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By Gerald L. Stolarczyk

Safe and efficient coal extraction requires advanced radar subsystems that can be mounted on cutting drums of coal cutting machines. A look-ahead radar (LAR) must solve the radio geophysics problem of transmitting an electromagnetic (EM) wave through at least 20 feet (6.1 meters) of coal to an air- or water-filled void. The reflected EM wave must be processed in the radar electronics to determine the physical distance to the void. Horizon sensing enables selective cutting near the undulating sedimentary rock boundaries of the coal bed to address coal quality and ground control issues. Both sensors require subsystems for dynamic electric power generation, real-time measurement of drum rotation angle, detection of reflected EM waves, and processing to determine distance through coal and RF modem transmission of measured data to the mining machine. This paper describes the development of the subsystems and field test results.

Jan 1, 2006

By W. A. Selvig

"INTRODUCTION In 1942, Lowry and Junge 3/ reported the results of a statistical study of errors for the proximate and ultimate analysis of coal and coke when made according to the standard Methods of Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke (D271-42) 4/ of the American Society for Testing Materials. Some of the laboratories that cooperated in the investigation reported difficulty with determination of the volatile matter of anthracite and low-temperature coke. The small number of analyses reported for these particular fuels was considered inadequate to justify definite conclusions regarding the precision of this determination.The investigation described in this report was made at the request of Committee D-5 on Coal and Coke, A.S.T.M. (A. C. Fieldner, chairman), to secure additional information regarding the errors of the volatile matter determination for anthracite, low-temperature coke, and subbituminous coal; the last fuel also gives trouble in this determination, The committee has recognized that the allowable differences between duplicate determinations of volatile matter for these fuels as given in the standard methods are perhaps too stringent and may require revision."

Dec 1, 1943

By D. F. Strong, P. P. O'Neill

"The Isle aux Morts Prospect is the first polymetallic, sulphide mineralization reported from the Port aux Basques Complex of southwest Newfoundland. Zn-Pb-Cu-Ba-Ag mineralization hosted by quartz-muscovite semipelite, occurs at the contact between a quartz of eldspathic unit and pelitic unit with intercalated amphibolite are minerals comprise sphalerite-galenachalcopyrite, in order of decreasing abundance. The principal gangue minerals are quartz, muscovite, feldspar and barite. Three morphologic types of mineralization are present: massive with more than 50% sulphide, flanked on one or both sides by disseminated and/or banded types. The massive type of mineralization exhibits a :durchbewegung"" fabric of rounded silicate fragments in a sulphide matrix, characteristic of intensely deformed and metamorphosed sulphide bodies. Sulphide minerals have been mobilized and recrystallized and share the same metamorphic and deformational history as the host rocks. Quartz muscovite schist which hosts disseminated mineralization, displays a K2O enrichment and Na2O depletion, that is typical of alteration associated with sulphide bodies in volcano sedimentary sequences. Isotopic ratios of sulphur are comparable to those of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits.Despite penetrative deformation and metamorphic recrystallization, features of the local geology and the mineralization suggest that the Isle aux Morts Prospect is volcanogenic in origin. IntroductionFollowing the release of a government lake sediment survey (Butler and Davenport, 1980), which indicated anomalous concentrations of metals in southwest Newfoundland, geologists with Utah Mines Ltd. discovered the Isle aux Morts Prospect, a Zn-Pb-Cu-Ba-Ag showing, located approximately 15 km northeast of Port aux Basques (Figs. I and 2). The mineralization occurs in quartz-muscovite schist and is the first significant basemetal discovery in the Port aux Basques Complex."

Jan 1, 1988

By María Quintana, Roger Veramendi, Gerald Salazar, Clemente Luyo, Noe Cabanillas

En este trabajo se presenta un sistema autónomo para remoción de plomo de efluentes mineros con monitoreo remoto, cuyo sistema opera a base de un novedoso material adsorbente, que se presenta en este estudio. Este material, obtenido a partir de arena y grafito, es estable, escalable, reproducible, biodegradable y se puede usar para el tratamiento de metales pesados en agua por medio de una red de filtros en boyas. El equipo desarrollado ha logrado remover casi el 99% a niveles de 10 ppm de contaminación de plomo en un rango amplio de niveles de pH, lo cual garantiza su correcto funcionamiento bajo condiciones de campo. Los componentes del sistema se basan en partes recicladas de otros equipos y utilizan energía solar para su funcionamiento continuo. Asimismo, el equipo contará con un sistema de monitoreo a control remoto, para que el usuario pueda registrar los niveles de plomo a la salida de la red de filtros.

Sep 20, 2019

By Alberto Benavides

El presente texto señala la problemática de la educación universitaria en los estudiantes de Ingeniería de Minas -particularmente de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Santa María, donde se busca la integración de materias como geología, mineralogía, concentración de minerales. Asimismo, se desea desarrollar plenamente los yacimientos minerales cuya explotación se les encarga, de forma que se capitalize al máximo en beneficio de la comunidad, de la cual forma parte la empresa. De otro lado, se debe reducir la carga académica en los alumnos, -especialmente en el curso de Matemáticas a través de la eliminación del Análisis Matemático como requisito para los ingenieros de minas. El curso comprende Integración múltiple, Análisis vectorial, Sistemas de ecuaciones diferenciales, Series de Fourier y Análisis numéricos. Asimismo, se busca la implementación de cursos como " "Actualización de Conocimientos", Estadística Aplicada a la Minería y un curso sobre Comercialización de Minerales

Jul 1, 1974

By John Rear Admiral Edwards

Introductory.-There are many interesting and important events connected with the petroleum problem. The remarkable men who conceived the thought of transporting petroleum by pipe line, conserving the by-products of the commodity, and conducting extended investigation and research whereby the flash point of the oil was raised, its cost reduced and its Supply assured, are deserving of the gratitude of this nation. It was primarily the success attained by Captain Lucas, after his comprehensive search for oil in Texas and Louisiana, that was the impelling cause. which 'prompted the Navy Department to conduct the extensive series of liquid fuel-oil tests that were made from 1901 to 1903. The sensational discovery of oil at Spindle Top made a deep impression upon Rear Admiral George W. Melville, then Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy, and the discovery of the vast oil field in Texas convinced him that, within a generation, if not within a decade, crude petroleum was going to play a very important part in warfare, and that the commodity might possibly develop into a necessary munition of war. The United States' Commanding Position as a Petroleum Producer.¬ In the study of the various problems relating to the world's production of crude petroleum, the position of the United States is one of commanding importance, whether viewed from the industrial or the military aspect. The present yield of this country is practically double that of the rest of the world, and, in view of the productive and prospective fields possessed by various countries, together with the comprehensive and exhaustive search that has been made throughout the world for petroleum, it is extremely probable that this lead will be maintained for the next decade. As regards the character of the crude-oil yield of different countries, America possesses the greater part of the supply that contains a paraffine base, and therefore a considerable portion at least of the American product produces the best illuminant. Of all the crude-oil distillates, kerosene is in many respects the most important, and the Appalachian product for this purpose is favored, particularly in the Far East, above that of any other petroleum yield of the world.

Jan 9, 1914

By Yiming Rong, Gang Wang

"Water quenching is one of common heat treatment processes but with complex physical phenomenon, in which vaporizing, bubbling and convection are involved. The general simulation of liquid quenching processes is conducted by using temperature dependent value of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) obtained from experimental measurement under a strong assumption. A preliminary multiphase flow model developed by using Ansys-CFX for water quenching has been presented in this paper, which shows a distributed HTC with a time dependent feature. The conjugate heat transfer is used to describe thermal conduction in the simplified workpiece, and generation, growth and flow of bubbles are modeled by using Eulerian-Eulerian method for the gas-liquid multiphase flow. The simulation result shows the intense variation of heat exchange through the interface between workpiece and liquid, and the unsteady distribution around the solid surface.IntroductionQuenching is a rapid cooling process which makes the desired solid phase transformations happen for the certain material properties. For aluminum alloy, rapid quenching will prevent all phase transformation and generate a supersaturated single phase."

Jan 1, 2012

By Xiong Houjin

In the excavation works of some deep foundation pits within the boundaries of Guang­dong Province of China, though some measures, such as steel sheet piles, diaphragm walls, etc. were taken to protect the walls, the construction of the excavation works was often accompanied by damage of buildings and public facilities, surface settelment. sand boil and collapse of piles. When these happened, only chemical grouting could be used as the most efficient measure for rushing to deal with or rescue the emergencies. Besides, the application of chemical grouting protection wall technique also palys a very important role under the geologic conditions of the coastal areas of Guangdong Province, when applied in the mucky oystershell layer wealthy in water and the deep mud layer, it can not only achieve good results, but also reduce the cost significantly. In this paper, we discuss the water-tight and earth retaining functions of chemical grouting protection wall in weak formation, and introduce the applicable ranges of chemical grouting protection wall in the excavation of deep foundation pits. Some technological principles and design considerations of the construction of chemical grouting protection wall are presented. Different types of protection wall are also introduced.

Jan 1, 1991

By G. T. Fisher

A continuous process is used at Phelps Dodge Sierrita Inc. to produce copper sulfate pentahydrate via a solution extraction ? crystallization approach to supply the animal feed market. A review of the fundamental concepts of the process and unit operations is presented. Improvements in the process are aimed at achieving a controlled size distribution of product crystals (-40+80 mesh) with minimization of fines by primary nucleation and crystal breakage. An independent temperature control design was implemented for the heat transfer medium (water) in each crystallizer, albeit using common headers in and out of the chiller. This design was developed to maintain a controlled degree of supersaturation in each vessel while preventing localized spontaneous nucleation of fines and reducing encrustation of the heat transfer surfaces in each crystallizer. A model was developed to calculate the heat load and heat transfer coefficient of each crystallizer along with the saturation copper tenor as a function of temperature and free acid.

Jan 1, 2007

By Aigen Zhao

This paper describes the geocomposite manufactured with a special HDPE geonet and heat-laminating a polypropylene geotextile to one or both sides of the geonet. Also the text presents the design and result analyses of large-scale field test pad with the geocomposite overliner system, compared side by side to a control pad with a conventional gravel and pipe drainage system.

Oct 21, 2015

By Philip Antunes, A. E. (Tony) Reschke

"INTRODUCTION Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) operations require the injection of material into the annular tail voids as the machine advances ahead of the segmental concrete lining. This annular gap is created because the cutting diameter of the TBM has to be larger than the outer diameter of the concrete segments of the tunnel lining. Fundamentally, the two basic types of annular grout are thick, concrete like mortars and thin, mobile, two-component grouts. While some European countries seem to still favor the concrete like mortars, from a global perspective it is now the two-component type grouts that dominate the industry. Two-component type grouts are comprised of an “A” component grout (typically cement, flyash, bentonite and a retarder/stabilizer) and a “B” component accelerator (sodium silicate or water glass as it is sometimes known). They are thus sometimes referred to as A/B type or bi-component grouts and were pioneered by the Japanese over 30 years ago. They offer a host of operational benefits over thick mortars, such as reduced settlement (Feddema et. al., 2001), effective penetration of the void space, with less energy, and reduced strain on the segmented linings (Robinson et. al., 2007). Two-component grouts are highly mobile and can be pumped many kilometers. The use of a retarder/stabilizer can also extend the shelf life of the “A” component grout for several days while the early strength of the accelerated grout stabilizes the ground and supports the segmental liner almost immediately. The batch plants that prepare the two-component grouts use one of two possible mixing methods for preparing the “A” component grout. The simplest plants use paddle type mixers and numerous tunnels worldwide have been successfully grouted using this technology. However, a superior type of mixer is available, namely the high shear colloidal mixer. Keller Colcrete successfully pioneered the development of the colloidal mixer back in 1937 and for over 75 years colloidal mixers have been internationally recognised as the most efficient method of mixing cement based grouts (Houlsby, 1990). These mixers are used in grout preparation for radioactive waste encapsulation, hydro dam grout curtains, soilcrete jet grouting, soil nailing, and numerous other geotechnical applications. In tunnelling, these mixers are also used for ground treatment, compensation grouting and for the preparation of bentonite lubrication for pipejacking. It has been only within the last decade however that these high-shear colloidal mixers have been adapted for use in the preparation of two-component grouts."

Jan 1, 2016

The Ortiz Mountain property is located approximately 40 km (25 miles) southeast of Santa Fe and 13 km (8 miles) from the village of Cerrillos. The property embodies a Spanish mineral grant from which Gold Fields acquired about 2, 200 hectares (900 acres of surface and mineral rights. Following a period of exploration, metallurgical testing and development of a feasibility study in 1974, the decision was made, because of the higher gold price in the fall of 1978, to place the property into production. the gold is confined in a quartzite breccia; it is an unusual occurrence because the gold in this host rock is leachable at minus 19 mm (3/4 in. ). Total ore reserves are estimated at approximately 3.6 million mt (4 million st) averaging 1.89 g per mt (0.055 oz per st) based on a cut-off of 0.7 g (0.02 oz). The ore will be recovered by open pit mining at a stripping ratio of 1. 2:l. Production is scheduled for 13,600 mt (15,000 st) of ore per week or approximately 680,000 mt (750,000 st) per year. Primary crushing of pit-run material is by a 1,070 by 1,015 mm (42 in. by 40 in.) jaw crusher. Crushed ore is conveyed to stockpile and then to a 2.13 m (7 ft) standard crusher with the screened over- size crushed in a 1.5 m (5 ft) tertiary cone crusher. The screen undersize, the final product for leaching, is minus 19 mm (3/4 in. ). A 1, 360 kg (3,000 lb) sample is cut from the crushed ore stream, further crushed in a small jaw crusher and then sampled in two more stages by Vezin samplers to produce a final 13.6 kg (30 lb) sample for assaying. Pebble lime is then added to the ore on the belt as it is sent to the conveyor gantry spanning the leach pads. A tripper on this moving gantry stacks the leach ore without compaction. The entire crushing plant and conveying system is of open-air construction. Leach pads have a total length of 515 m by 60 m (1,700 ft by 200 ft) wide with usable dimensions of 490 m by 58 m (1,600 ft by 190 ft). The directional length slope is 3. 870 with 370 on the width. The pad is constructed of 175 mm (7 in. ) thick asphalt containing a rubberized asphalt membrane. It is divided by a 300 mm (1 ft) high curb into eight segments. Each segment is loaded with 13,600 mt (15,000 st) of ore, which is one week's production. Optimum working height of a pad is considered to be 3. 0 m (10 ft) with a maximum height of 4. 0 m (14 ft).

Jan 1, 1981

By Ashbel Welch

Ashbel Welch, Lambertville, N. J.: Dr. Dudley has given the wear of steel rails under four different conditions. He arrives at the conclusion that the softer rails, or those that from their composition ought to be softer, wear better than the harder. But there is another condition which has an important bearing on the subject, and should not be overlooked,—the weight on a wheel. With the lighter weights of the past, the softer rails may have worn best; with the heavier weights of the future, the harder may wear best. Weights will probably be increased up to the capacity of steel to bear; then doubtless the harder steel will wear best. A leaden rail with ten pounds on a wheel might carry millions of tons, but with one hundred pounds on a wheel, it would be destfoyed by a few thousand tons. So in the days of iron rails, my experience was that the softer rails under light machinery stood better than some of the harder; but under heavy machinery the softer were much the most rapidly destroyed. It is doubtless the same with steel. The pounding motion of the wheels loosens or spreads the particles of a thin film of steel; the pull lengthwise on the rail de-

Jan 1, 1881

By M. J. Preim

Two case histories are presented on the evaluation of static bearing capacity of piles driven in soils that exhibit time dependent strength changes. Under consideration are a steel and a concrete pile driven into soils generally consisting of silty and clayey fine sand. Pile dynamic measurements and analyses were performed on both piles during initial installation, and also during restrike one week later. This information was used to predict each pile's long term capacity (defined as 14 days after initial drive), which was then compared to that measured with a static load test. Agreement between predicted and measured capacities were remarkably good, with an average error of only 4.5 percent. Two weeks after driving, total pile capacities were three times those at the end of drive. If only the skin friction was considered, however, it increased by an average factor of 16. The increase in pile capacity was determined to be linear over the time period considered.

Jan 1, 1989

By A. L. Mackie

Arsenic is a highly toxic element and a known human carcinogen. It is often a contaminant in mine water discharges, particularly from gold mining and roasting operations, and has been found at concentrations as high as 4 g/L. Increasingly stringent controls on the concentration of arsenic allowed to be discharged into the environment cannot always be met by current treatment processes and thus enhanced technologies are required to achieve low treated effluent concentrations at reasonable costs. A novel two-step physicochemical treatment process was developed and tested at the bench-scale using synthetic mine water solutions (SMWs) in order to reduce arsenic concentrations in treated effluent to exceed current discharge regulations. The process includes chemical coagulation with ferric sulphate and ballasted flocculation for enhanced solid-liquid separation. The SMW contained 59 ± 2 mg/L arsenic with a slightly alkaline pH. The effect of arsenic speciation on the process was tested by using either arsenite, As(III), or arsenate, As(V), in the SMW solutions. Tests were performed at cold temperature (3 ± 1 °C) to ensure the process? efficacy year-round in northern climates. Arsenic in As(V) SMW solutions was removed to a final total concentration of 0.0054 ± 0.002 mg/L, almost half the current recommended allowable drinking water concentration of 0.010 mg/L. As(III) was removed to a concentration below the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations? (MMER) current limit of 0.50 mg/L, to 0.32 ± 0.06 mg/L, with double the coagulant dose used in Stage 1 for As(V) removal. Oxidant addition at a concentration of 5 mg KMnO4/L in Stage 2 resulted in final total arsenic concentrations of 0.017 ± 0.002 mg/L and pH adjustment with lime in Stage 2 resulted in 0.0415 ± 0.0007 mg As/L in treated As(III) SMW. Both of these modifications to the process reduced arsenic concentrations to below proposed new MMER limits (i.e., 0.10 mg/L). This two-stage treatment process was shown to reduce arsenic concentrations to well below current treatment guidelines while reducing or eliminating chemical oxidant demand.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Koster

In the western United States occurs deposits of low-grade chromite which, when concentrated, may be reduced to ferrochromiun in electric furnaces that derive energy from dams and hydro plants now in course of construction. Montana ore was chosen for the experiments. A 1-ton sample contained 26 percent Cr203, 17 percent Fed, and 17 percent SiO2, plus other constituents, and the concentrates therefrom assayed 44 -percent Cr203, 23 percent FeO, and 0,79 per cent SiO2, Gravity concentration was found to be the best method. Ferrochromiums are of two grades - high-carbon with 66 to 70 percent chromium and 4-112 to 6 percent carbon and low-carbor with 67 to 72 percent chromium and 0.6 to 2 percent carbon. Both are made in electric furnaces that use anthracite as a reducer and suit-able fluxes. The concentrates mentioned mere smelted under different conditions, and it was concluded that domestic ore could be reduced with anthracite to produce a ferrochromium of S to 10 percent carbon content at yields of 90 percent without re-treating the slag. This carbon may be lowered to required proportion with calcium and silicon, but the former requires a great excess and the latter leaves an alloy high in silicon. INTRODUCTION Chromite occurs in several regions of the United States, but the known deposits of this mineral have not been large enough or high grade enough to permit them to compete under normal conditions with imported ores. There are numerous deposits of chrome ore along the West coast. These are generally conceded to be relatively small, although some were worked during the World War. There are some indications of a revival of interest in California chromites. Montana contains large chromite deposits in Stillwater and Sweetgrass Counties. The utilization of chromite for ferrochromium and. the manufacture of stainless steels is distinctly an electrometallurgical problem; consequently, a study of methods for treatment of chromite might pave the way for the establishment of new electrometallurgical industries in the Western States. This thought is supported by the cheap power that is soon to become available from the western dams, Farther, submarginal domestic chrome deposits might thus be turned into profitable producers.

Jan 1, 1936

ASHBEL WELCH, Lambertville, N. J.: Dr. Dudley has given the wear of steel rails under four different conditions. He arrives at the conclusion that the softer rails, or those that from their composition ought to be softer, wear better than the harder. But there is another condition which has an important bearing on the subject, and should not be overlooked,—the weight on a wheel. With the lighter weights of the past, the softer rails may have worn best; with the heavier weights of the future, the harder may wear best. Weights will probably be increased up to the capacity of steel to bear; then doubtless the harder steel will wear best. A leaden rail with ten pounds on a wheel might carry millions of tons, but with one hundred pounds on a wheel, it would be destfoyed by a few thousand tons. So in the days of iron rails, my experience was that the softer rails under light machinery stood better than some of the harder; but under heavy machinery the softer were muqh the most rapidly destroyed. It is doubtless the same with steel. The pounding motion of the wheels loosens or spreads the particles of a thin film of steel; the pull lengthwise on the rail de-

Jan 1, 1881

By Pierre Boileau

Outline ? Who are We? ? Canada?s GHG Emissions 1990 - 2000 ? Emissions from the Petroleum Sector ? Emissions from Petroleum Exports ? Emissions from Manufacturing Industries ? Emissions from Mining and Metallurgy ? Conclusions Greenhouse Gas Division Key Functions: ? National GHG Inventory Report, Emission & Removal Trends Analysis, and Indicator Fact Sheets ? Scientific and Engineering Guidance, Technical Advice, Data Quality Assurance & Quality Control and Methodological/Data Development ? International Negotiations (FCCC) & scientific/technical guidelines (IPCC & ISO) ? Expert Review Teams (ERTs) ? Outreach ? GHG Verification Centre ? Clearinghouse ? Protocol Development

Nov 1, 2002

By H. D. Hagen, C. E. Nelson

14.1-1. Coal Mining. CORPORATE STRUCTURE. Most coal companies that operate surface mines had their beginnings as basically one-man organizations, with all decisions and controls in the hands of the founder. At the early stage of the company development, it is usually quite possible for one man to handle all management functions as the mining operations generally are quite localized and the founder can have a first-hand knowledge of all facets of the operation. However, with continued growth, the entrepreneur finds that he must limit himself more and more to the top level of management and delegate the day-to-day operation to others. An organization must be developed that provides not only for current operations but also for continued growth of the company through acquisition of coal reserves in market areas that the company desires to serve. In general, a successful coal company engaged in surface mining must develop an organization consisting of the following departments or divisions: operations, sales, engineering, exploration, land, purchasing, financial, and legal. Of course, all of these departments are not required in the beginning. When the company is small, there is much overlapping of functions. For instance, the operating department will handle purchases and the engineering department will also handle exploration and land functions. A growing surface-mining company has generally evolved through the various stages of development into an organization that is typical of large mining companies. An examination of a typical company and its various departments and their functions should give an insight into the organizational trends of surface mining companies. Having begun as a typical one-man organization, a company of today can be highly centralized, with firm control of all phases of the company's operations in the executive offices. This is achieved by having all department heads (Fig. 14.1-I), as well as the senior management, based in central offices.

Jan 1, 1968

By Malcolm J. A. Swallow

In June 1997, Mount Polley Mining Corp., a division of Imperial Metals Corp., completed an 18-kt/d (20,000 stpd) gold-copper mine in central British Columbia. Fast-track construction and extensive off-site construction were combined with an aggressive project schedule to build the mine in one year. This was three months ahead of schedule and 7% below the original budgeted cost of C$123.5 million (US$86 million). The Mount Polley Mine was the first of a crop of new open-pit mines in British Columbia. The Mount Polley deposit has been explored since the mid-1960s when it was known as the Cariboo Bell property. From 1988, Imperial Metals completed drilling and metallurgical testing on the deposit. This led to a positive feasibility study and the issuing of a Mine Development Certificate in 1991. The project was later shelved due to falling metals prices and the strength of the Canadian dollar. In late 1994, Imperial merged with Bethlehem Resources Corp., bringing a strong project team to the company. The deposit was then re-evaluated, ore reserves revised and additional metallurgical testing was performed. The result was a revised project plan. It indi¬cated that a financially feasible gold-copper mining op¬eration could be constructed at Mount Polley operat¬ing at 18 kt/d (20,000 stpd). In May 1996, an agreement was reached with Sumitomo to jointly fund and develop the project. By early 1996, final plans and permits were being prepared for construction, scheduled to begin in June 1.996. On-site work commenced on May 28th, 1996 following lifting of the road restrictions. Mount Polley Mining acted as its own project manager. Construction was completed in June 1997. Plant runup took place in July and full production began in August. Through the use of off-site construction and the careful selection of contractors who cooperated to complete some 12 major contracts, it was possible to reduce the mine and mill construction time from 16 to 13 months. Off-site construction for all possible aspects of the work and the use of used milling equipment allowed significant savings in overall capital costs of construction. Total costs for the mine, mill and tailings dam equated to C$6,100/t/d of throughput. The mill design incorporates several innovative features that will aid maintenance and allow flexibility of operation. The operation is designed as a closed system and meets the latest environmental standards. Concentrate is shipped by truck to the port of Vancouver. Revenues for the mine come from the mine's production of about 3.1 t/a (100,000 oz/year) of gold and 10.8 kt/a (24 million lbs/year) of copper during the first four years of the 12-year mine life.

Jan 1, 1998