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By Jorge Ivan Sabogal Paz

Con este trabajo se desarrolló un sistema para eliminación de un olor no característico en CO2 captado como subproducto industrial de un proceso de producción de alcohol por fermentación de jugos de caña de azúcar. Al incrementarse la producción, este CO2 comenzó a presentar un olor Dulce que afectaba la calidad insabora por lo cual en este trabajo se reporta el diseño y análisis de un sistema de eliminación de este olor no característico basado en sistemas de lavado. optimizado por sistemas de control automático. En los resultados se reporta el efecto en la disminución de los olores no característicos de distintos sistemas con respecto a su eficacia técnica e impacto.

Aug 17, 2017

Uno de los principales objetivos de los trabajos analíticos del laboratorio químico, es la determinación del sílice libre como sustancia causal de la silicosis en los yacimientos mineros. Sin embargo y durante mucho tiempo, se creía que los minerales compuestos de silicatos (silicio y oxígeno) contenían grandes cantidades de sílice libre, olvidando que dicho elemento está compuesto solo de cuarzo puro. En este aspecto, el objetivo del presente trabajo radica en la búsqueda de reactivos químicos que disuelvan solamente los silicatos, sin alterar la sílice libre. Para ello, es preciso evaluar el porcentaje de dicho compuesto a través de dos métodos: químicos y los físicos. Los primeros se subdividen en el método de Goldmabn, de Knofp, Durkan Landry y Talvitie, mientras que en los segundos, tenemos al método petrográfico, método de difracción de rayos, de fusión, de diferencia térmica y sedimentación. De acuerdo a la aplicación de los métodos primeros, se comprobó que solo el método químico Talvitie es el más idoneo para la determinación del compuesto, dado que ahorra tiempo al disolver los silicatos en polvos industriales en un período de 20 a 30 minutos, así como por el uso de un equipo de laboratorio menos sofisticado, obteniendo como resultado el 39.7% en su composición y una desviación standard de 0.39. Aunque para algunos tipos de minerales se recurre al microsocopio petrográfico.

Jul 20, 1957

By Juan Ayza

Ante el peligro de la concentración y exposición de los polvos de sílices en el personal minero, el presente texto revisa la silicosis -en tanto determina las propiedades de los polvos en reacción y su relación con los medios para detectarlo. Asimismo este estudio constituye en un problema de mecánica de fluidos, donde las operaciones más peligrosas se evidencian en la perforación y explosiones. También se refieren algunos datos sobre los costos de profilaxis de la silicosis y de las indemnizaciones de los enfermos.

Oct 1, 1955

By D. Hanson

Fox most of their practical applications metals are required to with-stand stresses of appreciable magnitude: indeed, it is because they possess the quality of resisting stress without becoming permanently deformed that they find such extensive use in the service of man. Metals and alloys must, in service, usually behave as elastic substances-or nearly so. It is not difficult to satisfy this condition at ordinary temperatures. Iron and its alloys, especially the steels, are at normal temperatures excellent elastic bodies, capable of satisfying most of the mechanical requirements of the engineer: where electrical, chemical or other properties are impor-tant, which cannot be met by steels, it is usually possible to find a non-ferrous alloy such as nickel, copper or aluminum, which will prove satisfactory. When the metals or alloys are not inherently sufficiently elastic, cold-working or heat-treatment may develop elastic properties to a sufficient extent for practical needs. By means of relatively simple, rapid tests we can measure such properties as elastic modulus, limit of proportionality and proof stress, upon which design can be based with confidence. The case of the soft metals, such as lead and tin, is well known to be exceptional. They possess no definite limit of elasticity, and the value of proof stress or tensile strength depends to a great extent on the speed with which the test is carried out. Design here must be based on other considerations than a well-established theory of the proportionality of stress and strain. It is now generally recognized that steels and non-ferrous alloys possess at temperatures not greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere, characteristics quite different from those existing at ordinary temperatures, and that they assume qualities similar to those of the soft metals. Not only have they no limit of elasticity, but the proof stress and the ultimate stress depend on the time of application of the load. Flow under load may persist for long periods of time, possibly indefinitely, and the determination of a true maximum stress becomes a matter of great difficulty.

Jan 1, 1939

By Scott Stephenson

Making a tunnel through solid rock can sometimes be a dangerous task. Many things must be considered in order to complete such a task safely, and efficiently. Prior to starting things must be known such as, the type of rock, the purpose for the tunnel, the destination point, then angle of decent (or ascent). Once these things are known, the method to proceed must be considered. Factors such as cost, feasibility, and time to completion must be taken into account.

Jan 1, 2009

By S. Rajendran

Gas Hydrates (Methane Hydrates) are solid, ice ? like substances composed of water and natural gas. They occur naturally in areas of the world where methane and water can combine at appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure and are found in the ocean bottom sediments and in some permafrost areas. Besides temperature and pressure, factors like bathymetry, sediment thickness, sedimentation rates, and total organic carbon content (TOC) also control gas hydrate formation in the sea. The stability of gas hydrates depends on the critical high pressure ? low temperature combination (0 - 17 bars, 0 - 25°C), which in turn dependent on the mix of gases from which the mineral is formed. As the critical parameters can be altered by deposition, erosion or slumping of sediments, formation or melting of ice cover, rise and fall of sea level and sudden temperature changes induced by tectonic activities, current flows or volcanisms, the gas hydrates tend to be very unstable. The Indian offshore is promising with the occurrence of gas hydrates in a total of about 80,000 km2 area in the bathymetry range of 700 to 3000 m as reported in the earlier surveys. A gas hydrate stability zone thickness map was prepared using bathymetry and sea bottom temperatures along the continental margins of India. This map is expected to provide the depth window while searching for the ?Bottom Simulating Reflectors? (BSR). The study indicates that a minimum water depth of 750 m is required for the formation of gas hydrates, and above which the chances for gas hydrates occurrences appear minimal despite other favourable conditions like presence of sediment rich organic content etc. Single channel seismic analog records (Gupta et al., 1998) suggests that Western Continental Margin of India (WCMI) offers greater promise with to gas hydrate occurrences, particularly with regard to the number of BSRs traced on the analog records as compared to the earlier surveys.

Jan 1, 2002

By P Breuer, X Dai, A Bergamin, D Hewitt

"Copper-ammonia-thiosulfate?leaching of gold has been researched for several decades as a potential alternative to cyanidation. However, this technology has not yet been applied commercially due to many challenges such as complex solution chemistry, reagent degradation and losses, system instability with losses of precious metals and difficulties in gold recovery from the leachate. Progress has been made at CSIRO in tackling some of these challenges including:better understanding and control of the leach conditions to minimise reagent losses whilst maximising gold recovery use of strong base ion exchange resins to recover the gold strategies to deal with polythionates that adsorb competitively with gold on ion exchange resins development and evaluation of process flow sheets.As a result there has been increased interest from the gold industry and renewed activities to develop thiosulfate based processes for gold recovery. One application area, which has been developed to the point of piloting, is the treatment of gravity gold concentrates using a copper-ammonia-thiosulfate leach with ion exchange recovery of the gold thiosulfate. This paper describes some of the advancements in the development of a potential process flow sheet for this application.CITATION:Dai, X, Breuer, P, Hewitt, D and Bergamin, A, 2013. Thiosulfate process for treating gold concentrates, in Proceedings World Gold 2013, pp 61-70 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Sep 26, 2013

By James J. Fallen

In this paper we are going to look at some things that may happen to the industrial minerals industry in the next decade. First, some concepts and definitions. What are industrial minerals? Not everyone agrees on an answer to this. So let's look at some of the opinions. Some say that industrial minerals are non-metallic minerals. As you well know, metallic minerals are used as a source material for metals. Copper, lead, and zinc are extracted from metallic minerals. But, some metallic minerals are also used for other reasons. Bauxite is used as a source of alumina and aluminum. It is also used as proppant in well drilling, as an abrasive, as a refractory material, and as a source of aluminum-based chemicals. So bauxite is both metallic and nonmetallic. There are other examples, too. Bastnasite is a source of rare earth metals and alloys but its concentrate is used in fluid cracking catalysts. Phosphate rock is an industrial mineral when used for fertilizer, but it is also the source of phosphorus. Ilmenite and rutile are sources for titanium dioxide pigments as well as titanium. So the nonmetallic designation is not adequate to define industrial minerals. Some say industrial minerals are called such because they are consumed in industry. How about your cat's litter box? Is that industry? Huge amounts of montmorillonite, attapulgite and other sorbtive minerals are pelletized and calcined to make animal litter. Doctors are trying to get people to cut down on their salt consumption. They are against people eating industrial minerals. When diamonds are a girl's best friend, they are not industrial minerals; when they are grinding and polishing media, they are. These examples show that industrial minerals are not exclusive to industry. Regardless, here is my list of industrial minerals: Abrasive Materials - Bentonite Antimony (Oxide) - Borates Asbestos - Calcium Carbonate Attapulgite - Diatomite Ball Clay - Dolomite Barite - Feldspar Bauxite (and Alumina) - Fire Clay Fluorspar - Pyrophyllite Fuller's Earth - Rare Earths Graphite - Salt Gypsum - Sand and Gravel Kaolin - Silica Sand Kyanite - Soda Ash Limestone - Sodium Sulfate Magnesite - Spodumene (Lithium) Magnetite - Sulfur Mica - Talc Nepheline Syenite - Titanium Dioxide Perlite - Vermiculite Phosphates - Wollastonite Potash - Zeolites Pumice There is some overlapping. Fuller's Earth takes in some attapulgite, bentonite, and other minerals, depending on the market. Some would like to distinguish industrial minerals by the market emphasis they receive compared to fuels, metallics, and precious metals. But even there, strict logic fails. Some industrial minerals are commodities. They are sold on a price basis against industry product specs, usually in large volumes. Phosphate rock, potash, sulfur, salt, soda ash, and other materials fit this category. Some are almost custom-designed for end-use and meet performance specs. These are sometimes called functional or specialty industrial minerals. Examples of these are ground calcium carbonate, water-washed kaolin, cosmetic grade talc, filtration grades of diatomite, perlite, and vermiculite. To determine prospects for the decade ahead, regardless of our

Jan 8, 1984

By Ping Fang, Dezhou Wei, Zichuan Guan, Wengang Liu, Yanbai Shen

A new cationic collector, bis(2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl) dodecylamine (N23), that can be dissolved in water easily was synthesized successfully. Its flotation performance to quartz was investigated compared with dodecyl amine in hematite reverse flotation system. It was found that N23 showed stronger collecting performance to quartz than dodecyl amine. The maximum recovery of 98% to quartz was obtained at a collector concentration of 43.3 mg/L in the pulp pH range of 6-9. This collector can be used to float quartz from hematite when starch was used as depressant. Optimal separating results with 90.06% iron recovery and 66.3% iron grade to artificially mixed sample were achieved at a collector concentration of 43.3 mg/L and a starch concentration of 23.3 mg/L at neutral pulp pH when hematite and quartz were mixed at a mass ratio of 3:2. The adsorption mechanism of the collector on quartz surface was investigated by infrared spectroscopic analysis and zetapotential measurements, which revealed that electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding adsorption occurred between the collector and quartz surface.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jerry Gagnon, Matt Burr, Dave Evans, Timothy Ellis, Davies Kakengela, Abbas Mirza, Larry Webb, François Leclercq, Andrew Johnston

Lead-based alloys are the primary anodes used in electrowinning from sulphate-based aqueous systems. Lead anode technology has evolved over the years, migrating from pure lead and lead-antimonial alloys to the present day lead-calcium-tin alloys for copper electrowinning and lead-silver alloys for zinc electrowinning. It has also migrated from cast to rolled microstructures in search of improved mechanical properties and higher corrosion resistance. Although great strides have been made in the development of new alloys and production processes, the industry still has unresolved issues related to untimely corrosion which limits anode life and may lead to higher contaminant levels in the metal being produced. Lead anodes corrode because of the difference in the chemical/electrochemical potential across the microstructural features of an anode. Given a very high purity material, we find that the grain boundary areas corrode significantly faster than the rest of the grain. The desire to minimize grain boundary corrosion by a balance of alloying element selection and microstructural design allows the grain boundary area to be engineered. However, operational issues can lead to unexpected corrosion behaviours which we will discuss moving forward. The comments in this work, though directed toward copper electrowinning, can be extended to similar phenomena in other metals electrowon from sulphate media (i.e., zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese). The lifecycle of electrowinning anodes is dependent upon electrowinning tankhouse operating conditions and maintenance of the anodes, including cleaning and straightening. This paper will focus on the operational aspects of maximizing the utilization of lead electrowinning anodes.

Jan 1, 2015

By Paul M. Buttermore

As part of a national canvass of water use the Bureau of Mines compiled data on water requirements in the petroleum and natural gas industries for the calendar year 1962, specifically in well drilling, secondary-recovery operations, and natural gas processing plants. Total new water use in the petroleum industry of the United States, excluding refining, was 5.3 billion barrels. Secondary-recovery operations and natural gas processing plants required about 2.5 billion barrels of new water input; each of these requirements was about eight times greater than that for well drilling. Total use, including recirculated water, was 45.3 billion barrels of which 3.4 billion barrels was consumed. The greatest use of recirculated water was for natural gas processing, amounting to 38.2 billion barrels. Projections of total water use show that by 1975, 75.4 billion barrels will be used by the petroleum industry, of which 10.2 billion barrels will be new water. By 1985, the total use requirement will be 92.8 billion barrels, of which 13.1 billion barrels will be new water.

Jan 1, 1966

By Francisco A. Flores, Rigoberto Torres

The Complementary Technical Standards of Mexico’s City Building Code do not mention the criteria to compute the bearing capacity of Steel H-piles. It is necessary to increase knowledge in using steel H-piles as foundation elements in very soft soils of Mexico City. Considering their applicability to reinforce structures as well as new foundations in confined spaces, this research is proposed to obtain the axial load capacity of piles at scale in laboratory. This paper describes the construction and testing of scale models in laboratory of steel H-piles to measure their axial compression and tension load capacity in the soft soils of Mexico City. Three types of piles were fabricated at scale. Tests were performed on individual piles and pile groups. Based on the axial load tests, the load-displacement curves are presented both in compression and tension. The analysis of the results is shown, and comments are given regarding the ultimate bearing capacity of piles. Recommendations are presented regarding the determination of the bearing capacity of these piles in the very soft soils of Mexico City.

Sep 8, 2021

By David W. James

DURING a recent investigation of the transition from a planar to a nonplanar solid/liquid interface for the systems H20-NH4F and 0-AIR,' an apparatus was developed which enabled the morphology of the ice-water interface to be examined during the transition. The slightly curved interface was viewed at a glancing angle with a Bausch and Lomb X30 stereomicro-scope. The interface was obliquely illuminated by a polarized light source. It was thus possible to differentiate between small projections or depressions at the interface, both by a shadowing effect and by the way in which they distorted the colored interference fringes across a particular crystal surface. Many attempts were made to photograph the various stages of interface breakdown. Unfortunately, the limited depth of focus of the microscope rendered the system unsuitable for photographic recording. Visual examination, however, was facilitated by continuous adjustment of the microscope focus control. The following observations of the interface transition were recorded for dilute solutions of ammonium fluoride in water. They are compared with iller's postulated morphologies shown in Fig. 1. i) The initial departure from planarity was characterized by the appearance of a large number of small depressions or "pores" in the interface. ii) The pores were arranged in wavy rows all lying roughly in the same direction within a particular grain. iii) The pores did not appear to form near to grain boundaries. iv) The pores appeared in certain grains before others. v) The transition from the pore structure to the elongated cell structure, Fig. l(d), was difficult to follow. It occurred quite rapidly and no truly irregular cell structure, Fig. l(c), was noticed. vi) The elongated cells gradually became more uniform in size and shape, with straight cell boundaries. They remained elongated, however, and no regular hexagonal cells were observed, cf. Fig. l(e). Several conclusions may be drawn from these observations. Firstly, the appearance of a poxed or, more accurately, a pore structure can be used as a criterion for the onset of constitutional supercooling. Care should, of course, be taken to distinguish between the true pore structure and artifacts caused by splashed-back liquid, particles of oxide, or inefficient decantation of liquid retained between cell boundaries, as described by Spittle et al? Secondly, and contrary to the suggestions of Tiller el l., it seems that interfacial perturbations are characterized not by curved projections but by small depressions or pores. A recent independent investigation by Biloni, Bolling, and cole5 reported in this issue indicates that the depressions might be explained in terms of dislocations intersecting the solid/liquid interface. It is possible that the dislocation concentration is reduced in the vicinity of grain boundaries. This would then explain the grain boundary depleted areas noted in (iii) above. This work was partially supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Contract No. AF 49-(638)-1029.

Jan 1, 1967

By Q. Xu

Adsorption of nonionic/anionic surfactant mixtures on kaolinite has been studied with sodium dodecylsulfate as the anionic surfactant and octaethyleneglycol mono-n-dodecylether as the nonionic surfactant. Synergistic interaction between these surfactant was found to cause adsorption of the nonionic surfactant with its hydrophilic chains protruding into the bulk, leading to substantial changes in wettability and dispersion characteristics of kaolinite. Similarly, hydrophobicity changes are observed also for silica particles upon adsorption of nonionic ethoxylated alcohols owing to possible changes in the orientation of the adsorbed surfactant molecules at the interface.

Jan 1, 1991

By H. M. Day, C. H. Mathewson

THE constitution of the system silver-mercury has attracted the attention of many investigators during the last two decades, but since their results are for the most part in poor agreement, there is little need for a review of their individual contributions. It remained for the very careful thermal and microscopic investigation of Murphy' in 1931 to give the constitutional diagram in its present and unquestioned form, which is shown in Fig. 1. He devised methods for taking cooling curves on alloys under high pressures and for the microscopic observation of alloys which contained liquid mercury as a structural constituent at ordinary temperatures. The compositions of the intermediate phases were confirmed and supplemented through X-ray analyses by Preston2 and Stenbeck.3 According to Murphy, at 276° C. silver is able to dissolve 44 to 45 weight per cent of mercury, which may increase at lower temperatures to about 50 per cent. Preston concluded that the saturation boundary occurred at 46 ± 2 per cent at 100° C. From the values reported in the literature, these are the only ones that may be accepted as lying even in. the right region. PREPARATION OF ALLOYS The silver used in the present investigation was supplied by the United States Metals Refining Co. through the courtesy of the Committee on Industrial Uses of Silver and, since a complete spectrographic and chemical analysis was furnished, no attempt was made to purify it or to further establish the impurities present. The analyses reported by the company are shown in Table 1. Milligan4 has found that the magnesium content is probably less than 0.0005 per cent.

Jan 1, 1938

By Cristiano José Scheuer

Experiments were carried out aiming to study the influence of micro-abrasive wear test variables and plasma treatment parameters, on the tribological characteristics of low-temperature plasma carburized AISI 420 steel. The first part of this study was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of abrasive particle size, normal load and counter body rotation speed on carburized sample wear behavior; and the second part was conducted in order to evaluate the treatment temperature and time effect on carburized samples wear behavior. Plasma carburizing treatments were performed at 8 and 12 h, for temperatures ranging from 350 to 500°C; and at constant temperatures of 400°C for times between 12 to 48h, and for 450°C for times of 4 to 16h. Micro-abrasive wear test were performed by mean of a calowear ball-cratering equipment using a polished ball of AISI 52100 steel rotating at 80, 120 and 160 rpm, for sliding distances from 2.6 to 104.2 m. Alumina abrasive particles with sizes of 0.05, 0.3 and 1.0 ?m were employed. The normal loads applied on this study were 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 N. Carburized sample was characterized by mean of OM, XRD and hardness measurements. Worn crater characteristics were evaluated by confocal laser microscopy. Results showed that the transient wear regime prevails along the outer layer length (composed by Fe3C and ?’C), and the steady-state wear stabilizes in the diffusion layer region (composed by ?’C). It was verified that the wear rate and wear coefficient decreases with treatment temperature in the range of 350–450°C and increase for 500°C. It was also verified that the wear rate and wear coefficient decreases with treatment time in the range of 12–36 h (for 400°C cycle) and 4–12 h (for 450°C cycle), and increase for larger treatment times due the chromium carbide precipitation. It was also found that the wear coefficient increases with the increase of abrasive particle size, and decrease with the increase in counter body rotation speed and normal load. Lastly, the analysis of the worn craters indicates the occurrence of grooving and micro-rolling abrasion wear mechanisms.

Aug 17, 2017

By José Wilmar Calderón-Hernández

Aços inoxidáveis supermartensíticos (AISM) surgiram em meados dos anos 1990, após algumas empresas petroleiras e centros de pesquisa empreenderem projetos para desenvolver aços inoxidáveis com boa resistência mecânica e resistência à corrosão. A força motriz destes projetos foi a procura de aços inoxidáveis alternativos para os aços duplex e superduplex na extração de reservas de petróleo “offshore”, devido a seu alto custo e a problemas de produção naquela época. Os AISM são derivados dos aços martensíticos inoxidáveis convencionais, possuem menor teor de carbono, para permitir melhor soldabilidade e melhorar a resistência à corrosão, adição de níquel para evitar a presencia de ferrita delta (d) e adição de Mo, que também aumenta a resistência à corrosão. Através de ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica foi avaliada a resistência à corrosão de um AISM 13Cr-5Ni-2Mo, denominado neste trabalho como AIS_2Mo, para três diferentes ambientes, NaCl, NaCl+CO2 e NaCl+H2S (soluções desaeradas). O material foi recebido como chapas laminadas a quente, as quais foram normalizadas a 1.050°C (½ hora/ar) e posteriormente revenidas a 600°C (2 horas/óleo). O melhor desempenho foi observado no eletrólito contendo apenas NaCl, com potencial de pite ao redor de 40 mV (ECS); o ambiente mais agressivo foi a mistura NaCl+H2S, com potencial de pite ao redor de -300mV (ECS), a mistura NaCl+CO2 teve potencial de pite intermediário, com valor 60 mV (ECS) abaixo do eletrólito contendo só NaCl.

Aug 8, 2018

By Bailey, Lewis Newton

Bailey, Lewis Newton, Master Engineer, Senior Grade, 4th Regiment, U. S. Engineers, Headquarters Company, died of pneumonia at Camp Merritt, N. J., on Apr. 30, 1918. Baird, Louis, Lieut., Royal Field Artillery, British Army, died on the battlefield in 1915. Ballamy, John H., Capt., 103d Engineers, killed in action near Fismes, Aug. 9, 1918. Bowles, Martin F., 2d Lieut., Co. B, 355th Infantry, killed in action, Sept. 3, 1918. Burt, Andrew, died in active service, 1916. Cobeldick, William Morley, Royal Engineers, died from gas poisoning on Oct. 7, 1915. Dougall, Ralph, 4th University Co., Princess Patricia Regiment, killed in action early in the war. Evans, Alfred Winter, Lieut.-Col., New Zealand Rifle Brigade, D. S. 0., D. C. M., killed in action on Oct. 12, 1917.

Jan 3, 1919

By W. A. Tiller, D. H. Lane

A simple zone melting technique for investigating the effect of ultrasonic irradiation upon ingot solidification is described. The effect of i) ultrasonic power level, ii) freezing velocity, iii) constant or variable frequency, iv) direction of irradiation, and v) transducer-cozlpling bar joint upon the grain size of type 316 stainless steel have been investigated. The results of this study support the postulate that the ultrasonic vibrations increase the nucleation probability in the layer of liquid adjacent to the freezing interface. In the first paper of this series,l the possible mechanisms whereby ingot structure may be altered by irradiating a solidifying melt with ultrasonic vibrations have been discussed. A new technique for efficiently introducing the ultrasonic energy into the solid-liquid interface region was presented and applied to ingot preparation by the consumable-electrode arc-melting technique. The experimental results support the postulate that the ultrasonic vibrations may refine the ingot structure by increasing the nucleation probability in the zone of liquid adjacent to the solid-liquid interface. The present paper describes the application of the same technique to a relatively simple laboratory-scale zone-melting apparatus. This apparatus is found to be well suited to the detailed study of ultrasonic technology in this area and allows one to determine, in particular, the minimum ultrasonic power level needed to produce a certain grain size in a particular material. The results of this study support the nucleation mechanism for grain refinement, but do not provide any deeper insight into the specific nucleation mechanism responsible for the effect. EXPERIMENT The apparatus used in these experiments is shown in Fig. 1 and illustrated schematically in Fig. 2. The material to be studied, type 316 stainless steel, was in the form of a 3/4-in. sq bar 30 in. long. This bar was placed in a square open-topped mold with open ends made from high-purity graphite coated with a flame-sprayed Al2O3, skin. Surrounding the crucible was a molybdenum susceptor with 3/8-in. diam holes spaced at 1-in. intervals along its length to serve as sight ports. A tapered transducer horn was brazed to one end of the specimen. The entire assemblage was enclosed in a quartz tube, the transducer itself projecting out one end and resting in a cooling tank. A vacuum seal between the coupling bar and the end plate enclosed one end. A similar plate and seal enclosed the other end. The system is gas tight and can be operated under vacuum or an inert atmosphere. For these experiments, flowing argon at 15 in. of Hg pressure was used. The heat source for melting the stainless steel specimen was a 2-in. long 3-kc induction coil placed around the quartz tube; this source heated the susceptor, inductively melting about a 3-in. zone of the sample by radiation. To move the molten zone at a specified rate, the induction coil was moved down the tube at this rate with the aid of a simple pulling device. Thus, the sample could be irradiated at varying ultrasonic frequencies and power levels and could be solidified at varying rates. The power input to the transducer was measured using a "John Fluke Model 120 VAW-Meter." 1 The power delivered to the interface region is probably only about 50 pct of that measured on the VAW-meter. In a typical run, when the ultrasonic power was turned on, the interface of the molten zone closest

Jan 1, 1961

By A. J. Carlson, G. M. Marincel, M. L. Hovland, J. H. Healy

Research personnel of Erie Mining Co., a pioneer taconite mining firm on the Mesabi Range, have invented a new method to make an effective 325 mesh separation at high tonnage rates over stationary screens. The company regards this development as historically significant in that it represents the first successful method to commercially screen large tonnages of ore at fine sizes. Erie, which is now completing an expansion program at its plant site near Hoyt Lakes, Minn., has incorporated this screening method as part of that expansion. When completed, the concentration plant will produce 10.3 million tons of iron concentrate, all of which will have been efficiently screened at 325 mesh.

Jan 4, 1967