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By J. W. Thompson

OWNERSHIP OF ORE-CONSTRUCTION OF CONTRACT. A contract between the Republic Mines Corporation and the Quilp Gold Mining Co. provided that upon forfeiture of its rights under a contract the Republic Mines Corporation was required to give a good and sufficient deed conveying to the Quilp Gold Mining Co. all ore bodies of every description lying east of the west line of the Quilp Mining Co. claim extended downward vertically and lying south of the north end line of the Quilp claim extended downward vertically and which may apex within the lines of the Surprise, an adjoining mining claim. It must be presumed that the contracting parties under such circumstances had in view their statutory rights as provided by the mining statutes of the United States, and that both were familiar with the provisions as to extra- lateral rights granted by the statute to locators of mining claims. This contract means to include all ore bodies of every description lying east (or easterly) of the west (or westerly) line of the Quilp claim extended downward vertically and south (or southerly) of the north end line of the Quilp claim extended downward vertically within the Quilp claim excepting the part that was overlapped by the Surprise claim, owned by the Republic Mines Corporation. Quilp Gold Min. Co. v. Republic Mines Corp. (Washington), 165 Pacific 57, p. 61. PURCHASE OF GAS-REFUSAL TO DELIVER SALE TO OTHERS. A gas company that had entered into a contract to purchase a quantity of natural gas refused to receive and accept the gas that was tendered on the ground that it did not conform to the requirements of the contract; subsequently the company refused to sign a writing by which it was asked to consent to the sale of such gas to other persons. But the refusal of the purchasing company to sign such a writing giving its consent or its refusal to consent to such sale did. not affect the rights of the seller to dispose of the gas elsewhere and to other persons. OWNERSHIP OF MINERALS IN HIGHWAY. All mineral deposits within the limits of a highway belong to the owner of the fee and he is entitled to remove them so long as he does not interfere with the public use of the highway. City of Scranton v. Scranton Coal Co. (Pennsylvania), 100 Atlantic 813, p. 819. SALE AND CONVEYANCE. SALE AND CONVEYANCE EXCEPTION AND RESERVATION. The owner of an undivided interest in oil and gas lands conveyed the same to certain named grantees by deed containing a clause excepting and reserving all the oil and gas produced from the undi- vided interest in the land described. The language is not apt for the creation of either an exception or a reservation, but is rather that of a layman unfamiliar with legal distinctions. Strictly and literally construed, it affords a basis for a contention that that which was excepted and reserved was not realty in any form or anything inci- dent thereto, but personalty produced from the land. Immediately following the description of the tract, the grantor excepted and reserved something from the land described. What he excepted and reserved, he excepted and reserved then, and it was from his interest in the land. The clause expressed according to the evident intention of the grantor would read: "Excepting and reserving from the above all oil or gas which may hereafter be produced therefrom." No other construction can reasonably be placed upon the language used. The carving out of a separate estate in the oil and gas in land is a common occurrence in oil and gas producing fields. Mandle v. Gharing (Pennsylvania), 100 Atlantic 535, p. 536. RESERVATION CONSTRUED AS AN EXCEPTION. Where apt words of reservation are used in a deed they will be construed as an exception where this is the evident intention of the parties to the instrument. Although an exception and a reservation differ in legal effect, yet in their creation there is no magic in words, and if the meaning is clear either expression will operate for the purpose designed. The technical distinction between an exception and a reservation is frequently disregarded in the ordinary use of the word, and whether the language used creates an exception or a reservation must be determined from the intention of the parties ascertained from the entire instrument.

Jan 1, 1917

By MacDonald B. Johnson, Douglass P. Bacon

With the advance of science, rise of public interest in environmental matters, and continuing erosion of air quality, Federal and state regulators are demanding an increasing complex array of data concerning emissions produced by burning and detonating energetic materials. The U.S. Department of Defense, one of the world's largest consumers of energetic materials, now must characterize combustion products resulting from open burning/open detonation disposal operations. The catch-all phrase "below detection limits" no longer satisfies the regulators who now want testing to delve into the ppt level for volatile organic compounds and ppt level for semivolatile organic compounds.

Jan 1, 1995

By Elliot Rexford

The quality of aggregate materials is of major importance in governing durability and permanence of concrete structures. The problem of selecting suitable aggregate materials is two-fold. Geological factors include the type and character of the aggregate source, presence of known or suspected reactive constituents, and presence of thermally incompatible materials. Laboratory investigations include petrographic studies, soundness and reactivity tests, and tests of thermal properties. The importance of each factor in the selection of satisfactory aggregate material is considered in detail.

Jan 3, 1950

By Gennaro Di Lauro, Laura Meraviglia, Demostenes Efstratiadis, Danilo Coppe

This paper presentation regards the European Union’s project “I.C.E.A. - Identification Colors of Explosives and Blasting Accessories (Agreement number – HOME/2010/ISEC/AG/071 – 30 – CE – 0447240/00-11), submitted under the call for proposal “ISEC 2010 ACTION GRANT” of the “Prevention and Fight against Crime” Program of European Commission. The main objective of the project is to simplify counter-terrorism security measures and the procedures for visual identification of blasting devices.

Jan 1, 2015

By B. W. Gandrud

The upper part of the Alabama deposits of crystalline graphite consists of an oxidized ore derived from, the underlying unoxidized ore through prolonged weathering. The degree of oxidation in different sections and at different depths within the bed is nut. uniform. The original ore is hard and blue-gray; the weathered product is soft and brown and is the only part that has been mined to any extent. Samples of both oxidized and unoxidized ores were obtained from two of the large graphite deposits of Clay County. Three additional samples of oxidized ore were obtained from different portions of a third property in the same region. In this report, ores 1 to 5 are of oxidized material and ores 6 and 7 of unoxidized.

Jan 1, 1934

By Don Opacic

The disposal of sludges and other similar industrial wastes is a major problem. Liquid wastes from industrial operations, when treated, produce significant volumes of sludge which are difficult to dispose of, because of the chemical and physical properties of the sludge. In the mining industry sludge is produced from various water treatment operations, in particular mine drainage neutralization. Waste water from coal preparation plants also produces a sludge however the sludge is in fact a slurry containing clays, coal fines and coal impurities. In many areas the disposal of these sludges is producing a serious problem. Mine drainage sludge consists of a variety of hydrous iron oxides, usually ferric oxides, contaminated with other neutralization products such as calcium sulfate. The volume of sludge from mine water or mine

Jan 1, 1973

By Fred C. Bond

A study of the settling and thickening of finely divided pulps was undertaken with the object of obtaining certain fundamental relationships, with resulting improvements in the design and operation of mechanical equipment. The subject has been treated in two parts: testing and batch thickening, and continuous thickening, including calculations of capacity and dimensions. Part 1. ? Testing and Batch Thickening The usual method of making thickening tests is to agitate the pulp with a plunger in a graduated glass cylinder and let it settle, while recording the time rate of settling. The settling rates corresponding to different pulp dilutions are found, the ultimate dilution obtained is measured, and the necessary thickener area in square feet per ton of dry solids per 24 hours is calculated, for each pulp dilution. The largest area found is used in selecting the proper thickener size.

Jan 1, 1946

By K. Thambi

The court in Baleni v Minister of Mineral Resources [2019] 2 SA 453 GP and [2020] 4 All SA 374 (GP), deliberated on the protection of rights of a community holding informal land tenure under Customary Law. The contention related to the necessary level of consent needed to acquire a mining right over such land. Moreover, whether consultations with such communities (Section 23, Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) or consent (Section 2, Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act, No. 31 of 1996 (IPILRA)) was required to acquire such right. The case has a significant bearing on the granting of mining rights in South Africa, and the discretion of the Minister of Mineral Resources (the Minister) in this regard. However, the objectives of the MPRDA and IPILRA do not dovetail, therefore consultation and consent are not mutually exclusive (Tlale, 2020). This note argues that, despite the resounding victory of this case, the peripheral basis surrounding the decision and the various levels of engagement require serious deliberation. Equally, the degree of reliance on the IPILRA requires clarity to avoid aborting the fundamental objectives of the MPRDA. This paper provides considerations and recommendations that may reduce or eliminate the tensions between the statutory and socio-economic rights in the application of the two statutes.

Sep 1, 2022

By J. B. Gayle

Commercial flotation plants operate on a continuous basis that is not simulated closely by the batch testing methods widely used in Bureau of Mines laboratory studies of flotation, Batch methods indicate whether a particular separation is possible but provide little or no information about the rates at which such separations can be effected in continuous operation, Therefore, laboratory equipment suitable for testing on a continuous basis was assembled for an investigation of a number of the operating variables that influence the flotation of coal. The results of these tests lead to the following conclusions: 1. Flotation recoveries were markedly influenced by variations in the percent solids in the feed, However, the relation between these variables is complex and depends on the particular coal and operating conditions used. Flotation rates generally increased with increased cell concentrations.

Jan 1, 1962

By J. T. Crawford

The purpose of this paper is two fold. It will: (1) examine leasing analysis as a project evaluation criterion, and (2) compare the cost of leasing with other methods of financing. The use of leasing has grown extensively in recent years as a method of obtaining equipment. The computer industry has been highly dependent upon leasing from its earliest days to dispurse its equipment to the customer, while airlines and railroads acquire large segments of their aircraft and rolling stock by leasing. Over the last few years the mining industry has leased haulage trucks, bulldozers and other equipment of similar nature.

Jan 1, 1974

By M. L. Free, L. Anthian

Electrochemical, chemical, and image analysis techniques were utilized together with statistical analysis methods to determine the effect of various anode impurities on copper electrorefining performance. Results indicate that arsenic is a beneficial anode impurity. Anode lead and sulfur are shown to decrease electrorefining performance. Specific emphasis is given to the influence of individual elements on current efficiency, slime particle generation, and cell voltage parameters.

Jan 1, 2000

By E. A. Rychkun

With the aid of modern computer automation, certain mathematical techniques are easily adapted to geophysical, geochemical and geological data analysis. First and second derivative filtering (or transformation) of raw data, in many cases, gives a better indication of anomalous conditions than conventional methods of analysis. The calculations involved, which are tedious manually, are simple, accurate and fast with the assistance of Fourier analysis and modern computers.

Jan 1, 1968

Some important mineral fields are referred to in discussing the formation of placer deposits in Australia.Testing methods include boring by hand, with percussion rigs, with auger and pit digging drills, and by vibro drilling.Sampling errors are minimized by the use of correct techniques and equipment for boring, sampling and sample dressing. A hypothetical set of data is used to demonstrate the final process of evaluation, and somerelevant taxation provisions are discussed.

Jan 1, 1966

By W. H. Young

The thickness of the coal seam is one of the more important items influencing the productivity and general overall efficiency of operation of a coal mine. The average thickness of coal seams mined in the United States has changed very little in the past 40 years. The first measurement of thickness of bituminous coal and lignite seams was made for 1920, when the average thickness was 5.3 feet.4/ The average thickness for later years was as follows: 1945, 5.4 feet; 1950, 5.3 feet; 1955, 5.2 feet; and 1960, 5.5 feet.5/ Table 1 includes data on number and production of bituminous coal and lignite mines classified by I-foot intervals of seam thickness mined in 1920, 1945, 1950, 1955, and 1960. Though bituminous coal and lignite are mined today from seams of exceedingly variable thickness -less than 2 feet to more than 50 feet - a large majority of the production, 62 percent in 1960, came from seams 3 to 6 feet thick. This is not surprising since the coal seam of moderate thickness presents the least mining difficulties.

Jan 1, 1962

IT is necessary that all men who wish to bring things to a certain end should think of the agents needed to attain this. Now whichever one of the above processes you wish to use you must consider the nature of the material and see whether it is disposed to render what you wish to extract. Then you must see whether you have the other agents sufficiently powerful and proportioned to attain this result, for if the things were not in harmony your work would be vain and very laborious. Therefore, if you should wish to make waters or oils by way of distilla-

Jan 1, 1942

By S. Floreen, R. M. Pilliar, H. W. Hayden

The fracture behavior of a 50 pct Cu-50 pct Fe mi-croduplex alloy, laminated composites of copper and iron and an extruded 50-50 Cu-Fe elemental powder composite was studied. Very low ductile-brittle transition temperatures were achieved in all cases, but for different reasons. In the microduplex alloy both the initiation and also the propagation of cleavage fractures appeared retarded by the very small in-terphase distances. In the composites, crack propagation through the sumples was prevented in most cases by delamination fractures perpendicular to the advancing cracks. These delaminations occurred at different regions and by different mechanisms in the various composites. In the extruded powder composite, de-lamination appeared to take place along preexisting flaws. In the crack arrest geometry of the laminated plates, delamination took place by localized shear fractures within the copper near the Fe-Cu interfaces. In this case delamination was enhanced by thicker laminate layers, and by having the resistance to shear failure of the copper sufficiently low compared to the toughness of the iron. BRITTLE fracture in engineering materials has long been a problem, and many different ways of preventing it have been considered. One method that has been of growing interest lately is to prevent crack propagation by the introduction of mechanical discontinuities into the structure. These discontinuities may act in several ways. They may simply act as crack stoppers. They may introduce secondary fractures such as de-laminations that deflect the initial crack into new, less damaging directions. Alternatively, they may subdivide a fairly large bulk sample that would have been loaded in plane strain, for example, into a number of subunits that are individually loaded in plane stress and thus are more resistant to fracture. Other mechanisms, or combinations of mechanisms, are also feasible. A number of methods exist for introducing mechanical discontinuities into a structure. Composites by their nature have discontinuities in structure, and numerous studies have shown that fracture propagation in materials of this type can be radically changed by suitable control of the composite parameters. Of particular significance to the present work are recent investigations of layered composites made by joining high strength steel sheets by various means.'-4 These studies have shown that through proper control of the mechanical properties of the bonds joining the sheets it was possible to introduce delamination fractures that markedly improved the overall toughness of the composites and in some cases completely prevented through-the-thickness fractures. Another technique for introducing structural discontinuities is simply to use a two-phase alloy. It has been recognized for many years that a small amount of a second phase may improve toughness either by homogenizing plastic flow and thus preventing localized stress concentrations that nucleate fracture, or by interacting with an advancing crack. In most of these studies of two-phase materials, the decreases in ductile-brittle transition temperatures produced by the second phase were relatively small. More recently, work on two-phase stainless steels having a very fine grain microduplex structure has shown that the presence of on the order of 40 to 50 pct of a tougher second phase may lower the ductile-brittle transition temperature of the brittle phase by approximately 300°F. 5-7 In these alloys delaminations were seldom observed. The tougher second phase appeared to minimize the ease of both the initiation and the propagation of cleavage fractures. These results show that both the composite approach and the microduplex alloy approach are effective methods of preventing brittle fracture. Therefore, it was of interest to compare the fracture behavior of a microduplex alloy with composites made from the two-phases that were present in the alloy. To simplify this comparison the 50 pct Cu-50 pct Fe system was selected for study. At low temperatures the equilibrium tie line phases in this system are essentially pure ferrite and pure copper. A 50-50 alloy was cast and hot worked to produce a microduplex structure. Two types of composites were studied; laminated structures prepared by roll bonding iron and copper sheets of the tie line compositions, and an extruded powder composite made from high purity elemental powders. The fracture behavior of these materials was then compared. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Alloy Preparation. The 50-50 Fe-Cu alloy and the components for the roll bonded composites were prepared by vacuum induction melting 30-lb heats using electrolytic grades of iron and copper as charge materials. A carbon boil was used to deoxidize the melts. Small additions of copper and iron were made to the iron and copper heats, respectively, to approximate

Jan 1, 1970

By Roy T. Sorensen

This Bureau of Mines report presents the results of a study to rank technologies for extraction of alumina from bottom ash and coal shale. The available literature on composition and availability of coal waste was reviewed, and papers pertinent to alumina extraction are referenced. Types of coal waste were categorized by method of waste generation, coal content (heating value), location, coal type (ash nomenclature), and alkaline earth content. The differences and similarities among the categories of coal waste are summarized as to factors that my affect aluminum extraction, especially factors concerning chemical composition, current production, storage problems, and accumulated tonnage. Data available on physical characteristics and mineralogy did not correlate well with the individual categories of coal waste, and discussion on these two aspects is limited to the differences between coal ash and coal shale.

Jan 1, 1983

By Milton H. Fies

THE writer wishes to acknowledge at the outset his great sense of obligation to those who contributed so broadly and expertly to the preparation of this paper: Dr. Albert DeSmaele, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Socogaz, Belgium; Dr. Julien Venter, Director of the National Institute of Coal Mining, and Coal Utilization Industry, Belgium; Dr. Roger Loison, Chief Engineer, French National Coal Research Board, France; and Dr. Erich Sarapuu of the Sinclair Coal Co., Kansas City, Missouri. Liberal use has been made in this paper of a recent publication on Russian, Italian, Belgian, and French experiments prepared jointly by the Centre d'Etudes et Recherches des Charbonnages de France (Cerchar) and the Institut National de I'Industrie Charbonnière of Belgium (Inichar) .l The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. E. T. Wilkins, of the Fuel Research Station, London, and to Mr. James L. Elder, of the Alabama Under- ground Gasification Experiment at Gorgas, Alabama, for their unfailing patience and effective support. Not only did these experienced and capable men edit and revise this discussion, but much of its content is a direct contribution quoted in full from their memoranda. Without the assistance of all these colleagues, this presentation would not have been possible. It has been a privilege to serve and work with them and to acknowledge repeatedly their loyal cooperation. The recovery of the energy inherent in coal beds throughout the world has been done through the years by methods that today may be justly regarded as primitive. While the techniques of coal mining through the application of machines and the enhancement of information and skills have advanced to an extraordinary extent, particularly during the past 20 years, the underlying means is essentially the same as when man first began to mine coal. Despite this progress in the manner of coal mining, it continues today as a hazardous, toilsome, grimy task. Coal mining per se has advanced at a greater and more rapid stride in the past 25 years than the mining of any other mineral, but the basic method is fundamentally the same as it was the first day a miner took a pick into his hands many centuries ago. This situation presents a challenge to mining engineers everywhere, from

Jan 1, 1953

By Lyman G. J

Magnetic separator operation in the recovery of magnetite in heavy medium circuits was studied by conducting a series of tests on a full size wet drum magnetic separator.The significant operational variables were found to be feed pan clearance, squeeze pan clearance, dry magnetite feed rate and separator drum speed. With feed and squeeze pan clearances optimized for typical primary separator operation, magnetite loss and concentrate specific gravity were found to be related in a regular manner to dry magnetite feed rate at any drum speed.A two component model of magnetite loss is proposed, relating total magnetite loss to losses in the feed pan and squeeze pan zones. The experimental curves relating magnetite loss to dry magnetite feed rate at the various drum speeds are interpreted in terms of the two component model.The magnetite particle size distribution in the separator was also examined. The tailings magnetite was found to be finer than the feed magnetite only when the dry magnetite feed rate was low, or immediately following the introduction of a new charge of magnetite when the separator was fed at an intermediate dry magnetite feed rate.

Jan 1, 1983

By John G. Oldsen

During the last several years, implementation of trusses, in lieu of wood cribs, has been successful for supplemental tailgate support in the Pittsburgh seam. This paper reviews the truss support system provided by the new high strength 0.6" tensioned cable truss, which is now also being used in cribless tailgates. Cable loading and roof deformation were monitored to evaluate roof and floor performance. The test results indicate that the cable truss system successfully controlled the roof and floor during the first and second panel extraction. This paper will describe the advantages of cable trusses and their load transfer mechanism as well as mine evaluation.

Jan 1, 1997