Search Documents

US 4,152,143-Continuous precipitation of cement copper from an aqueous ore leach solution mixed with pieces of iron as the precipitant Copper depositing on the pieces of iron is loosened and removed therefrom by means of constant but regulated oscillating movement of the pieces of iron in a horizontal elongated chamber, and the loosened copper is separated and collected from the mixture E Kausel and R Nissen, assigned to Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz A G May 1, 1979 8 pp (75-100) Filed 1-12-78 (868,981) (Drawings below) [ ] US 4,156,711-Removal of metal impurities from an acidic zinc or cadmium solution prior to electrolysis. Impurities such as manganese, cobalt, nickel, and thallium are selectively precipitated by contacting the solution with persulfuric acid or an ammonium or alkali metal salt thereof while maintaining a pH value of from 1 5 to 4 5 This patent is a continuation-in-

Jan 1, 1980

By Jack J. K. Daemen

A wide variety of subsidence prediction methods exist. They can be classified into empirical methods and mechanistic models. The empirical methods include profile functions and influence functions (Brzuner, 1973a,b; Kratzsch, 1974; Berry, 1978; Hood et al., 1981), the two empirical approaches of most practical value, if only be- cause they are readily programmed on calculators or computers. The profile functions have the advantage that they allow for ready determination of the necessary empirical parameters from field observations. They have the disadvantage of being restricted to subsidence calculations at a very limited number of points or lines above very simple (rectangular) mine geometries. This reduces greatly their practical applicability for damage predictions, which usually require estimates of strains, slopes or curvatures at structures that have arbitrary position and orientation with respect to planned mine excavations. Influence functions can be used to calculate subsidence at any point near an excavation of any in- seam outline. The main difficulty associated with empirical influence functions is the lack of uniqueness in the relation between subsidence and its cause, the convergence distribution over a mined excavation and its immediate surroundings. A secondary practical difficulty is the need for fairly arbitrary adjustments near the excavation edges, usually in the form of compensation zones (e.g. Brsuner, 1973; Hood et al., 1981). Determination of the appropriate empirical constants in influence functions is facilitated greatly when a direct mathematical connection exists between influence and profile function (several examples are given by Brauner, 1973 and by Hood et al., 1981), so that field data can be used to determine the parameters through backfitting of the profile functions, which is considerably simpler and more direct than backfitting of influence functions.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. Stauber, B. Friedrich, S. Hilgendorf, G. Homm, C. Gellermann

Due to recent regulations limiting tolerated lead concentrations in copper alloys, new recycling strategies have to be considered. This study investigates the suitability of technical approaches in order to recycle leaded copper alloys exemplified by CuZn39Pb2 and produce an alloy in compliance with future lead regulations in the European Union. Three pyrometallurgical methods are considered to achieve this goal, namely vacuum distillation, intermetallic precipitation and fractional crystallisation. The impact of essential process parameters i.e. pressure, temperature, time, atmosphere and quantity of additives are identified using thermochemical and kinetic modelling. An experimental implementation reveals a general suitability of all three refining processes. However, the individual efficiency of the different methods strongly differs. Thus, a detailed assessment is carried out in order to provide an evaluation on the efficiencies of these methods from a technological, economical and environmental point of view. Taking a possible industrial realisation into account, the authors recommend the approach of vacuum distillation, although the energy demanded is comparatively high due to the enthalpy of evaporation for zinc, or rather, lead. However, required lead concentrations can be reached quickly without introducing an external element to the material. The prediction of selectivity and evaporation speed, which are immanent variables for a successful implementation, can be validated experimentally. INTRODUCTION In 2016 approximately 1 million tonnes of leaded copper alloy semi-finished goods with an average lead content of 2.1 Ma% have been produced in the European Union (EU). The global production in the same period exceeded 5.5 million tonnes, while the lead concentration has stayed constant at around 2.4 Ma% for the last 50 years. Up to 80 % of the current production volume is covered with end-of-life scraps, which are used for direct re-melting, depending on the alloy composition. Lead has been a popular alloying element in copper alloys in general, and in particular in brass due to its positive impact on various mechanical, physical and chemical properties, especially machinability. Health and environmental concerns were drivers for many governments to implement limitations on lead. In order to further utilise the resource potential of leaded copper scrap, it is inevitable to develop methods to efficiently eliminate lead from circulation as far as possible. (Glöser, Soulier, & Tercero Espinoza, 2013; Soulier, Glöser-Chahoud, Goldmann & Tercero Espinoza, 2018)

Jan 1, 2019

By Victor F. Hollister

The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration has compiled a number of exploration discovery case histories. This section in Volume 3 of the series describes the case histories of deposits found in layered rocks. Metallic and nonmetallic ore deposits described in this section include diverse minerals such as copper-nickel sulfides and carbonate-controlled base metals. Other case history compilations include epithermal precious metal deposits and porphyry systems. The importance of ores in layered rocks justifies their inclusion in a case history compilation. Mineral deposits occurring in layered rocks form an economically important class of ores. For example, most sulfide nickel ores are mined from basic layered intrusive rocks. Although the geologic setting is completely different from economic nickel sulfide concentrations, most barite produced also comes from stratiform and strata-bound ores. Zinc and lead ores importantly occur in beds in carbonate host rocks. Gold and other heavy minerals are concentrated in placer deposits. Indeed, the world's largest gold deposit, the Witwatersrand, is a fossil placer.

Jan 1, 1991

By G. K. Rutherford, G. W. Van Loon

"Tailings in the mining and smelting industry are reject products of the refining process which are deemed too deficient in native are to warrant smelting. They are essentially finely ground rock materials which have been moved by alluvial suspension from the site of crushing to a deposit site. It is realized that components of flotation chemicals used in specific gravity separation may become part of the tailings and also that sewage sludge or other materials may be added at some stage to the tailing deposits.It would seem, then, that as tailings have a similar parent material to soils, namely rocks, and that they have also been comminuted to similar size fractions, they would react in similar ways to soils. There is an increasing body of evidence and experience which both supports and negates this supposition. It is the object of this paper to point out similarities and contrasts between these two materials which may influence the vegetation and rehabilitation of tailings.Soil-Formlnq FactorsThere are considered to be six soil-forming factors which impart the particular and unique properties harboured by a soil at any site. It is .relevant to consider each of these in turn, as each provides an historically based parameter with which to judge tailing properties.Parent MaterialsAlthough all mineral soils have originally come from rocks, for most soils the route has been rather circuitous. Soils may be formed directly from underlying rocks, as in some parts of tropical and semitropical regions today; these are sedentary soils. However, most soils of the world have been formed by materials which were transported to their present site by ice, water or wind, or as volcanic ash. Virtually all soils in Canada have been transported by ice or water and deposited on an extraneous rock surface during the last glacial retreat. Ice-deposited materials are extraordinarily heterogeneous in their size components and may range from very bouldery and gravelly to predominantly clay-sized materials. Water deposited sediments are usually homogeneous, but nevertheless these also show considerable level variations. In many parts of Canada, clay-sized materials deposited in ephemeral post-glacial lakes form the parent material for soils."

Jan 1, 1982

By S. L. Karunakaran

There are cases where it is found that a raft foundation would have adequate factor of safety against ultimate bearing capacity failure but the settlements would be excessive. Piles may be introduced in order to limit settlements to an acceptable level. The actual number of piles required to reduce the settlements to an acceptable level may be very small compared to the number of piles required to transmit the whole structure load. The paper focuses on the difficulties encountered in evaluating the load sharing between raft and piles. An elaborate analysis taking into account the interaction between raft, piles and soil is very complex and time consuming. Few approximate methods for arriving at a satisfactory solution to piled raft system are discussed in the present paper.

Jan 1, 1996

The work of the Committee on Industrial Preparedness* is well summed up in the following letter written by Thomas A. Edison, Chair-man of the Naval Consulting Board, after President Wilson and signed the army appropriation and army reorganization bills: "The Committee on Industrial Preparedness of the Naval Consulting Board, of which committee Howard E. Coffin is chairman, after a five months' campaign in many ways unique in vigor and vision has played a very definite part in the measures for the national defense which have just become law. It is responsible for having laid the foundation for a true industrial preparedness in this nation. "Five months ago the committee, wholly non-partisan in make-up, acting with the civil, mechanical, mining and electrical engineers and the chemists of the country, members of five great scientific bodies, began its work in' every nook and cranny of the land. The purpose was to prepare American industry efficiently to support the armed forces of America in the event of war. "The public, the business men and the legislators at Washington knew little regarding the demands on industry in connection with modern war. No department at Washington was charged with the duty of coordinating the needs of the army and navy with transportation, industry, and kindred functions. The purchasing, quartermaster's and ordnance departments of the army and navy were unable to buy military supplies except by competitive offering in the open market. No one had considered the need, and no legislative machinery was in existence, for preventing the presence of skilled workers on the fighting front when they would in time of war be needed in the factories, mills and mines of the country. Neither at Washington or elsewhere was there even a list of the industrial resources of the nation in such shape as could be used for practical purposes in case war should come. "The three things, then, that the committee headed by Mr. Coffin set out to do and that now have been brought about were as follows: First, to mobilize concretely the business men of America and their output against a day of need. This meant chiefly to discover in fullest detail just what equipment our manufacturers possessed that might be swung over to supply the army and navy swiftly and bountifully from the hour the colors were raised. In a few weeks this initial task, which has been a truly colossal one, will be at an end. A complete report of the equipment of practically every concern of substantial size in the country is now in the hands of the - committee. Directly in charge of the great inventory has been W. S. Gifford, Supervising Director of the Committee. The second step was to procure legislation making possible the placing by the war and navy departments of annual orders for munitions in small quantities to American manufacturers now not producing such things, so that quietly, efficiently and thoroughly they could learn in time of peace how to supply the government in time of war. The new laws make all this possible. It should be said here that this practice will bring about a geographical diffusion of munition plants all over our country, instead of affording us only a few such concerns for the most part near the exposed seaboards, as at present. It is obvious that this system will also throttle all talk of a munitions trust.

Jan 10, 1916

By Morris Muskat

TEe method of R. W. Moore' for determining subsurface interfacial depths by means of integrated curves of apparent resistivity has been analyzed theoretically. It is found that the only unique tangents that can be drawn to such curves are the asymptotes at infinite electrode spacing and the tangents through the origin at vanishing electrode spacing. Explicit expressions have been derived for the relationship between the electrode spacing at the points of intersection of these tangents and the thickness of the surface strata as a function of the conductivity parameters for the two-layer and three-layer earths. It is found that in all cases the electrode spacing at the points of intersection will exceed % of the thickness of the surface layer, and may even become indefinitely large as the resistivity of the deepest layers increases as compared with that of the surface layer. These results do not agree with the empirical findings of Moore that the intersection of the tangent lines fall at an electrode spacing very approxirnately equal to the thickness of the surface layer. Introduction In a recent paper, R. W. Moore1 proposed a new method for the analysis and interpretation of earth-resistivity measurements. This consists essentially in plotting against the electrode separation of a Gish-Rooney system the integral of the apparent resistivity with respect to the electrode spacing, and observing the breaks in the integral curves. Specifically, tangents are drawn to the various segments of the integral curves, which show appreciably different slopes, and the intersections of these tangents are used as indications of the depths of the various underlying strata. By numerous examples Moore has shown that the electrode separation at the first intersection so found agrees very closely with the depth of the bottom of the surface layer. Moreover, in a number of instances the intersections for greater electrode spacings seemed to correspond to the depths of deeper beds. From a strictly empirical point of view, the procedure proposed and demonstrated by Moore appears to be particularly interesting because of its simplicity as well as its apparent accuracy, Moreover, such a simple method would be especially valuable in view of the well-known difliculties heretofore encountered in the quantitative interpretation of resistivity data. It therefore seems appropriate to attempt a mathematical analysis of the problem to see whether the integral method of Moore has a sound basis. Such an analysis is presented here. Even on cursory consideration, it is clear that the remarkable successes observed by Moore in the application of his method are indeed surprising. For it depends upon the determination and choice of the slopes of smooth and continuous curves, which by their nature must show even more gradual- variations than the original apparent-resistivity plots that are already so difficult to interpret quantitatively. It is well established, of course,

Jan 1, 1946

By Morris Muskat

TEe method of R. W. Moore' for determining subsurface interfacial depths by means of integrated curves of apparent resistivity has been analyzed theoretically. It is found that the only unique tangents that can be drawn to such curves are the asymptotes at infinite electrode spacing and the tangents through the origin at vanishing electrode spacing. Explicit expressions have been derived for the relationship between the electrode spacing at the points of intersection of these tangents and the thickness of the surface strata as a function of the conductivity parameters for the two-layer and three-layer earths. It is found that in all cases the electrode spacing at the points of intersection will exceed % of the thickness of the surface layer, and may even become indefinitely large as the resistivity of the deepest layers increases as compared with that of the surface layer. These results do not agree with the empirical findings of Moore that the intersection of the tangent lines fall at an electrode spacing very approxirnately equal to the thickness of the surface layer. Introduction In a recent paper, R. W. Moore1 proposed a new method for the analysis and interpretation of earth-resistivity measurements. This consists essentially in plotting against the electrode separation of a Gish-Rooney system the integral of the apparent resistivity with respect to the electrode spacing, and observing the breaks in the integral curves. Specifically, tangents are drawn to the various segments of the integral curves, which show appreciably different slopes, and the intersections of these tangents are used as indications of the depths of the various underlying strata. By numerous examples Moore has shown that the electrode separation at the first intersection so found agrees very closely with the depth of the bottom of the surface layer. Moreover, in a number of instances the intersections for greater electrode spacings seemed to correspond to the depths of deeper beds. From a strictly empirical point of view, the procedure proposed and demonstrated by Moore appears to be particularly interesting because of its simplicity as well as its apparent accuracy, Moreover, such a simple method would be especially valuable in view of the well-known difliculties heretofore encountered in the quantitative interpretation of resistivity data. It therefore seems appropriate to attempt a mathematical analysis of the problem to see whether the integral method of Moore has a sound basis. Such an analysis is presented here. Even on cursory consideration, it is clear that the remarkable successes observed by Moore in the application of his method are indeed surprising. For it depends upon the determination and choice of the slopes of smooth and continuous curves, which by their nature must show even more gradual- variations than the original apparent-resistivity plots that are already so difficult to interpret quantitatively. It is well established, of course,

Jan 1, 1946

By Robert C. Hickman

"INTRODUCTION Two holes were drilled on the G. S. Stiner zinc prospect, in the Lead Mine Bend area of Union County, Tenn. The holes were drilled in the vicinity of an area of gossan float and were bottomed in the Maynardville formation of the Nolichucky shale. Drilling was started January 24 and completed February 16, 1947. The total footage drilled was 421.2 feet.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative Work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, Cliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests.The project was under the general supervision of Mitchell H. Kline, chief, Raleigh Division, Mining Branch, Raleigh, N. C.LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYThe prospect is located approximately 20.5 miles southwest of Tazewell, Tenn. It is reached from Tazewell by driving 13.8 miles southwest on State route 33, thence 6.8 miles over graveled roads in a northwesterly direction to Stiner's general store. The drill holes are located in the bottom land northeast of the store (fig. 1 and 2)."

Feb 1, 1948

By Sukumar Bandopadhyay

In recent years planning of surface mines in general and reclamation and post-mining land uses in particular have become very complex. Due to the lack of suitable techniques, land use plans are rarely based upon structured decisions. Data collection may be conducted in a rigorous manner and certain analyses may be performed on the data; the decision to put the land to a specific use, however, is finally based upon the intuitive judgment of one or several individuals. This paper demonstrates how techniques from fuzzy set theory can be used in order to select an optimum post-mining land use plan. The various land use planning alternatives have been characterized according to both qualitative information and quantitative factors and the "fuzzy" aspects of the collected information are incorporated into the analyses. In a practical application, the methodology is used to obtain the most reasonable solution to a post-mining land use planning problem in Interior Alaska.

Jan 1, 1986

By Robert L. Cascio

The mining industry uses a large amount of electric power. Their equipment is subject to extreme environmental conditions and mechanical shock. A significant number of electrical accidents are a result of improperly grounded electrical equipment. Federal regulations require the safety ground bed resistance to be measured once a year or after modifications. Most commercially available instruments used to measure the ground bed resistance require the ground conductor to be disconnected and the power system disconnected for safety reasons. The "fall of potential1' method requires auxiliary ground rods and approximately two hours to complete the test. Although a new instrument was initially thought to measure the ground bed resistance immediately without isolating the ground bed, field tests have shown this method is not accurate. In some cases, a continuous measurement of the ground resistance is desired. A monitor has been developed and is presently being evaluated at several mines. These installations will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1992

By Gregg J. Hodges

The Stillwater Mining Co. is a partnership of The Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co. and Manville Corp. The Stillwater Mine, located near Nye, MT, is the Western Hemisphere’s only primary platinum-palladium deposit. The mine began production of flotation concentrates in March 1987. In the fall of 1987, an integrated pilot plant testing campaign of electric furnace smelting and oxygen-blown converting confirmed the feasibility of further upgrading to semi-refined matte, or “white metal.” In the summer of 1990, the production smelter was brought on line. The record of the discovery and development of the Stillwater deposit, mine and concentrator has been summarized in several articles (White, 1987; Kennedy, 1987; and Hodges and Clifford, 1988). Similarly, the pilot campaign to test the feasibility of treating the flotation concentrates in an integrated smelting plant has been described (Hodges and Clifford, 1988; Matousek, et al., 1989; and Matousek and Whellock, 1990).

Jan 1, 1991

By Eugene Frey

"INTRODUCTION The Good Fortune mine was sampled by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines in June 1944. Project 984 was set up under the strategic minerals program to make old workings accessible for this sampling program. Actual operations commenced June 1, 1944, and were completed June 30, 1944.The deposit was visited and discussed briefly by Sidney H. Ball 3/ of the Federal Geological Survey in the summer of 1906 and by H. M. Chance 4/ several times from 1887 to 1900.LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYThe Good Fortune mine is situated in the Hartville mining district in Platte County, Wyo., approximately 9 miles northwest of the town of Guernsey. The property is about 100 miles north of Cheyenne, Wyo. (fig. 1).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metal¬lurgical Branch, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests."

Aug 1, 1947

By T. Kalliomäki, A. T. Aji, M. Lundström, J. Aromaa

The settling properties of anode slime in copper electrorefining have crucial effect on copper cathode quality. Anode slime settling is affected by electrolyte composition and temperature, electrolyte circulation, and the sizes and density of the slime particles and agglomerates. Typically, the industrial copper electrolytes contain 40–60 g/dm3 Cu2+, 130–220 g/dm3 H2SO4, 0.04–25 g/dm3 Ni2+, 0.005–30 g/dm3 As, and have operating temperature of 55–70°C. In optimal electrorefining process, the settling rate of anode slime is sufficiently high to avoid the risk of getting the slime entrapped in copper cathodes. In this research the settling properties of copper electrorefining bottom slimes, mainly consisting of Cu, Ni, Ag, Se, Pb, As, Bi, Sb and Ba compounds, were studied by settling rate tests. The tests were conducted in water and synthetic electrolytes with known viscosities and densities. In addition, the effect of agglomeration was taken into account – it was observed that breaking the agglomerates which existed in the as-received slimes decreased the particle sizes on average 56–73%, which decreased the settling rate. The results of this study provide detailed information of anode slime settling and thus clarify the conditions causing cathode contamination risks in copper electrorefining. INTRODUCTION Settling rates of Cu-ER anode slimes affect the purity of cathode copper and faster settling rate decreases the contamination risk (Davenport et al., 2002; Shi & Ye, 2013). The settling rates are affected by the properties of anode slime particles (Wills & Napier-Munn, 2011; Aaltonen, 2014; Kiviluoma, Aaltonen, Aromaa, Lundström & Forsén, 2016) as well as viscosity and density of the electrolyte (Davenport, King, Schlesinger, Biswas, & Robinson, 2002; Shi & Ye, 2013). Thus, it is crucial to find out how the viscosity and density affect the settling rates. Small spherical particles with diameter below approximately 50 µm obey Stokes’ law (Equation 1) (Wills & Napier-Munn, 2011). v = gd 2 (ρS – ρF) (18η) -1 (1) where v is terminal velocity (m/s), g acceleration due to gravity (m/s2), d diameter of particle (m), ρS density of particle (kg/m3), ρF density of fluid (kg/m3), and η dynamic viscosity (Pa∙s). The approximate effects of kinematic viscosity (ν = η / ρS), density (ρS) and particle sizes on settling rates defined for small anode slime particles based on Stokes’ law are presented in Figure 1. However, Stokes’ law does not take into account other than spherical shapes, and it is only applicable for small particles. Consequently, the real settling rates of the particles are lower than these (Wills & Napier-Munn, 2011). Moreover, some of the anode slime particles are larger than 50 µm (Aaltonen, 2014).

Jan 1, 2019

By Jonathan Ernst

The Bruce Museum is an art, science and natural history museum in Green- wich, Connecticut. The museum was originally built as a private residence in 1853, and has undergone several reno- vations, the most recent dating to 1992. The current renovation is part of a $60 million capital expansion plan for the "New Bruce." The renovation includes a 43,000 sf (4,000 m2), three-story addition that will more than double the size of the museum, adding space for new ex- hibitions, education and community spaces. The proposed bottom of the foundations for the renovation sit up to 16 ft (5 m) below the Bruce Museum's existing shallow foundations.

Aug 1, 2023

By Alexander L. Holley

(WITH FIGURES ON PLATE I.) A CHARACTERSSTIC, and, to Americans, an amusing discussion of the three-high rail-mill, arose out of the reading of Mr. Lauth's paper on three-high plate-mills, at the Glasgow meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. From the report of the meeting in the English papers, it appears that Mr. Menelaus, the celebrated rail-maker of Dowlais, could not wait for the discussion of Lauth's plate-mill, but launched at once into the British objections to the three-high rail-mill, which is quite another matter. The American mill, which is very different in principle and ar-

Jan 1, 1873

By Shibata Y, Shimizu R, Fukushima A

Kobe is divided by the Rokko Mountains, runn- ing from east to west. The southern section of Kobe is highly developed in contrast with the northern section, but big, new residential pro- jects like the Hokusetsu New Town and Hokushin New Town are steadily being developed. To handle future traffic between the two sections of the city, the double-tracked Hokushin Line, now under construction, will connect the Shin Kobe Station of the Kobe Municipal Transit (Kobe's subway system) to the Tanigami Station of the Kobe Electric Railway. The locations of Kobe city and Hokushin Line are shown in Fig.-1 and Fig.-2 respectively.

Jan 1, 1987

By Clyde E. Eilliams

In recent ye.ars much intere,t has been centered on the possibility of pro­ducing alumina from clq, a.nd proposed methods tor the recove:r,v of alumina are appearing constantly in parent lit,erature, As a good· grade of clay contains from 30 t<> 40 per cent of al"WDina, the prospect of tecovering it is alluring, al though obviously ditfieul t. A patent typical of m projected thermal processes is that 0£ Paul Migu.et, (U, S, Patent No, l,376,563) entitled nprocess for the preparation of pure alkaline alu:ninates.'' Re proposes to prepare alkaline a.luminate by fusing clay, lime, and acrap iron with a reducing aget in the electric furnAce, thereby reducing the silica a.r.d formin1s calcium alumina.te and ferrostlicon, The calcium aluminate, being lighter, would. float on top substantially free from foreign oxides, It could. then be tapped ott, cooledf ana later crushed and leached with aodium carbonate solution to torm, by double decomposition, sodium aluminate, and calcium carbonte. The fonMr is soluble and yields readily aluminum hydroxicie. 'l'he ferrosilicon wo'Uld be r,covered as such and sold at a profit.

Aug 1, 1922

By L. S. Montagna, R. M. C. Santana

"Since the industrial revolution, plastic products sector has growing bigly, however this fact presents as consequence the increase of municipal plastic waste (MPW).The aim of this work is to developmet polymer mixture from MPW with the adittion of rubber tire (TR) post use and to study the mechanical and morphologycal properties. The polymer mixtures Polypropylene/High impact polystyrene/TR (PP/HIPS/TR), where rate weight TR used was 10, 20 and 30 % and with three size particles (500, 710 e 1000 µm). The specimen tests were obtained by injection molding. Preliminary results of mechanical properties showed that the increase of TR influence in a reduction of the flexural and tensile resistance. Results by scanning electronic microscopy on the fracture surface of mixtures PP/HIPS/TR showed a better interaction of TR particle with HIPS than with PP. Also, the presence of microcavoids was observed, characteristic in PP/HIPS blends, favouring in the increase of its opacity.IntroductionOne great part of the municipal solid waste (MSW) is composed of polymer mixed since commodity plastics, blend to polymer composite. The processing of plastics mixtures for recycling has been attempted with some success, but poor mechanical properties and uncertain economic value limit their more versatile reuse. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) are among the most common plastic waste, predominantly used in packaging food industry [1].One other problem that preoccupy to the society is the increase of rubber tire waste in the proportion of MSW. In Brazil, from 1999 to 2004, 39 % from 386 mil ton of tire post-use were destined to ciment Industry as source of energy [2]. However this destiny produces one other problem, environment pollution, due to gas mixture emitted.Recycling represents a valid alternative to the disposal of post-consumer plastics in common landfills if it is possible to obtain new materials with good final properties compatible with practical and, above all, by cheap methods [3]The reutilization of group tire rubber (TR) powder as a dispersed elastomeric phase in a thermoplastic matrix offers an opportunity to design second generation materials which would be recyclable due to the thermoplastic matrix and which potentially could present thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)-like mechanical behavior. [4]."

Jan 1, 2008