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By P. Roghanchi

The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system is an internationally recognized classification system that can be used for preliminary ground control design. The RMR system assigns quantifiable values to predefined classified parameters of a rock mass. Assigning a single value rather than a range to each parameter is a source of uncertainty, however, assigning a single value can be useful for further studies related to RMR ratings. Fuzzy systems are being used in an increasing number of application areas where linguistic rules are used to describe the system. In past decades, fuzzy systems have been successfully used in geotechnical and mining engineering problems to cope with uncertain data as well as with vagueness. In such scenarios, linguistic rules and rating-based classification of rock masses have always been questionable. The objective of this study is to apply fuzzy set theory to the RMR classification system. The fuzzy system proposed in this study is specified for weak and very weak rock masses (RMR<50) based on data collected from Nevada gold mines where 68% of RMR data is in the ?poor? and ?very poor? classes. In this approach, a Mamdani fuzzy algorithm has been constructed to evaluate basic RMR89 rating for the ?wet condition.? Comparison between basic RMR89 and fuzzy RMR shows the fuzzy RMR system is valid to predict RMR from the discrete rating of each input parameter.

Feb 27, 2013

By M. W. Hayward

THE object of this paper is to record and tabulate the data and field observations obtained by the writers and their associates during 10 years of intensive study of lead-zinc deposits in the Cretaceous limestone areas in Northern Mexico, particularly in mines owned by the Cia. Minera de Peñoles, S. A. At the El Paso meeting of the Institute in October, 1930, J. G. Barry made the suggestion that a committee be appointed to correlate the ideas and theories which have been put forth by the numerous engineers and geologists who, during recent years, have made a study of the ore deposits in the area under consideration. The first step in a work of this nature would be to record all of the observed facts, and these facts would have to be accepted by those who attempted to formulate a theory of ore deposition. It is with this idea in mind that the writers have described as accurately as possible the actual, observed facts pertaining to the occurrence of the lead-zinc ores in dolomites or dolomitic horizons. By most writers the term "dolomite," is loosely used to designate magnesium-bearing limestones, regardless of the percentage of MgO present. Since no, true dolomites exist in the areas to be described, we shall also loosely use the terms dolomite or dolomitic limestone to designate those beds having a magnesia content of 5 per cent MgO or more. For a number of years the writers have been impressed with the fact that in areas where dolomite beds occur a large percentage of the lead ore is found in these beds, in spite of the fact that such beds may be overlain or underlain by pure limestone, which one would assume to be just as favorable for replacement as the dolomite, if not more &apos;so on account of its being more soluble in acid solutions than the dolomite. It is true that in some limestone areas, such as the Erupcion-Ahumada districts, Chihuahua, and Providencia, Zacatecas, where no dolomite beds have been found, large tonnages of lead ores have been mined. We venture to predict, however, that had there been dolomitic beds in these areas, the

Jan 1, 1931

By Anderson Azevedo Agra

A geração de resíduos siderúrgicos é um problema que abrange dois cenários: o ambiental, no que diz respeito ao descarte de resíduos no meio ambiente e também tange o econômico, pois trata-se de material não reaproveitado que deve ser destinado a aterros industriais, gerando custos. Tendo isto em vista, a reciclagem desses possíveis coprodutos para a reutilização como matéria-prima do processo torna-se uma alternativa pertinente. Uma das formas de recuperação do pó de aciaria elétrica (PAE), resíduo abordado neste trabalho, é através da pelotização. Para o reaproveitamento de metais de interesse do pó foi utilizado um agente redutor, o coque de petróleo. No entanto, para formação das pelotas um aglomerante se faz necessário. Este, em associação com as partículas do óxido, tem como objetivo conferir resistência mecânica adequada às solicitações que o processo de fabricação do aço exige. Neste trabalho, são feitas considerações acerca do uso de seis composições diferentes de aglomerantes com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho destes, através de ensaios de resistência a compressão, testes de queda e tamboramento. Como resultado, pode-se verificar o melhor desempenho da combinação da cal com cinza de casca de arroz.

Aug 16, 2017

By John R. Wright

This paper reviews the increased use of mechanization in order to develop lateral headings efficiently and economically. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the Electric-Hydraulic Drill Jumbo in achieving this goal. Also, the use of modified mining equipment to suit various operating conditions is discussed.

Jan 1, 1981

By Dogan Paktunc, Larry J. Hulbert, Robert C. Carne, D. Conrad Gregoire

A thin layer of stratiform Ni-Zn-PGE sulfide mineralization of sedimentary-diagenetic origin was deposited during the Middle to Upper Devonian in the euxinic "Nick basin". The mineralized unit (=3 cm thick), which seems to have been developed over the entire sedimentary basin of > 80 km2, consists of pyrite, vaesite (NiSz), and sphalerite. The average grade of the mineralization is about 5.30/0 Ni, 0.73% Zn, =770 ppb (pGE+Au), and up to 61 ppm Re. Anomalous Se, As, Mo, P, Ba and U are present. A minimum of 0.90 x 106 tonnes of Ni were deposited in the basin (based on a bed thickness of 3 cm) during the Devonian. The unique metal association, extensive lateral distribution, persistent metal grade, mineralogical makeup, and stratigraphic control demonstrate that this is a new deposit type and a new geological environment for Ni and PGE + Au. The sulfide layer occurs at the base of a Phosphatic Chert Member which is underlain by a distinctive marker unit consisting of concretionary limestone structures. The limestone spheroids may represent a vent-specific carbonate facies developed adjacent to faults that emanated nutrientrich hydrothermal discharges just prior to the main mineralizing event. The suite of elements associated with the Nick mineralization suggests that the ore-forming metals were originally bound to organic matter derived from decaying marine organisms. Discharge of hot brines bearing organic matter-bound metals took place along numerous conduits within basin faults that are now manifest as bitumen veins. Our syndiagenetic model proposes that these fluids were discharged laterally from the conduits into the unconsolidated bottom sediment (ooze). The introduction of this metalliferous fluid, rich in organic matter, stimulated biological activity and bacterial reduction of its contained 804 to sulfide. Hot, dense, laterally migrating hydrothermal fluid precipitated thin sulfide-rich larninae within bottom sediment. Published thermodynamic studies suggest that the diagnostic vaesitepyrite assemblage crystallized at approximately 138°C. The 034S values range from -14.7 0/00 to -10.00/00 and are up to 340/00 lighter than locally surrounding sulfides and age-equivalent mineralized strata elsewhere in the Selwyn Basin. The Ol3C values of calcite in the footwall of the mineralized unit (- 12 0/00 to -6 0/00) are isotopically much lighter than regional values. The lighter isotopic character is attributed to the hydrothermal discharge of fluids enriched in organic compounds. Although geochemical profiles of the lower Earn Group sediments that host the Nick mineralization reveal that these black shales are not distinctive, the unusual Ni, Zn, PGE, U, Ba, and P elemental associations and their anomalous concentrations in stream sediments can be used to explore for this deposit type.

Jan 1, 1992

By Brandon H. Grove

The rapid development of the Budafa-Puszta field during 1938 advanced Hungary a considerable distance along the road to self-sufficiency in domestic crude-oil supplies. Seven wells were completed in the field during the year, at depths averaging 4100 ft., and there have been no dry holes. Initial productions have ranged from 150 to about 400 bbl. per day. At the end of the year daily average production amounted to about 1400 bbl., which is equivalent to 33 per cent of Hungary&apos;s daily internal consumption. Production increased somewhat in the Government-controlled oil field at Bükkszek, also discovered in 1937, but nothing occurred to alter previous indications that this field would be capable of only relatively insignificant development. A further test of the Miocene-Oligorcene basin containing the Bükkszek field is being made by a well now drilling

Jan 1, 1939

By Brandon H. Grove

The rapid development of the Budafa-Puszta field during 1938 advanced Hungary a considerable distance along the road to self-sufficiency in domestic crude-oil supplies. Seven wells were completed in the field during the year, at depths averaging 4100 ft., and there have been no dry holes. Initial productions have ranged from 150 to about 400 bbl. per day. At the end of the year daily average production amounted to about 1400 bbl., which is equivalent to 33 per cent of Hungary&apos;s daily internal consumption. Production increased somewhat in the Government-controlled oil field at Bükkszek, also discovered in 1937, but nothing occurred to alter previous indications that this field would be capable of only relatively insignificant development. A further test of the Miocene-Oligorcene basin containing the Bükkszek field is being made by a well now drilling

Jan 1, 1939

By F. W. Lee

This paper purposes to outline briefly results of seismic measurements made in the vicinity of blasts in a mine and in open-quarry operations. It endeavors to examine the amplitude and frequency of such vibrations as influenced by the loading, geology, and distance from the source and includes comments on factors that may index the destructiveness of a vibration and a method for measuring the stresses produced. There seems to be no simple mathematical analysis of the transmission of seismic energy through the ground, and experimental observations are at present most feasible. SEISMOLOGIC INSTRUMENTS Instruments developed by the Bureau of Mines for recording ground vibrations from quarry blasting comprise a new type of seismometer, oscillators, and a recording oscillograph. The seismometers respond to vibrations reaching them through the earth and transmit their characteristics by electric current to the oscillograph, where they are recorded by a beam of light on a moving strip of sensitized photographic paper. The seismometers are so constructed that their sensitivity to earth vibration can be controlled, thus keeping the amplitude of the recorded wave within bounds on the paper. Each instrument has been calibrated against vibrations of known intensity and frequency so that correction factors are known for the idiosyncracies of each unit. Moreover, each seismometer is calibrated in the field for its particular sensitivity setting at each blast. By these controls the actual movement of the earth due to vibrations of one ten-thousandth of an inch can be accurately measured.

Jan 1, 1936

By F. W. Lee

This paper purposes to outline briefly results of seismic measurements made in the vicinity of blasts in a mine and in open-quarry operations. It endeavors to examine the amplitude and frequency of such vibrations as influenced by the loading, geology, and distance from the source and includes comments on factors that may index the destructiveness of a vibration and a method for measuring the stresses produced. There seems to be no simple mathematical analysis of the transmission of seismic energy through the ground, and experimental observations are at present most feasible. SEISMOLOGIC INSTRUMENTS Instruments developed by the Bureau of Mines for recording ground vibrations from quarry blasting comprise a new type of seismometer, oscillators, and a recording oscillograph. The seismometers respond to vibrations reaching them through the earth and transmit their characteristics by electric current to the oscilloglaph, where they are recorded by a beam of light on a moving strip of sensitized photographic paper. The seismometers are so constructed that their sensitivity to earth vibration can be controlled, thus keeping the amplitude of the recorded wave within bounds on the paper. Each instrument has been calibrated against vibrations of known intensity and frequency so that correction factors are known for the idiosyncracies of each unit. Moreover, each seismometer is calibrated in the field for its particular sensitivity setting at each blast. By these controls the actual movement of the earth due to vibrations of one ten-thousandth of an inch can be accurately measured.

Jan 1, 1936

Discussion of the paper of Max Hebgen, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 80, August, 1913, pp. 1910 to 1933. A MEMBER :-Have there been any definite studies made in the hydrology of this system ? That is to say, what is the total extent and area of the drainage or catchment basin above these plants ? What is the total annual precipitation, and what is the percentage of run off ? That is a very interesting question to engineers and a question engaging a great many, because, unfortunately, there is not the amount of information on that subject which there ought to be.

Jan 11, 1913

By Manuel Enrique Rodriguez Blanc

A planta industrial de produção de ferroníquel da Anglo American Barro Alto, localizada no Estado de Goiás, recebeu notificação de clientes como Aperam (Bélgica) e Acerinox (Espanha), em relação ao formato esférico apresentado pelo ferroníquel produzido. Para solucionar o problema, foi realizado teste na planta piloto da empresa de engenharia UHT para desenvolvimento de novos projetos e de nova tecnologia com objetivo de aperfeiçoar o formato do produto final. A utilização de disco de 4 canais solucionou o problema do formato esférico, no entanto, forma-se muito “bodes” ocasionando explosões. O sistema de granulação utilizando um tundish rotativo, mantem as mesmas características físicas do metal granulado com disco de 4 canais além de aumentar a segurança da operação, reduzindo os riscos de segurança do trabalho.

Oct 30, 2017

By C. A. Hartnagel, D. H. Newland

Detailed production statistics listing the operations according to producing sands, districts, etc., are not available for New York State and are scarcely obtainable without extraordinary effort and expense, hardly warranted by the current rate of developments. The oil industry is practically stabilized, so far as exploration for new sources of supply are concerned; no new pools have been tapped in the last 25 or 30 years. There is little prospect of extending the boundary of the oil fields beyond their present limits, though possibly some additional reserves may be found below the present productive sands. Natural gas, on the other hand, is not restricted to such confined areas. Drilling for gas has been fairly active, under the stimulation of some important finds in formations that previously were overlooked. The year&apos;s field operations will be covered somewhat fully. Oil production, which has been steadily advancing for a number of years, showed a further moderate gain in 1936. The output for 11 months (figures for December are not yet available) was 4,217,000 bbl., indicating a total for the year of around 4,600,000 bbl. The increase was about 10 per cent, a rate maintained for some time. Prices were more satisfactory than in the preceding five years, with an advance to $2.57 a barrel before the year&apos;s close. New York State yield is all paraffin-base, in the same class with high-grade Pennsylvania oil. Most of the output is now obtained by the water drive, which has given a new lease of life to the fields and promises to bring the total to about 200,000,000 bbl. before the known acreage has been exhausted by this method. Before its introduction the annual production was under 1,000,000 bbl. a year. The fields cover an aggrcgate area of 55,000 acres, with some 17,000 wells in operation. Development Exploring for natural gas in New York in 1936 outside of the old established pools continued actively, as in the previous year. There was an increase in total initial production. Operations were conducted in nine counties of the central and western parts of the state, and 43 wells

Jan 1, 1937

By Glen A. Zumwalt

Coal&apos;s Dynamic Legacy The first session presented by Mr. Zumwalt emphasized Western coal development, the heritage of the industry and its growth in the West. The session began with a brief description of the geologic origin of coal followed by a short history quiz given the audience to stimulate their curiosity and involve them in the presentation. Slides and flip charts were used as visual aids and a demonstration of energy resources and uses was made by playing the famous Skyline jelly bean game. Coal Mining Today Today&apos;s coal mining practices were dealt with in the second session as Mr. Zumwalt appeared dressed in the garb of the modem day miner. He then led a discussion of coal production in the Western states, its uses and the different techniques used in extracting coal from both a surface and an underground mine. Current coal transportation and markets were also touched on. Our Exciting Future Recent coal growth in the marketplace and new uses of coal products to the year 2000 were dealt with in the final session. Mr. Zumwalt covered things that currently impede the expanded use of coal and things that can negatively or positively affect the future use of coal. In each of the three sessions, Mr: Zumwalt was ably assisted by Mrs. Janet Gwilliam, his secretary at Utah Fuel Company.

Jan 1, 1984

By S. Kelebek, E. Yalcin

"Two composite samples of a gold-bearing ore from North Western Quebec (Barry Township) were tested to assess their grindability, recovery by flotation and Knelson concentrator as well as extraction using cyanidation.Work index values (BWi) for two composites were found to be 10.4 and 11.0 kWh/tonne, respectively. Flotation tests involved feed samples for which the particle size ranged from a P80 value of 205 ?m to 53 ?m, which resulted in gold recoveries of 91.8% to 95.8% (at gold grades of 130 to 140 g/tonne). Cyanidation tests indicated gold extraction levels ranging from 94.2 to 97.5%. Higher, recoveries were obtained at finer grind sizes and higher cyanide strengths. However, the grind size had a bigger impact on gold leaching. Gold grade and recoveries obtained with the Knelson concentrator device were lower than those obtained by flotation. Mass recoveries to concentrate products strongly depended on the fluidization pressure used. High gold recoveries can be obtained generally at low water pressures of 3 to 4 psi. Higher water pressures produced more selectivity at the expense of higher gold losses.It can be concluded that the gold ore samples tested have good characteristics due to moderate levels of energy requirement, high gold recoveries and extraction rates attainable.INTRODUCTIONBench scale testing of ore samples is an important step in the long series of metallurgical and economic studies involved in bringing new ore bodies into production (Coleman, 1980). Through a laboratory testing program, the behaviour of an ore in a particular process on a larger scale can be established. In an exploratory manner, this testing can be helpful for classification of ores in terms of “good ore” or “problematic ore” by providing preliminary information on recoverability of target minerals. Potential problems if any can be assessed by further investigation of products (e.g., middlings) obtained as a result of testing. A detailed bench scale experimental program in the metallurgical laboratory can also provide the background work for flowsheet development. Depending on the simplicity or complexity of the ore to be tested and type of details required from a testing program, the amount of samples required in the mineral processing laboratory can vary from several kg to more than one hundred kg depending on how detailed the metallurgical testing program is."

Jan 1, 2008

By Heloíza Döering Gasparin

Os efeitos de elevadas temperaturas e do tempo de exposição sobre as propriedades mecânicas de um ferro fundido cinzento hipoeutético foram avaliados em amostras de dois ferros fundidos da classe FC300, de mesma base, com diferentes percentuais de molibdênio. Ensaios de tração até ruptura a quente foram realizados em corpos de prova com diâmetro de 10 mm, usinados de um pino bruto de 30 mm de diâmetro. Os ensaios foram realizados a frio (temperatura ambiente) e a quente (200°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C e 550°C). Os tempos de exposição a elevadas temperaturas, após homogeneização térmica do material, foram de 0, 60, 90 e 120 minutos. As amostras com maior percentual de molibdênio (0,27% em peso) apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas para todas as condições ensaiadas. De acordo com a literatura a redução na resistência mecânica com a elevação da temperatura é atribuída à ocorrência de decomposição da perlita, como resultado da difusão do carbono vindo da cementita às lamelas de grafita, que é o responsável pelo aumento da quantidade de grafita no material. As análises metalográficas evidenciam a ocorrência deste fenômeno. Aumentos no tempo de exposição a temperaturas elevadas também contribuíram para a degeneração da perlita.

Aug 7, 2018

The mineral industry of Benin contributed less than 1% of the 1977 gross domestic product (GDP), which was estimated at $500 million.&apos; Other than limestone and salt, no exploitable mineral deposits have yet been discovered in Benin, which has been rated by the United Nations as one of the world&apos;s least developed nations. In 1977, the economy was further weakened by petroleum price increases and severe drought. The country continued to depend on foreign assistance, which averaged $20 million per year, to finance development projects. The country&apos;s first 3-year plan, which was put into operation in October 1977 after many delays, allocated more than $1 billion to projects in infrastructure, agriculture, and light industry. The most important infrastructure project was the expansion and modernization of the port of Cotonou, valued as an entrepôt port for the transit of goods to the neighboring countries of Niger and Nigeria. Plans called for an increase in handling capacity to 1 million tons of cargo annually, the improvement of port and cargo handling operations, and the upgrading of the efficiency of the Port Autonome de Cotonou (PAC) management system. The $46 million project was to be financed by a consortium led by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and including Canada, France, Nigeria, and Abu Dhabi. Construction was scheduled to begin in 1978 and be completed in 1980.

Jan 1, 1981

By Bruno César Calazans de Andrade

No processo de produção de aço o maior volume de custo está na carga metálica, que é composta pelo gusa líquido produzido nos altos fornos e a sucata metálica oriunda dos descartes de processos produtivos da indústria. Visando atingir o custo ótimo de produção, foi definida uma produção dos altos fornos menor que a média histórica da empresa, e a compra de placas no mercado como complemento para suprir a demanda da laminação. Desta forma a otimização da utilização do gusa líquido se tornou primordial para o aumento da produção de placas, redução do custo de produção da metalurgia e consequentemente redução da necessidade de compras de placas no mercado. Com este novo cenário foi necessário aumentar a utilização de sucata pesada e reduzir o tempo de preparação de caixas para garantir a carga no peso e tempo necessário para atendimento dos conversores. As ações tomadas possibilitaram a redução do gusa na carga metálica de 84% para 82% atingido o resultado proposto redução de custo e aumento de produção de placas.

Aug 17, 2017

By Kyoungkeun Yoo

A citric acid leaching test after heavy medium separation process was performed to remove the heavy metal contaminat such as Pb, Cu, and Zn from contaminated soil. The lead component was removed from soil by heavy medium separation whereas zinc component shows 0 % - 37.9 % removal ratio with particle size. The citric acid leaching was conducted to remove the remained zinc component. The removal ratio of Zn reached to more than 95 % under the conditions; 10 % in pulp density, 200 rpm in agitation speed, 50 °C, 2 mol/L in citric acid concentration at 2 hrs in leaching time. These results suggest that the heavy medium separation method followed by citric acid leaching is effective for treatment of soil contaminated with various chemical forms of heavy metal. Keywords: metal contaminated soil, citrate, heavy medium separation, zinc

Sep 1, 2012

By Samuel S. M. Chan

The objective of this project was to collect information applicable to the design of ground support systems in deep mines to include in-situ rock deformations, deformation-modulus, stresses, and geology and laboratory physical properties. All data collected was to be integrated and evaluated using a finite-elements computer code. In addition, considerable professional "cross pollenization" was anticipated from the association of University and SMRC personnel. Scope of Investigation Before a ground supporting system can be evaluated, the loading conditions existing in the region of investigation, strength, deformation characteristics, as well as other engineering properties of the rock structure immediately surrounding the openings, together with the pertinent geological information, must be obtained and analyzed. It was for this reason the following items were included in this research project: (1) The selection of a suitable area for the investigation. (2) The mapping of the important geological features of the area of investigation. (3) The measurement of in-situ deformation of rock masses immediately surrounding an underground opening of the area of investigation. (4) The determination of ground stresses. (5) The obtaining of in-situ modulus of deformation of the rock masses. (6) The testing of useful engineering properties of

Jan 1, 1972

By Guillermo Re Kühl

En este trabajo se describirán en forma sucinta las etapas de un proyecto de exploración hiperespectral y se comentarán los resultados obtenidos con dos sensores aéreos con los cuales HytecAltoAmericas S.A. trabaja actualmente.

May 1, 2008