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By John B. Gustavson

The mineral deposits found in carbonate facies rocks of sedimentary basins include deposits comprised of the country rock itself such as limestone for chemical uses, dolomite for road aggregate, and a variety of other industrial uses of the sedimentary rock. Exploration for new reserves is generally conducted on basis of outcrop investigation, subsurface drilling, and facies change studies while geophysics and geochemistry are not applied. In contrast, rapid development has taken place in the application of both geophysical and geochemical techniques in exploration for stratiform deposits of zinc, lead, barite, and fluorite deposits. This paper will present case histories and show illustrations from such work in the Mid-Continent region. The Metals Division of International Oil & Gas, Inc. has gathered this experience through work over the last three years along the southern margin of the Eastern Interior platform focusing on the states of Arkansas and Tennessee. The exploration work was conducted partially for the Company's own account, partially in joint exploration ventures with mining companies including International Mogul Mines, Ltd., a Canadian company; Bear Creek Mining Company, a subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Corporation; the Mining Division of W. R. Grace and Company, and Boliden-Preussag Exploration, a Swedish-German partnership. We wish to take this opportunity to thank our venture partners for allowing presentation of the various sections of this paper.

Jan 1, 1976

By R Jacobs, J Yeates

"The Stockman base metals project is situated in State Forest in the alpine area of East Gippsland, Victoria, adjacent to a National Park and within the headwaters of a major Ramsar-listed wetland catchment and the Murray-Darling River system. Site topography is steep, and elevated (650 m – 1200 m above sea level), and subject to circa 1 m annual rainfall, with occasional winter snowfall. The project consists of two volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits to be mined by underground methods and treated in a 1.0 Mt/a central concentrator to produce copper and zinc concentrates for export over a ten year operational life. New resource projects are rare in Victoria. Recognising the sensitive setting, planning for the Stockman Project, which is now in the advanced permitting stage, has focused on balancing economic, environmental and social outcomes to ensure social licence to operate is secured and can be maintained. This has involved close attention to triple bottom line (TBL) risks and outcomes. Stockman has successfully gained State and Federal approvals via the Environmental Effects Statement process. The process of obtaining these approvals has required close attention to effective stakeholder involvement, and management of a lengthy and difficult approvals process, which is still to be finally concluded. This paper is a case study of the process of that permitting and the issues encountered to date. Key learnings from the experience have included: successful approvals require close attention to much more than just the project and its technical aspects and physical setting – effective stakeholder involvement and endorsement is critical the differing consultation requirements for local, regional and government stakeholders, to design and plan implementation of a project to meet TBL objectives, and to gain social licence to operate within the Victorian approvals process, the need for an effective lead government agency with policy authority dealing with material policy change requiring post-closure financial sureties estimating realistic permitting time and cost during the project evaluation phase. CITATION: Jacobs, R and Yeates, J, 2016. Stockman base metals project – sustainability, social licence to operate and permitting lessons learnt, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2016, pp 98–110 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 8, 2016

By M. B. McClenaghan, O. P. Lavin, Ian Nichol

"Abstract-Exploration in most areas of Canada has to contend with problems posed by glacial overburden. In many areas exploration for gold has been based on the sampling of tills, frequently by deep overburden drilling, and analyses of heavy mineral concentrates. Notwithstanding the significant role that till geochemistry has played in the discovery of some important gold deposits over the last few years, increased appreciation of the nature of the glacial history and stratigraphy and the character of gold within till has led to the recognition of a number of ways whereby the effectiveness of exploration can be improved upon.In order for till geochemistry to be useful in exploration, a number of conditions must be fulfilled, including:1. mineralization, or alteration halo related to mineralization, subcropping at the bedrock /over­ burden interface; 2.glacial erosion and dispersal of a recognizable signature of mineralization into the glacialsediments; 3, preservation of glacial sediments containing this geochemical component (trace metal or mineral) at positions subsequently selected for sampling (normally drill sites); 4. correct identification of specific till units and associated ice movement history; 5. collection of adequately large and representative samples; 6. appropriate sample preparation and processing; 7, appropriate geochemical analyses; and 8. correct data processing and interpretation.While we have no control over the first two geological conditions, and only limited controlover till availability, we can control the quality and thoroughness of sampling, sample identification, sample preparation, analysis and interpretation. In particular attention needs to be focussed on obtaining a large enough sample to be adequately representative, an unbiased sample must be collected, together with appropriate sample processing, analysis, data processing and interpretation. It is considered that by modifying or extending existing approaches to gold exploration the chances of exploration success can be increased. In particular, analyses of both the heavy mineral and minus 63 ?m fractions of till is recommended because gold in till may occur in different size fractions."

Jan 1, 1992

By D. Parks, A. Miller, M. McNinch, R. Jacksha, H. Nickerson

Each year hundreds of mine workers are involved in machinery-related accidents. Many of these accidents involve inadequate or improper use of lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedures. To mitigate the occurrence of these accidents, new safety methods are needed to monitor access to hazardous areas around operating machinery, improve documentation/monitoring of maintenance that requires shutdown of the machinery, and prevent unexpected startup or movement during machine maintenance activities. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is currently researching the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to provide intelligent machine monitoring as part of a comprehensive LOTO program. This paper introduces NIOSH’s implementation of an IoT-based intelligent machine monitoring system to improve safety during operation and maintenance at a concrete batch plant. INTRODUCTION Of the hundreds of machinery-related accidents occurring every year in the mining industry, incidents involving stationary machinery at surface mines continue to be amongst the most frequent [1]. A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study showed that the majority of fatal accidents involving stationary machinery at surface mines occurred at sand and gravel (38%) and stone (26%) operations. Of these accidents, entanglement in conveyor components were the most common cause of fatal accidents (48%) [2]. The same study stated that one-third of these accidents involved improper lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedures as a contributing factor. The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) acknowledged this problem, stating in a recent request for information (RFI) [3]: “Since 2007, there have been 17 fatalities related to working near or around belt conveyors, of which 76 percent were related to miners becoming entangled in belt drives, belt rollers, and discharge points. Factors that contribute to entanglement hazards include inadequate or missing guards, inadequate or an insufficient number of crossovers in strategic locations, and/or inappropriate lock out/tag out procedures. Systems that can sense a miner's presence in hazardous locations; ensure that machine guards are properly secured in place; and/or ensure machines are properly locked out and tagged out during maintenance would reduce fatalities [3].” In response to this problem, NIOSH’s Spokane Mining Research Division (SMRD) is exploring the potential application of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to provide cost-effective intelligent machine monitoring systems for improved worker safety [4, 5]. SMRD partnered with Central Pre-mix CRH Company (Central Pre-mix) to develop and install a proof-of-concept wireless IoT solution to monitor machinery and conveyors during operation and maintenance. The primary goals of the system were to provide real-time monitoring of access points and facilitate the planning and execution of LOTO procedures

Jan 1, 2019

By George H. Holmes

This paper is one of a series being prepared by the Minerals Division of the Bureau of Mines on mining and milling methods and practices at various mines in the United States. It describes such methods at the Caselton mine of the Combined Metals Reduction Co. The Caselton mine and mill are in secs. 28 and 29, T. 1 N., R. 67 E., M. D. B. & M., Lincoln County, Nev., about 10 miles by paved highway south- west of Pioche, Nev. (fig. 1). the history of the district and company This circular summarizos operations, describes physical features, labor and living conditions, the geology, ore deposits, and the ore. Prospecting and exploration methods are outlined, and shaft sinking, drifting and crosscutting, and raising are covered under development methods. In the soction on mining mothods, stoping and slushing are discussed, following which are descriptions of underground transportation, hoisting, ventilation, drainage and sampling, and surveying. The surface and crushing plants are described, and milling practices are presented in dotail with explanation of the filter plant and assay office. Safoty practices and the company organization are described in the concluding sections of the circular.

Nov 1, 1950

By Jos. R. Guiteras

This paper describes the operations of the St. Joe Mining & Milling Co. in Boulder County, Colo., as of June 1936. Later a brief visit was made to the mine in September 1936; information obtained at that time has also been recorded. The company operates a gold mine, the Grand Republic, in the Sugar Loaf mining district; a 100-ton flotation mill in Lefthand Canyon near Gold Hill; and a custom sampling punt, the Boulder Ore Sampling Works, at Boulder, Colo.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. S. Simons, D. A. Dahlstrom

"Growing interest in the developing technique of improving the dewatering of filter cakes by the direct application of steam has been apparent during the past year. A number of applications to iron and base-metal concentrates are under study, and intensive work continues on applications to coal cleaning.This paper presents and discusses the data presently available. The effects of material characteristics and operating variables on final cake moisture are examined. Although it is not yet possible to answer all questions regarding the applicability of the technique to specific problems from general data correlations, it is found that the use of these in con-junction with empirical data derived from properly conducted laboratory tests does yield reliable conclusions.Emphasis is placed on the basic economics of the process, and on de-sign criteria for ""steam drying"" filter stations, as applied particularly to metallurgical concentrates. Examples of the use of laboratory tests to solve application problems are given."

Jan 1, 1966

By Thomas G. Madgwick

Introduction Development of oil and gas is still centred in the Province of Alberta, much as it was when C. C. Ross read a paper on this subject three years ago at the Annual General Meeting in Montreal; but so far as gas is concerned, its early production in Saskatchewan seems now assured. The three years that have elapsed since Mr. Ross' paper have witnessed a growth in the world's production of oil that has created a potential supply out of all proportion to the demand for petroleum products, and one that has resisted the most energetic efforts of the industry entirely to control. The natural result has been very much to retard the active prospecting of new structures in the Prairie Provinces with any immediate view to oil production, although the same factor has not hindered the search for gas to the same extent. One consequence has been to divert the attention of organized oil operators from wildcat drilling to more detailed geological investigation than had hitherto been customary, sometimes accompanied by test drilling with a view to the elucidation of geological structure rather than to the immediate development of production which at the present is not needed. Nevertheless, in spite of the growth of this phase of oil prospecting - which the writer would be the last not to welcome as a very real blessing and of far greater value than indiscriminate wildcat drilling in either the complex structures of the foothills or the simpler but largely concealed formations of the plains- it is most satisfactory to have to record that in these three years the growth of production both of naphtha and the heavier crude-oil has kept pace with the by no means inconsiderable growth in the production and utilization of natural gas.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

COMMITTEES. CENTRAL GENERAL COMMITTEE.-Wm. Fleet Robertson, Chairman; Win. M. Brewer,. Secretary. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF NELSON, B. C.-A. S. Farwell, Chairman; W. C. Bayly, Secretary; William Blakemore, M. S. Davys, S. S. Fowler, R. R. Hedley, Leslie Hill, A. H. Telly; W. C E. Koch, J. J. Campbell. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF ROSSLAND, B. C.-His Worship Mayor Hamilton, Chairman; AV. H. Aldridge, Charles Biesel, H. H. Claudet, F. W. Guernsey, R. Marsh, J. W. Astley, R. W. Brock, A. A. Cole, A. G. Larsen, R. H. Stewart. Also the Rossland Board of Trade, Robert Hunter, President; K. E. Mackenzie, Vice-President; A. B. Mackenzie, Secretary. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF GRAND FORKS, B. C.-His Worship Mayor Hammor, Chairman ; A. W. B. Hodges, A. L. White, G. M. Fripp, L. A. Manley, W. T. Spier, G. W. Wooster. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF VICTORIA, B. C.-Wm. Fleet Robertson, Chairman; William Al. Brewer, Secretary; Harold Grant, Thomas Kiddie, Clermont Livingston, E. C. Musgrave, W. J. Sutton, Francis A. Thomson. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF VANCOUVER, B. C.-C. F. Jackson, Chairman; His Worship Mayor F. Buscombe, J. J. Banfield, A. Bethune, John Boyd, H. C. Clarke, A. B. Erskine, E. P. Gilman, William Godfrey, W. D. Haywood, R. K. Houlgate, H. T. Lockyer, J. I. McAdam, H. M. McDowell, C. W. McMeekin, W. H. Malkin, F. Richards, T. J. Smith, George A. Walkem, G. Slieldon Williams. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF WHITE HORSE, Y. T.-Robert Lowe, Chairman.; T. W. Jackson, Secretary; George -Armstrong, A. L. Bindley, Rev. Father Corbeil, L. De Gex, A. E. Fisher, W. P. Grainger, P. D. McMillan, Rev. Mr. Main, George C. Mallot, Alfred Parre, George Pulham, George Reid, William Robinson, J. P. Scharschmidt, J. C. Schraeder, Major A. E. Snyder, Rev. Mr. Stringer, Judge George L. Taylor, William Taylor, H. Wheeler, E. J. White, J. P. Whitney;' ; LOCAL COMMITTEE OF DAWSON, Y. T.-Hon. W.W. B. McInnes, Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, Honorary Chairman; Major Z. T, Wood, Assistant Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, Honorary Chairman; J. B. Tyrrell, Chairman; J. Moore Elmer, Vice-Chairman; George Black, Secretary; Hon. Mr. Justice Dugas, Hon. Mr. Justice Macaulay, Hon. Mr. Justice Craig, Dr. Alfred Thompson, D. A. Cameron,. E. W. Griffin. The first session, held in the ministers' room of the Parliament Building, 3 p.m., Saturday, July 1st, was presided over by Past-President Robert W. Hunt. His Excellency the Lieut.-

Nov 1, 1905

By D Connelly

As the resources sector becomes tougher with rising costs and cyclical metal prices, mining companies need to continue to reduce their costs and do more with less. Many new resource projects fail to come in under or on budget based on Feasibility Studies. Particularly, capital expenditure (CAPEX) proves difficult to achieve for resource projects. A number of resource projects have failed because of aggressive plant CAPEX cost cutting resulting in projects with no surge capacity and are unable to achieve design throughput. In addition, the plants are not operable because of the omissions. In recent times many businesses have also experienced the "costs" of simply implementing aggressive operating "cost cutting” measures as a strategy for solving business performance problems. This paper looks at technology driven, employment related, luxury cuts, department cuts and restructuring cuts. In the past companies used an incremental approach based on the use of past budget information as an integral part of the budget construction process going forward. The use of performance reports and Management Information Systems (MIS) is examined along with the role of continuous improvement in achieving sensible cost cutting.

Aug 8, 2011

By T. Beamish, I. Vasilev, T. Nikolov, E. Marinov, D. Kirilov, P. Barrios

In April 2005, Umicore Copper de-merged from Umicore Group and created a new independent Copper company called Cumerio. As a separate company, Cumerio is a major European copper smelter and refinery and a leading producer of copper products such as wire rod, billets, cakes and specialty rod with a total production capacity of copper products in excess of 500,000 tpy with production plants in Belgium, Italy and Bulgaria. The Pirdop Smelter is the only state-of the-art smelter in South East Europe and it makes Pirdop the natural hub for the copper industry in the region. In order to be competitive in the international market the main challenges facing Cumerio are to maintain its low cost structure and to achieve higher production volumes while reducing its impact to the environment and striving for continuous improvement of the production process. Cumerio's state-of-the-art smelting facility in Pirdop has recently increased the anode production capacity to 250,000 tpy by the installation of the third evaporative cooler on the converters section that allows operating with three-hot converters. In April 2007 a general shut-down for repair and modification on the Flash Smelting Furnace and Waste Heat Boiler is envisaged. At this time a revamp of one of the existing Sulphuric Acid Plants is planned, resulting in a further copper capacity increase to 275,000 tpy with modest Capex. In 2005 Cumerio received from the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water the Complex Permit under the EU IPPC criteria. Accordingly an Environmental Compliance Program was defined targeting a large reduction in the secondary emissions. The system will be commissioned in May 2007. In order to better integrate the smelter and refinery in Pirdop and to respond to the growing demand for cathodes in the region, a new state-of-the-art Electrolytic Refinery with an installed capacity of 180,000 tpy will replace the existing refinery. The new refinery is expected to be fully operational as from early 2008. This paper describes the challenges and the projects.

Jan 1, 2007

By Stanley M. Jarrett

Gentlemen, I am pleased to address this gathering of engineers and operation managers representing a large and important segment of the metal and nonmetallic mining industry. Since you know from the printed program that the theme of my paper is the furthering of safety in open pit mines, perhaps you will have guessed that I will also comment upon the image created in the public mind by the industry's safety record and the potential consequences thereof in national health and safety legislation. Operators of surface mines have some cause to congratulate themselves on the basis of figures issued by the national safety council which show that lost-time accidents per-million-man-hours in surface mining (11.18), is lower than that of all other mining. Moreover, the accident frequency in surface mining is only slightly above the median accident rate for all American industry (8.87). That is a good record.

Jan 1, 1972

By T. N. Williamson

Most U.S. coal production is bituminous coal. Some 90% of current production comes from a geographical area enclosed in a circle with a 300 mile radius and its center at about Huntington, West Virginia. There are important underground coal production areas in the western parts of the United States as well. Most U.S. coal production comes from fairly level seams, many of which pitch rather uniformly only a few feet per mile. Usually there will be several overlying seams of varying thicknesses, separated by several tens of feet. Fig. 1. 1. Seams have minor local undulations but these? are small enough not to be a major consideration in a horizontal drilling research program.

Jan 1, 1970

By F. S. Crawford

The average visitor to a large electric-shovel operation may wonder how electric power can be treated as carelessly as apparently it is in open-pit mining, and how the mining company can string it carelessly along the ground in great, black, hoselike cables, whereas the power company, which has learned to respect his deadly agency, keeps power lines far out of reach. This is explained by the fact that this particular kind of application of power to moving machinery requires the use of trailing cable instead of the more permanent type of construction that permits a moving contact, such as a trolley. The cables are designed to insulate fully the enclosed power lines against damage and loss of current; and employees are taught to handle them carefully, although engineers are not satisfied that the trailing cable is foolproof and are seeking constantly to improve methods and equipment to insure greater safety. In some sections they rely mainly on the construction of the cable and perfection of equipment, while in others additional precautions are taken, such as handling the cable with rubber gloves, slings, tongs, or loops. In some sections no temporary repairs are made to cables, while in others such repairs are made and later are vulcanized in the shop. At some operations the cycle of shovel duties is arranged so that cables are very seldom exposed to flying rock fragments while at others this exposure appears to be unavoidable. Methods of fastening the cable to the shovel frame and transporting the loose cable vary. Inspection and care of the cable are important in insuring its safety and durability. A limited amount of information was obtained by field engineers of the United States Bureau of lines from operators in various parts of the United States, as methods of handling electric-shovel operations differ with the districts; practices followed and equipment used in these districts are described in this circular.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. Postle, Deborah McCombe

"This is the third in a series of articles about the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO). The first article was an interview with Niall Weatherstone, Chairman of CRIRSCO (CIM Magazine, February 2008) the second described the background and goals of CRIRSCO (CIM Magazine, March/April 2008). In 2007, CRIRSCO was adopted as the Reserves and Resources Task Force of the International Council on Mining and Metals. This decision by ICMM has resulted in an increased level of funding for CRIRSCO and the ability to advance its objectives. In mid-October 2007, CRIRSCO members met in London England to discuss the status of each of the member countries’ reporting codes and the progress of various CRIRSCO projects. Update on national reporting codes Australia: The last update of the Australian JORC Code was in 2004. While there are ongoing discussions about issues that arise from the application of the latest version of the Code, there are no plans to update JORC in the near future. Canada: The Canadian Securities Administrators revised National Instrument 43-101 in December 2005. At the same time, the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum published updated Resource and Reserve Definitions that are incorporated by reference in NI 43-101. CIM is continuing work on developing Best Practice Guidelines to assist practitioners in the estimation of Mineral Resources and Reserves. South Africa: The South African Mineral Reserve Committee is currently awaiting an update of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Limited Listing Rules, which will incorporate both SAMREC and SAMVAL (South African valuation guidelines). The official launch of both codes is expected in 2008. Europe: The Pan-European Reserves Reporting Committee expects to release a consultation draft in 2008. Emphasis is being placed on industrial minerals and aggregates, which constitute a very large industry in Europe. Chile: The Chilean Certification Code was approved in early 2008. As part of the Code, a National Commission is being established to screen and review reports on a random or specific basis. United States: The Society of Mining Engineers updated the SME Reporting Guidelines in 2007. The Securities and Exchange Commission has not accepted these more up-to-date definitions and guidelines. The SME committee will continue to discuss the incorporation of these Reporting Guidelines with SEC. SME has also established a class of membership, a Registered Member, which includes disciplinary measures for non-compliance with the SME guidelines."

Jan 1, 2003

Following the Moura No 2 Wardens Court of Inquiry and subsequent changes to the Queensland Mining Legislation there is a requirement in Queensland coal mines for: a person with the recognised competencies to be appointed at each underground coal mine to the position Ventilation Officer; and the person is directly responsible for the implementation of the mine ventilation system and for the establishment of effective standards of ventilation for the mine. The Regulations require that an underground mine must have principal hazard management plans that provide for at the least the following: emergency response, gas management, methane drainage, mine ventilation, spontaneous combustion, and strata control. Other than strata control all the plans require the ventilation officer to have roles and responsibilities to develop, control, monitor and undertake actions in relation to these plans.There are also another 34 Regulations that either directly or indirectly requires the Ventilation Officer to take actions.The purpose of this paper is to outline the information that the regulators look for in sealing plans and the actions the regulators will take if the sealing does not go to plan (TARPs being exceeded).

Jan 1, 2005

By W. H. S. McFarland

THE Yukon Consolidated Gold Corporation, Limited, a Canadian company, operates alluvial gold dredges in the Klondike goldfields of Yukon Territory. Its operations are of unique interest to Canadian mining as it is the only large-scale placer mining operation of this type in Canada. Its properties lie in the valley of the Klondike river and its tributaries, Bonanza, Hunker, Bear, Last Chance, and All Gold creeks, and in the valley of Indian river and its tributaries, Dominion, Gold Run, Sulphur, Eureka, Montana, and Quartz creeks. At the end of 1938, they consisted of 1,650 placer mining claims and 9 leases or concessions. They cover a belt with an area of approximately 1,000 square miles. This vast area covers in part claims which have been previously worked by other methods such as 'drift' and 'open-cut' mining, and areas which were too low grade for such methods. The ground held by the Company is not held in freehold but in the form of mining claims and mining leases granted by the Dominion Government under the provisions of the Yukon Placer Mining Act. Full-size creek claims are 500 feet in length by 1,000 feet on either side of the base-line. Hill and bench claims are 500 feet up and clown the valley and 1,000 feet at right angles to the valley. All claims are held on the basis of an annual renewal fee of $10 for each claim plus 'representation work' of an assessed value of $200 per claim per annum. For the purpose of such representation work, claims may be 'grouped'. This means that work done by one dredge is sufficient to 'represent' a comparatively large block of claims. It is only in this way that it becomes possible to consider operations on a large scale over a term of years, for such operations would obviously be impossible on law-grade ground if representation work had to be done separately on each individual claim in each year.

Jan 1, 1939

By Hugh D. Pallister

Alabama probably has the most extensive deposits of high-grade flake graphite in the United States and was the largest producer during World War I. Therefore, with the outbreak of World War II, users of flake graphite turned again to Alabama to supply their requirements. Flake graphite is the most important ingredient contained in graphite crucibles used in melting crucible steel and special alloys essential for war purposes. Early in World War II the Army and Navy placed flake graphite on the list of critical war materials. During World War I, when the supply of Ceylon graphite (then in demand) was cut off, large quantities of flake graphite were produced in Alabama, and about 40 mills were built. Most of these were abandoned after the war when imports of the cheaper Madagascar flake (which gradually replaced Ceylon graphite) began to reach this country. With the beginning of World War II, the Madagascar supply was cut off', and consumers were again compelled to look to domestic sources for their supplies. They found only one small mill in operation, that of the Ceylon Graphite Co. in Coosa County, Ala. The Bureau of Mines made a preliminary examination of the Alabama flake graphite deposits in 1940. Samples were taken and tested at the Southern Experiment Station at Tuscaloosa.

Jan 1, 1948

By Osamu Taki

The innovative Soil-Cement Mixed Wall Technique emerged in Japan and obtained recognition in the engineering and construction communities in the 1980's. This technique was introduced to the United States in 1986. It was accepted as the most credible construction technique by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for ground stabilization and cutoff wall work in the Jackson Lake Dam Project, Wyoming in 1987 and 1988. It was also accepted as a remediation technique by U.S. EPA for a Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration on in-situ solidification/ stabilization. The Soil-Cement Mixed Wall Technique consists of mixing in-place soils with cement grout or other reagent slurries using multiple axis augers and mixing paddles to construct overlapped soil-cement columns. The overlapped column panel is then extended to form an underground continuous soil-cement wall for use as a cutoff wall or a structural diaphragm wall for groundwater control and excavation support. By arranging the column panels in various configurations, the technique becomes a versatile tool for stabilization of soft or liquefiable soils.

Jan 1, 1990

By Erle C. Donaldson

Subsurface injection of liquid and slurry-type industrial waste is being used as a means of waste disposal. This survey conducted by the Bureau of Mines shows that the method can be economically and environmentally attractive if the proper precautions are taken, especially when the alternative is cursory treatment and discharge at the surface. Attention is called to petroleum technology and experience that can be applied to subsurface waste injection. Part 1 of this report is a discussion of the general aspects of subsurface waste-injection systems. Part 2 is a general discussion and review of the literature concerning the geologic formations available for injection in the United States. Part 3 is a discussion if 15 case histories including information on the source and nature of the waste and the geology, surface equipment, well completion, and operation of the systems.

Jan 1, 1974