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By Robert M. Becker

The evaluation of in situ rock stresses from measurements of the change in diameter of a borehole that is stress-relieved by overcoring has become a common practice. Generally the stress evaluation has been based on isotropic relations whereas rock in varying degrees is anisotropic. A plane elasticity solution for a circular hole along one axis of an orthotropic medium has been adapted to evaluation of in situ stress. The necessary elastic parameters for this evaluation may conveniently be obtained from static tests on the overcore in conjunction with a consistent orthotropic thick-wall cylinder solution. The method and equations for the laboratory and field evaluations are summarized and illustrated.

Jan 1, 1968

By Fabiana da Silva Santos

Neste trabalho foram estudados os efeitos da laminação a frio com baixo percentual de redução e a cinética de recristalização em um aço médio carbono e alto manganês. O aço em estudo foi laminado a frio com percentual de redução de 10%, seguido de um tratamento térmico de recozimento nas temperaturas de 650 e 700°C, em tempos de 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos. A caracterização microestrutural e avaliação da fração recristalizada foram avaliadas por microscopia óptica e a dureza Vickers (avaliada em um macrodurômetro e um microdurômetro). De acordo com os resultados pode-se observar um efeito combinado de recristalização e crescimento de grão em função da microestrutura parcialmente encruada pelo baixo percentual de redução imposto, que se acentua com aumento do tempo e da temperatura de encharque.

Aug 16, 2017

By H. T. Mulryan

Talc is used as an essential ingredient in a variety of plastics applications ranging from polyester body patch compounds through polypropylene automotive, appliance and household furniture components to high performance parts made from liquid crystal engineering resins. This paper focuses on polyolefin applications, the three-tier market for talc in polypropylene, the effects of various tales in typical compounds and trends in each market segment. Emphasis is given to emerging markets, examples of which are polypropylene compounds that mimic higher cost resins, and polyethylene films. Customer requirements for tales for these purposes are discussed.

Jan 1, 1994

By W. F. Cloud

The data and information compiled under Part I of this report are the results of experiments performed in the petroleum engineering laboratory under the supervision of W. F. Cloud, Associate Professor of Petroleum Engineering and William Schriever, Professor of Physics, University of Oklahoma. Problems Being Studied Most of the time has been spent in trying to determine the rate of flow and pressure gradient in a 4-in. flow tube 10 ft. long, which was packed with sand of various grain sizes. To date, only two kinds of sand have been packed in this tube: 60 to 80-mesh Canadian river sand, 60 to 80-mesh and 80 to 100-mesh Simpson sand. The original intention was to follow the same procedure and use the same types of crude under identical saturation pressures of both air and gas, as well as unsaturated (dead) oil, flowing the various crudes through several different sizes of both Canadian river and Simpson (Wilcox) sands, but lack of time has prevented such an intensive study of the problem. Some additional time has been spent flowing saturated and unsaturated crudes, similar to those used in the 4-in. tube, through 1-in. tubes, one of which was 2 ft. long and one 5 ft. long. The results obtained have been checked against those obtained by using the 4-in. tube, to obtain the relation of diameter and length of tube to rate of flow in similar sands. Laboratory Equipment Saturation Tank.—A heavy steel cylindrical saturation tank, capacity about 42 gal. was mounted on a platform of bricks, then a galvanized tin temperature bath was built around the saturation tank. This contained

Jan 1, 1930

By C Maloloy-on, S Morgan, M Deiparine, H Mackie

There is a strong focus in the mining industry to limit its impact on water quality and usage. This is even more evident in developing countries, where mining companies operate within local communities and have to be diligent not to affect them negatively. In mineral processing operations, the vast majority of water reclamation occurs at the tailings thickener area and tailings storage dam. It is often more effective to maximise water recovery at the tailings thickener before material transport to the tailings dam. Tailing dams are relatively inefficient, and experience a high degree of water loss due to evaporation, seepage and water retention. In addition, tailings dams present the biggest environmental liability for mineral resource projects, so it is beneficial to limit their size and loading.In the past, it was common for tailings thickener areas to have a significant footprint with several large diameter conventional thickeners, producing underflows of between 45-55% solids (w/w). At times, these multiple thickeners were difficult to operate, leading to inefficiencies in water recovery and quality. The development of High-Rate Thickeners (HRT) has resulted in improved settling properties and HRTs usually operate at significantly higher solids loadings (= 1.2 t/m2.h) when compared to conventional thickeners (= 0.1 t/m2.h). Subsequently, thickener diameters have reduced in size and HRT technology has become the preferred option for thickener circuit design in both new and existing operations. HRTs also produce higher water recoveries with increased underflow densities = 55% solids (w/w).The Carmen Copper Corporation (“Carmen Copper”) circuit upgrade is a recent example of these HRT benefits, where one, 39 m diameter, Outotec HRT treats the solids flow rate of five 76 m diameter conventional thickeners. This has allowed operations to increase dry plant tonnage by 50%, maintain key performance targets and provide a framework for further plant expansion. This paper details the sustainable approach to the Carmen Copper tailings thickener upgrade, where metallurgical performance, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact were key considerations.CITATION:Morgan, S, Mackie, H, Maloloy-on, C and Deiparine, M, 2015. Carmen Copper – a sustainable approach to tailings thickener upgrades, in Proceedings MetPlant 2015, pp 416–430 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 7, 2015

By James D. Navratil

Neutral bifunctional organophosphorus solvent extractants (such as carbamoylmethylphosphonates and carbamoylmethylphosphine oxides) strongly extract lanthanides and actinides and do not extract more than 40 other elements from mineral acids. Because of their excellent properties they have been found useful for F-element recovery and purification processes. A brief overview of the lanthanide and actinide extraction chemistry of these reagents will be given.

Jan 1, 1990

The quality of the external water source for a mineral processing plant may influence the extent to which the environmentally desirable practice of recycling of water from plant products is possible. This is particularly likely for froth flotation plants where the chemical quality of the water may affect the plantÆs performance. The quality of the external water source or the recycled water can be improved by a water treatment step, and in turn the extent of recycling which can be tolerated is able to be influenced. The quality of the external water can range from very high quality, soft water derived from melting snow, to poor quality, hard water (high levels of dissolved calcium and magnesium) from underground aquifers, and to even lower quality sea water (very high levels of dissolved species including sodium chloride). It can be noted that some underground water is more saline than ocean water as well as containing high levels of dissolved calcium and magnesium. Occasionally, a different source of water is utilised in the wet and the dry seasons. Increasingly, sewage water from cities is becoming a potential external water source with sustainability implications. If the initial quality of the external water is high, the scope for recycling of water from all the products is maximised. Such reuse or recycling of water from the products allows chemical species from oxidation of the ore and from other inputs to the process such as reagents to increase in concentration in the water returned to the plant. Such accumulation of species can have negative effects on the performance of a process such as froth flotation but instances of positive effects exist. Some reagents which are used in flotation plants such as lime or sodium carbonate also happen to be commonly used for independent water treatment plants. Hence, the flotation process may inadvertently provide some aspects of water processing. Where the quality of the water in the feed to a mineral processing plant (external water plus recycled water) is not an issue, more powerful solid-liquid separation processes can be considered to maximise the removal of water from the products and its reuse. Such processes may also have complementary benefits in a sustainable mineral industry by, for example, producing a tailing stream with a higher per cent solid value which is more suitable for safe storage on the surface or underground. This paper documents findings on the effect of water quality on the flotation process. It also considers current directions of change in the need for increased removal of water from plant products. It then considers the implications of these trends for maximisation of water recycling by such operations.

Jan 1, 2003

By G. R. Brough

"Today it is more important than ever to get the maximum possible return on capital invested in the processing industry. To this end the plant is often operated continuously and the choice of equipment is, consequently, extremely important.Screening spans a wide range of particle sizes and there are many different types of screening elements. The following types are common:1. Cloths and elements of rubber.2. Wire mesh screens with round wires.3. Wire mesh screens with profiled wires.4. Perforated steel plates.5. Elements of plastic.6. Gratings of steel beams.7. Gratings of iron rods.We would like to deal with two of these types namely rubber and briefly on plastics.We first introduced rubber screens to the Canadian Mining Industry in November, 1963. This stemmed from a conversation with the superintendant of one of Canada's largest screening plants containing 48 vibrating screens, with an average wire cloth life of 10 to 12 days. We contacted the manufacturer of rubber screen cloths who had supplied rubber screens to a mine in Northern Sweden for a 50,000 ton per day plant in 1951."

Jan 1, 1983

By Anna Marabini

This paper provides a summary of the studies performed over a period of more than fifteen years by the Italian National Research Council's Mineral Processing Institute in Rome to develop applications for the use of chelating reagents in the flotation of metallic minerals. A description is given of the various phases through which the studied progressed, starting with the combined use of commercial chelating reagents and a neutral oil and then moving on to the synthesis of new long-chain chelate collectors for the flotation of sulphide and oxidized Pb, Zn and Cu minerals. After a series of preliminary tests which confirmed the possibility of floating various metallic minerals with commercial reagents containing chelating groups exerting specific action on given cations, the studies were addressed to the development of a theoretical method of choosing chelating groups that exert selective action on one metallic mineral rather than others. The theoretical approach was based on thermodynamic data concerning the chemical equilibria in solution. The validity of the method has been proved in numerous cases by flotation tests on pure minerals. Subsequently the research was directed towards the design and synthesis of reagents with a mixed aliphatic-aromatic structure containing chelating groups for Pb and Zn and an alcoxyl chain of various length, position and configuration. The flotation results obtained on oxidized and mixed Zn-Pb ores provided interesting pointers for designing the nonpolar portion. The structural criteria identified via these studies were interpreted on the basis of chemical and steric considerations. A description is given of a new synthetic chelate collector which is effective in the selective flotation of Cu minerals from complex sulphides. The fact that this reagents is more selective than xanthate is demonstrated by comparative flotation tests on actual ores.

Jan 1, 1994

By Andersan dos Santos Paula

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da potência do laser Yb:vidro a fibra, no que diz respeito a extensão dos efeitos estruturais promovido e a possibilidade de corte de uma chapa de NiTi equiatômica austenítica com evidência de encruamento. Após a tentativa de corte a laser, a caracterização foi realizada através de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) / espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de Raios X (EDS) e análise de nanoindentação instrumentada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se observar que nenhum dos parâmetros de corte a laser usados nos 3 cortes distintos foi suficiente para promover o seccionamento da chapa, bem como revelou evidências de recristalização em conjunto a uma significativa oxidação superficial na zona termicamente afetada.

Aug 16, 2017

This chapter presents an overview of fatal and nonfatal injuries reported to MSHA during 1986-1995. Reportable injuries follow the criteria for reporting specified in 30 CFR 50. These criteria are listed in appendix A. The data used for these analyses came from the MSHA accident, injury, and illness data closeout files for the years 1986-1995. The MSHA data are described in appendix A and methods used in data analysis in appendix B. There may be slight discrepancies between the figures presented here and other presentations of MSHA data for the following reasons: (1) injuries to nonemployees have been excluded from analysis; and (2) injuries identified by MSHA after the files were closed out are not included. Within the MSHA data, there are differences in reporting requirements for operators and contractors. Contractors are required to report only those injuries that occur during certain categories of work (described in appendix A). For this reason, data on injuries among employees of operators and contractors in the MSHA database should not be considered directly comparable. As discussed in the "Introduction," the MSHA data on fatal injuries differ from the CFOI data (chapter 1) because of varying definitions used for the mining industry. As compared to the CFOI data, MSHA data exclude injuries that occurred off of mine property and include injuries occurring at mills and processing plants on mine property. Tables 4-1 through 4-9 and figure 4-1 provide comparisons of injury frequencies and rates among the commodities. These comparisons are followed by sections 4A through 4E, which provide more detailed tables and figures for each commodity separately. The method used to calculate injury rates is described in appendix B. Since denominator data for occupations (lob titles) were available for 1986 only, estimates of rates by occupation for the entire 10 year period are based on extrapolation from 1986 data. For this reason, estimates of injury by occupation should be interpreted with caution. Fatal Injuries A total of 1,078 fatal on-the-job injuries were reported to MSHA during the 10-year period 1986- 1995. The average annual fatal injury rate for all commodities combined during this period was 30.9 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. Mine operators accounted for 908 (84%) of the fatalities and had an average annual fatal injury rate of 28.2 per 100,000. While mine contractors comprised only 16% (n = 170) of the total number of fatalities, their average annual fatal injury rate was 2.3 times higher than that of mine operators (65.0 per 100,000). Table 4-1 presents the number and rates of fatal injuries by commodity for operators and contractors. Contractors in metal, nonmetal, stone, and sand and gravel are grouped together, since MSHA data on employment were not available for rate calculations for these commodities separately. The highest average annual fatality rate for the period, 66.5 per 100,000, occurred among metal and nonmetallic mineral mining contractors, followed closely by coal contractors (63.1 per 100,000). Among mine operators, the highest average annual fatal injury rate was in coal (38.9 per 100,000); the lowest was in nonmetal (14.3 per 100,000). Table 4-2 shows the average annual fatal injury rate by type of operation for each commodity for mine operators only. Of commodities with underground mines, all except stone had higher fatality rates at underground than at surface operations of these mines. The highest fatality rate for any operation occurred in surface operations at underground stone mines (124.5 fatal injuries per 100,000 workers). Stone had the second highest fatality rate for underground operations at underground mines (77.9 per 100,000). The highest rate for underground operations at underground mines occurred in metal (87.6 per 100,000). Table 4-3 shows the number and rate of fatal injuries by U.S. Bureau of the Census occupational groups (described in appendix D) for the 10 occupation-commodity groups with the highest fatal injury rates. These data should be interpreted with caution because the denominator used in calculating the rates was based on an extrapolation from data for the year 1986 only, as described in appendix B. Extractive occupations are represented in this group for three commodities: coal, metal, and sand and gravel. Construction trades are included for coal, sand and gravel, and nonmetal. The distribution of fatal injuries by commodity and work activity for mine operators is presented in table 4-4. A description of the work activity categories is in appendix C. Overall, the leading work activity at the time of injury was using or operating tools and machinery (26.4%) followed by constructing, repairing, and cleaning (24.0%), vehicular operations (18.8%), and materials handling (12.6%). The distribution varied by commodity. The largest percentage of fatal injuries occurred while operating tools and machinery in both coal and stone; during vehicular operations in metal; and during constructing, repairing, and cleaning activities in nonmetal and sand and gravel. Table 4-5 shows the distribution of fatal injuries by commodity and MSHA accident classification for mine operators. A description of the MSHA accident classifications appears in appendix E. The largest proportion of injuries overall occurred during powered haulage (28.5%). The

Jan 5, 2000

By D. Van Tonder, C. Edwards

ABSTRACT Solvent extraction is used in many acid leach uranium circuits to upgrade and purify the uranium-bearing solution prior to final product precipitation. A number of strip options are available to recover the uranium from the loaded organic. This paper compares seven of these options on the basis of typical capital and operating costs for the solvent extraction circuit and downstream uranium processing and also considers other related issues. The aim is to provide an objective comparative assessment of these options that could be used as a qualitative guide in process selection or improvement.

Jan 1, 2013

By William G. Doepken

With most of the mining industry emerging from the deepest business recession in 50 years, primary attention must be given to surviving in a business climate where dominant foreign competition, depressed prices, and potential overcapacity hang heavy over much of the industry. While already shackled with regulatory constraints, restrictive work rules, and high labor costs, mine operators are faced with the difficult task of reducing costs and improving productivity while operating at less than full capacity. To counter these nearly over-whelming factors, the mining industry must continue at the national level to seek regulatory relief and a rational policy toward foreign competition from government-controlled mines. In addition, dialogue with labor organizations must continue to minimize the impact of labor costs, cost escalators, and antiquated work practices. Although national and international actions have a tremendous impact on the future of domestic mining operations, local actions by mine operators to dramatically improve mining productivity will strengthen the industry's competitive stance. Before any substantial progress can be made, however, mine operators must recognize and define areas that depress productivity and establish goals and measures for improvement. Once problem areas are defined, a combination of technological and motivational concepts can be applied to improve productivity. Timing of Improvements While there is an immediate need for productivity improvements, only certain concepts offer near-term improvement potential while others must, of necessity, fit into a mid-range or long-range time frame. Near-term solutions (immediate to one year) likely will involve motivational concepts - work incentives and training - coupled with available technological concepts that require little capitalized development or site testing. Mid-range solutions (one to three years), by contrast, will include technological improvements in mining equipment, techniques, and systems automation. These concepts require a longer period of capitalized development and site testing before use. Long-range solutions (three years or more), which include adoption of new mining methods and computerized control systems, will appear only after prolonged research and capitalized development programs. Motivational Improvements Developing motivational con-

Jan 11, 1983

By JOURNAL SAIMM

SYMPOSIUM ON PELLETS AND GRANULES During October 1974, the Newcastle branch of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy is to hold a symposium on pelletizing and granulation, with particular reference to the iron ore, fertilizer, and cement industries.

Jan 12, 1973

By John Dresser

General THE controlling supply of asbestos for the world is obtained from southern Quebec, 150 miles or less north of the international boundary line between Canada and the United States, and about 75 miles south of the city of Quebec. The principal production is furnished by eight mines, seven of which occur within a distance of 6 miles, but there are also several smaller properties in the vicinity. The industry was begun in a small way some 35 years ago and has advanced more or less regularly ever since. The annual production now exceeds 100,000 tons and its value is about $3,000,000. It represents over 80 per cent. of the world's production. History Asbestos has been known in the eastern townships of Quebec since 1847, when attention was called to it in an official report by Sir William Logan, the first Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, but it was not until 30 years later that it came into commercial importance. The largest deposits, those of Thetford and Black Lake, were found in 1877 during the construction of the Quebec Central Railway. Work was begun upon them almost at once and has been continued ever since. The Danville mine, the next largest producer, was opened in 1879, and the slip-fiber deposits of East Broughton were located shortly afterward. For the first 15 years only the "crude" asbestos was recovered; that is, fiber long enough to be extracted by hand cobbing. Although this is still a valuable part of the production, it is now a relatively small part of the total output.

Jan 9, 1914

By F. M. Jenkins

Improvements in miners? safety and health, as reflected by injury and illness statistics, have reached a plateau and even been reversed. Research into miners' OSH is a necessary adjunct to regulatory enforcement. Under the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) mining experts have come together to draft a national agenda for this research. The Mining Sector Council, one of ten NORA Sector Councils, has produced a draft national research agenda to guide all mining research entities: academia, government, and industry. The agenda has seven major objectives, each of which has a sequence of sub-objectives: Reduce the likelihood of disasters in mines; Improve mine disaster response; Improve the health of miners; Improve atmospheric control (ventilation) in mines; Improve health and safety through behavioral research; Improve mine design, systems operations, and management performance to enhance mine health and safety; Apply ergonomics, human factor engineering, to increase health and safety. Long-term maintenance of the Mining Research Agenda requires input from the public, both here and abroad, monitoring of the impact of research results using OSH data, and partners who will translate the research to practice.

Jan 1, 2012

By Marcella Gautê Cavalcante Xavier

A presente proposta tem por objetivo desenvolver uma análise experimental da liga hipereutética Sn-0,5%Ni solidificada unidirecionalmente em regime transitório de fluxo de calor contra chapa molde de cobre. A liga foi avaliada quanto a sua microestrutura bruta de fusão e suas respectivas correlações com os parâmetros térmicos (velocidade da frente eutética -VE e taxa de resfriamento eutética -?E) e propriedades mecânicas. Os resultados mostram que a morfologia microestrutural predominante é composta por células ricas em estanho (β-Sn) circundadas por mistura eutética Sn+intermetálico tipo NiSn. Uma transição microestrutural foi observada entre as posições 15mm (?E=1,7°C/s) e 30mm (?E=1,1°C/s), de célula regular (CR)?célula tipo placa (CTP). Notou-se ainda a presença de intermetálicos primários NiSn distribuídos ao longo da matriz nas posições iniciais do lingote. Valores superiores de limite de resistência à tração (σu=26 MPa) e limite de escoamento (σy=21 MPa) foram encontrados para a posição 6mm a partir da base refrigerada do lingote, podendo estar relacionados com a estrutura celular mais refinada e também com a presença dos intermetálicos primários NiSn. O alongamento específico (?) comportou-se de maneira inversa, visto que as estruturas mais grosseiras (CTP) e a ausência de intermetálicos primários são responsáveis por facilitar a deformação plástica na estrutura da liga Sn-0,5%Ni, aumentando seu nível de ductilidade.

Oct 30, 2017

By Guilherme Anselmo Guimarães dos Santos

O presente trabalho buscou apresentar os resultados e benefícios oriundos da implantação de uma ferramenta de gestão logística denominada CCL – Centro de Controle Logístico na operação logística do minério de ferro na Gerdau, que por sua vez é caracterizada pela movimentação utilizando predominantemente o transporte rodoviário. Os resultados do trabalho apontam para obtenção da eficiência da gestão logística na operação de minério de ferro, mediante integração de sistemas de informação a uma central que consolida todos os dados gerando informações, ora em tempo real permitindo tomadas de decisão imediata, intervenção na operação e alteração de prioridades e, ora através da geração de KPIs permitindo uma visão global do sistema logístico que engloba a operação em referência. Além disso, os painéis gerenciais oferecidos a partir do CCL são chaves no controle e gestão do fluxo logístico da operação. Por fim, um dos maiores ganhos obtidos é o controle total da operação de transportes rodoviário, que por sua vez é realizada através de transportadores contratados, onde a Gerdau passou a ter acesso à visão geral dos aspectos operacionais e frota disponibilizada.

Aug 16, 2017

By Manqiu Xu, Andrew Lee, Frederick D. Ford, Cara Wercholaz

"Platinum-group minerals (PGM) typically occur in such low concentrations that quantitative mineralogical evaluation is difficult or impossible. The FEI MLA system used by Vale Base Metals Technology Development has been successfully employed to produce large PGM data sets that are statistically robust. The MLA Sparse Phase Liberation mapping routine produces false colored images that accurately document mineral textures, including intergrowths between various platinum group minerals and between PGMs and other tellurides and sulfides. MLA PGM search results can be used in conjunction with mineral chemistry to calculate platinumgroup element distribution to minerals and the MLA PGM images can be used to produce model grade-recovery curves.INTRODUCTIONThe platinum-group minerals (PGM) found in Sudbury area deposits have been extensively catalogued and reviewed by many authors including, but not limited to: Farrow and Lightfoot (2002), Cabri and Laflamme (1984; 1976) and Cabri (1981). The PGM list currently used has 12 minerals summarized in Table 1. As noted by Farrow and Lightfoot (2002), platinum-group minerals in Sudbury are dominated by tellurides, bismuth-tellurides and arsenides, with an absence of platinum-group element (PGE) sulphides or ferro-platinum alloys such as tetraferroplatinum - PtFe."

Jan 1, 2011

ST. LOUIS LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee ARTHUR THACHER, Chairman R. A. BULL, Vice-Chairman WALTER E. MCCOURT, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. H. A. BUEHLER R. R.-S. PARSONS HERBERT A. WHEELER On the afternoon of May 1, 1915, 42 members of the St. Louis Section, as the guests of E. S. Catch, President, and his associates in the Granby Mining & Smelting Co., visited the new zinc smelter of that company at Roselake, Ill. The annual meeting, which was preceded by a dinner at the St. Louis Club, was attended by 54 members and guests. The Chairman, H. A. Wheeler, presided. The Chairman rendered a report on the activities of the Section during the past year and the Treasurer presented a financial report. The following Executive Committee was elected: Arthur Thacher, Chairman; R. A. Bull, Vice-Chairman; W. E. McCourt, Secre-tary-Treasurer; H. A. Buehler, R. R.. S.. Parsons. H. A. Wheeler, as retiring Chairman, retains membership in the committee. W. L. Saunders, President of the Institute, made an address. H. W. Gepp, of Australia, described the lead and zinc deposits of Broken Hill, Australia, and V. H. Hughes, of Tulsa, spoke on the geology of the Cushing oil pool, Oklahoma. WALTER E. MCCOURT, Secretary.

Jan 6, 1915