA6082 feedstocks at different conditions using the following corrosion tests: open circuit potential, anodic polarization, salt spray exposure and corrosion fatigue. With the help of optical and scanning electron microscopes, metallographical investigations were carried out on cast-forged and extruded-forged materials before and after corrosion. The corrosion behavior of both materials was compared in both as-forged and aged tempers. Results show that there is no significant difference in the corrosion performance for final cast-forged and extruded-forged products.

Jan 1, 2011

By E. M. Frizzell

Development of mobile crusher systems for surface mining, allowing extension of continuous conveyor haulage systems into the pit, is traced from its introduction to the present. Variations in configurations are reviewed, and the compelling reasons for using mobile crusher systems are explored.

Jan 1, 1983

By Alessandro Bertero, Stefano Valagussa, Filippo Maria, Wesley Schmutzler, Leoni

"Abstract The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) represents a viable solution to improve the adverse geotechnical properties of foundation soils. Differences and the importance of performing pre-construction laboratory and field tests will be highlighted. Comparative analyses and interpretations between the various lab and field stages, along with accumulated information about soil properties and QC results, allowed fine-tuning of the production parameters throughout almost the entire project.Two projects where the US Army Corps of Engineers selected the Deep Mixing Method (DMM) for the required stabilizations, and a third project completed in Italy, will be illustrated:•,?the LPV 111 Project (New Orleans - LA – USA); DMM was used for groundimprovement/foundation strengthening and consequently stabilize and support the burden of the new levee.•,the Rio Puerto Nuevo Project (San Juan - PR - USA); DMM was applied to improve the soils adjacent to a 90” forced sewer main relocation and to improve the soils for the base of a new drainage channel•,the new Italian high speed railway project (Florence Italy); DMM technology was applied to realize a a TBM break in/break out, foreseen originally by jet-grouting.IntroductionThe Deep Mixing Method (DMM) represents a viable solution to improve the adverse geotechnical properties of foundation soils. The effectiveness of working parameters depends largely on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil to be treated. Therefore, well designed laboratory and field test programs, aimed to disclose the interaction between the site-specific soils and the mixing parameters, are essential to achieve the desired end product."

Jan 1, 2014

By Spencer S. Shannon

This chapter is concerned with the uses, geology, exploration, evaluation, preparation for markets, and future of 90thorium and 39yttrium, along with 14 rare-earth elements. The rare-earth metals or lanthanides were divided into three categories by Berzelius. The cerium subgroup is comprised of 57lanthanum, 58cerium, 59praseodymium, 60neodymium, and 62samarium. 61Promethium does not occur naturally. The terbium subgroup includes 63europium, 64gadolinium, and 65terbium. The remaining lanthanides are placed in the yttrium subgroup. Strictly speaking, yttrium is not a rare earth. Because the properties of yttrium resemble those of heavy rare earths, its name has been used as a designating adjective. The yttrium subgroup includes 66dysprosium, 67holmium, 68erbium, 69thulium, 70ytterbium, and 67lutetium. Rare-earth elements, especially those of the same subgroup, tend to occur together rather than in discrete minerals.

Jan 1, 1975