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By McElroy. G. E.

"INTRODUCTION The ventilation of development faces in mines for diluting gas or dust concentrations and, in hot mines for providing air-motion cooling effect, by fan pipe units discharging high-velocity streams of air close to the face, is an important phase of mine ventilation. The effectiveness of such units depends largely on the air-flow distribution between the pipe discharge and the face, a subject on which little definite information is available. A study of the air flow from grills into rooms 3/ has provided some basic data, but under conditions no different from mine fan-pipe installations in development ends that the data are of doubtful application to mine installations, owing to differences in air-flow conditions.The purpose of this report is to present and discuss the results of an initial series of tests of a general investigation designed to yield definite laws and design data for the discharge of fan-pipe lines in mines. This series was planned to yield preliminary data on the effects of velocity of discharge, size and shape of pipe, and adjacent walls on the air-flow distribution. Tents were made on 10-inch pine with seven different end conditions and one change of wall condition. Changes in size and shape of discharge wore made by short transformation pieces directly at the discharge end, with the result that effects due to contraction and expansion of the flow, which proved to be of much greater importance than was expected, totally obscured any normal effects due to size and shape. The results of this series of tests, therefore, relate to 10-inch pipe with various discharge designs and are so reported."

Aug 1, 1940

By Z. H. Li

In connection with the features of characteristic waste water (containing cyanogen, arsenic and heavy metal) pollutants discharged by gold industry as well as the environmental features at the location of gold production enterprises, this paper briefly described the traditional method of treatment, and focused on the argument for technologies of clean production, advanced treatment and process control technology. Moreover, it clarified the future policies and development trend for treatment on characteristic waste water from gold industry.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Sokolov, E. Hasikova, V. Gostilo, V. Titov

Introducing online X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers in the mining and processing industries can lower costs and improve the representativeness and speed of analysis. The applicability of the CON-XTM industrial conveyor XRF analyzer for continuous measurement of potassium content in process materials was demonstrated at various stages of potassium muriate (MOP) production. The CON-X analyzer produced reliable and accurate results for sylvinite ore (27–36% KCl), MOP cake after flotation (88–97% KCl), and NaCl residue (1.5–5% KCl). Tests of the analyzer at an MOP-producing plant showed a < 0.5% difference between online and laboratory results.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. W. Doepke

CLIMAX is situated in the heart of the high Rockies at Fremont Pass on the Continental Divide. This setting naturally throws some of the romantic aura of the old mining camps around the town. In its early days it was much like them, even to its air of impermanence. Its founders had faith in the future-as did every adventurer who started a hole in the ground and called it a mine. In those days, however, all available money was expended on the mine, and those who labored on the job had to he content with rugged living arrangements. The visitor at Climax today. however, sees a townsite carefully laid out to enhance the natural&apos; beauty of the surroundings. There are 250 houses and 43 apartments which have been carefully designed by an architect, and missing is the long line of houses of the same type. Every house is of a different design, all being modern in every respect, with haths, running water, electricity, and .sewage disposal. They vary in size from three to six rooms and rent for $5 per room per month. A complete, well-designed water-treatment plant supplies water for domestic purposes.

Jan 1, 1946

By Alan Jessop

A small group has been set up at the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, to make a survey of terrestrial heat flow throughout Canada. Terrestrial heat flow is the heat rising from the interior of the earth and escaping at the surface, and is calculated from a knowledge of under-ground temperature distribution and the thermal conductivity of rocks. A small number of diamond drill holes are being sunk for the purpose of measuring temperatures below the surface, but the program is inadequate for a thorough survey. Mines and holes drilled for other purposes are being sought by the Dominion Observatory group to supplement their own drilling program. F ROM January, 1.962, to December, 1964, geo-physicists of many nations will be cooperating in the "International Upper Mantle Project." Unlike tl1e International Geophysical Year, which was mainly concerned with the fluid layers surrounding the earth, the Upper Mantle Project is an intensive study of the solid earth. Canada, with its large land area and extensive Precambrian Shield, is an active participant in the project.

Jan 1, 1964

By H. W. Gao

During the last decade, the feasibility of applying the in situ leaching technology to the recovery of copper from deeply buried deposits containing chalcopyrite has received much attention.(1-4) The major incentive for using this technology is that under certain circumstances, copper in deep underground deposits, which cannot be mined economically by conventional means, can be recovered economically. Basically, this technology involves rubblization of the deeply buried copper ore body followed by in-place leaching of the rubblized copper ores. Rubblization of the ore can be achieved by some suitable method such as the use of block caving mining. The rubblized chimney is then filled with water until the original water level is reached. Leaching occurs when the eater saturated with oxygen is introduced into the chimney- and flows through the fractured rock masses and within pores of rocks. As the dissolved oxygen oxidizes the primary sulfides, heat is generated. Because of low conductivity of the surrounding rocks, the generated heat is able to raise the temperature of the chimney. The increase in the temperature of the chimney and the relatively high content of dissolved oxygen in the leach solution under high hydrostatic pressure will result in an enhanced dissolution of the primary sulfide minerals. To ensure a successful application of the in situ leaching technology, a complete understanding of the effects of the ore particle size distribution, ore grade mineralogy, temperature, pressure, lixiviant concentration, pH, etc. on the rate of copper recovery is necessary so that copper can be recovered efficiently and the amount of copper extracted can be predicted. These can be achieved through mathematical modeling of the in situ leaching process and conducting laboratory tests. In this paper we will present a mathematical model that simulates the in situ leaching process as depicted in Figure 1. To model this process properly, not only the &apos;kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of leaching chemistry must be known, but the effects of heat generation, the physical aspect of fluid flow and other related multicomponent transport phenomena must be considered. Furthermore, since most factors involved in the leaching process change with time, a leaching system must be described using unsteady state equations.

Jan 1, 1981

By F. A. Rutledge, H. Marstraander, J. H. Hulbert, G. A. Apell

"INTRODUCTION The inability of Alaska coal mines to supply the quantity of coal required by public and private consumers and by the armed forces in Alaska caused the Coal Procurement Section of the Alaska Department, U. S. Army, to be established. It proposed to investigate the coal deposits and to expedite production of coal. The Bureau of Mines has closely cooperated in this program and was in direct charge of exploration. As to develop and equip an underground coal mine would have taken time and the need for coal was acute, a deposit that could be prepared for mining quickly was desirable. Several such deposits of stripping coal were known to occur in the Nenana field and were examined by the Bureau. One of these, the Diamond strip mine 4 miles west of Healy, was brought into production late in the fall of 1943. This mine was operated for the Army Coal Procurement Section by the C. F. Lytle Co. and the Green Construction Co.The Roth property, or Leasing Block No. 28, in the Healy Creek Valley offered the largest available tonnage of both stripping coal and total reserves. A program of exploration by the Bureau of Mines was inaugurated in 1943 and completed in 1944. Field parties of the Federal Geological Survey mapped the area had correlated the coal beds during the 1944 and 1945 summer seasons."

Nov 1, 1946

By Hojong Kim, Isehaq Al-Nafai, Kwadwo Osseo-Asare

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔGo f, 298) of bastnasite, (Ce, La, Nd, Pr)FCO3, was estimated using four different methods. The obtained average values were − 1589.5 kJ/mol for CeFCO3, − 1599.5 kJ/mol for LaFCO3, − 1589.1 kJ/mol for NdFCO3, and − 1595.4 kJ/mol for PrFCO3. The value for cerium bastnasite, CeFCO3, was used to construct a potential vs. pH (Eh-pH) diagram to investigate the stability relations of cerium bastnasite. The diagram shows that CeFCO3 is stable in neutral to basic conditions (pH ~ 6.5–11).

By R. B. McIntosh, S Ramanchuk

A brief description is given of the process used by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited to recover cobalt metal from nickel-cobalt sulphides. A description of the equipment with the operating conditions is presented with an evaluation of the corrosion test results for various stainless steels and other acid resistant materials for the part of the process involving the sulphuric acid leaching of nickel-cobalt sulphide slurry under air pressure. SINCE 1954 the Sherritt Gordon ammonia leach process has been used at Fort Saskatchewan to recover nickel metal, copper sulphides and cobalt-nickel sulphides from nickel concentrate produced at Lynn Lake, Manitoba. 'To develop a process for recovering cobalt and nickel from the cobalt-nickel sulphides, studies were carried out in the Sherritt Gordon laboratory and pilot plant and, late in 1957, continuous acid leaching of sulphides was started in the refinery. In September 1958 the present equipment

Jan 1, 1961

By ROY BERENTZ

MANUFACTURE is the transformation of material by the application of energy and power. The energy of a man exerted throughout a day is equivalent to about one horsepower-hour of mechanical work an amount which can be purchased for less than 2c. It is evident that manual labor is uneconomical if mechanical energy can be applied effectively, or without disproportionate expense. Since manual energy is relatively so costly, economy demands that mechanical power be employed so as to reduce the human effort connected with mining operations to a minimum. Power, like other commodities, is most efficiently produced in large quantities. Mechanical transmission, once prevailing, is being rapidly superseded by electric drive. There are many reasons for this change; such as increased production, ease and accuracy of control, convenient application, ease of moving, etc.

Jan 1, 1930

By Harold J. Barnett

In January 1948 , the Secretary of the Interior directed that a study be made of energy resources and requirements that would provide a basis for continuing appraisal of the adequacy of the Department's programs in the energy field . That this instruction was timely has been demonstrated by the increasing interest being evidenced by Congress , industry , labor , and the public in the future of the energy segment of our national economy . Several studies of individual energy sectors have appeared . Various legislative proposals have been made in Congress for obtaining more information on this subject . Substantial interest in energy projections is not , of course , a recent innovation . Energy availability and consumption are strategic factors in peacetime prosperity and growth and in our national defense as well . The past generation's literature of earnest public discussion and of legislative consideration of matters involving energy projections is very extensive . This is an exploratory study produced in the Program Staff of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior in the first half of 1949 and revised recently to take account of certain of the preliminary energy data from the 1947 Census of Manufactures and critical comments . It is offered at this time solely as a technical contribution in economic research technique . As the Bureau of Mines has recently undertaken to revise this preliminary study , critical and other comments are invited .

Oct 1, 1950

By J. F. Burr, D. Snyder, W. Calder

This paper provides a determination of the equivalent level of protection of the international standards relative to similar criteria used by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to approve two-fault intrinsically safe (IS) stand-alone equipment. U.S. mining law requires such a determination for MSHA to use alternatives to existing standards. The primary issue is to demonstrate that the international standards for equipment evaluation will provide at least the same level of protection for miners as the document currently used by MSHA.

Jan 1, 2018

By J. F. Burr, D. Snyder, W. Calder

This paper provides a determination of the equivalent level of protection of the international standards relative to similar criteria used by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to approve two-fault intrinsically safe (IS) stand-alone equipment. U.S. mining law requires such a determination for MSHA to use alternatives to existing standards. The primary issue is to demonstrate that the international standards for equipment evaluation will provide at least the same level of protection for miners as the document currently used by MSHA.

Jan 1, 2017

By Barry Sheppard, Abid Adekunte, Alec Hinder

The main competencies of a chartered/professional engineer include demonstrated abilities to implement knowledge, skills and attitudes towards the restriction of the amount of natural resources consumed on projects, limitation of the quantities of wastes produced during construction, whilst ultimately minimising the overall carbon footprint associated with every scheme. These are important obligations to the environment and society that must be dutifully fulfilled by every practising engineer, by continually striving to maintain reasonably good balance between safety and economy on every project. In support of the above professional obligations, this paper details independent literature review of shaft adhesion factors that are appropriate for the economical designs of CFA-bored piles in clay in the UK and Ireland. The geotechnical appraisals had originally been carried out by Deep Foundations Specialists (DFS) as independent 3rd party-checks to resolve disputes between a number of piling contractors and structural warranty companies in respect of the design aspects of the piling works for large scale residential developments in Hampshire and Cambridgeshire, England. The geotechnical appraisals are supported with case histories of 15 No. historical piling projects completed, static load-tested and backanalysed in different geographical regions of the United Kingdom & Ireland. Essentially, the literature review confirms the shaft adhesion factor,  = 0.6 adopted by the piling contractors in designs for the initially disputed schemes to be appropriate, safe and economical, albeit higher than the generic value,  = 0.5 recommended by guide documents including the BS8004 (2015) and the London District Surveyors Association’s Guidance Note No. 1 for the Design of Straight Shafted Bored Piles in London Clay (2018). The conclusions of the literature review ultimately resulted in the acceptance of the piling contractors’ designs by the structural warranty providers. The paper recommends that whenever it is possible, design engineers should place greater reliance on site-specific pile test data or pile test data from other sites with similar ground conditions, pile geometries and pile installation methods, in order to produce the most economical and sufficiently optimised pile design for every site.

Oct 31, 2023

The Beverley uranium mine û now in production in the remote north of South Australia at1000 tonnes per annum û was established to meet a projected, but little-recognised shortfallin primary supply of uranium for the nuclear industry in the early part of the 21 st century. Inthe context of AustraliaÆs lack of bi-partisan support for uranium mining and the nuclearindustry, a four to five year window of opportunity existed from 1996 to establish the mine.During this period, Beverley achieved a number of firsts including: the first ISL mine inAustralia; the largest ISL mine in the world and the first to produce more than 500 tonnes ofuranium in its first year; the first to be established under a new Native Title regime in SouthAustralia; and the first to be established under a revised South Australian Mining Act.Beverley was brought into production against the background of: hostile opposition fromanti-nuclear activists; a suspicious and at-times hostile media; a regulatory and politicalcommunity that was unfamiliar with ISL mining; commercially unsophisticated Aboriginalgroups; an inexperienced engineering industry; and the vagaries of development in a remote,semi-arid location with neither population nor infrastructure. The lessons that can be learnedfrom Beverley showed that û like much in life û flexibility and timing are crucial.

Jan 1, 2002

By Afshin Sadri

Acousto Ultrasonic-Echo (AU-E) is a technique developed to provide accurate measurements of the refractory lining wear in operating smelters based on the principles of stress wave propagation. The objective of the system is to provide feedback for the continuous optimization of the overall smelter operation. In some cases, the AU-E refractory lining measurements have allowed clients to extend their smelter campaigns and operate safely for several years beyond their planned reline schedule. In other cases, AU-E results inform clients of serious issues within their furnace allowing them to shut down their smelters ahead of predicted failures and possible disasters. This paper presents the results of several smelter AU-E inspections of the hearth and sidewall. These case studies demonstrate how the AU-E results were used to positively affect the smelter operation.

By Jon A. Carlson, W. Scott Williams

The EKATI"" Diamond Mine commenced operation in October 1998. It is operated by BHP Diamonds Inc., which is a part of the Non-Ferrous and Industrial Materials Division of BHP Minerals, a business unit of BHP Company Ltd. of Melbourne, Australia. The EKATI"" Diamond Mine is a joint venture of BHP Diamonds Inc. (51%), Dia Met Minerals Ltd. (29%), Charles E. Fipke (10%) and Dr. Stewart L. Blusson (10%). In December 1993, an office was opened in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories specifically for the then Northwest Territories Diamonds Project (EKATI"" Diamond Mine) development. EKATI"" Diamond Mine is located 300 kilometres northeast of Yellowknife and 200 kilometres south of the Arctic Circle in the Northwest Territories of Canada (Figure 1 ). The site is located in a remote tundra area of continuous permafrost, north of the tree line, which is part of the Canadian Shield. Wekweti (Snare Lake), a Dogrib community approximately 180 kilometres southwest of the project, is the closest neighbour. The mining area and facilities lie within the 10 960 hectares land leases held by the joint venture. The total claim block (core zone and buffer zone joint ventures) covers 344 000 hectares. To date, more than one hundred kimberlite pipes have been identified within the claims. Five of these provide the basis for the present mine plan. Total capital investment in the project is over C$700 million. At full production employment will be about 600, including employees and long-term contractors, with over 33% being Aboriginal from the Northwest Territories.

Jan 1, 2001

By Henry D. Hibbard

THIS article aims to clarify the use of some terms often occurring in writings on iron and -steel, and also to suggest several new short abbreviated names for some of the things related to the subject which now are indicated by phrases. Crude or Crude Iron The name crude or crude iron is recommended for the iron produced from ore by the blast furnace. When necessary it can be specified as pig iron when in the form of pigs (usually cold), or as molten iron, commonly called hot metal to distinguish it from cold iron in pigs. The product of a direct process of making wrought or malleable iron from ore is not included.

Jan 1, 1924

By Todd Loudin

A majority of the chemical process industry uses lime in either a powder or liquid form. Engineering and maintenance personnel often face a long and potentially expensive trial-and-error period in order to find the best process equipment to handle lime. Limestone is mined from a quarry in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Then, it is crushed and fed into a kiln at approximately 1,093° C (2,000° F), where the carbon dioxide is burned off (calcining) to make calcium oxide (CaO).

Jan 1, 2010

By John Campbell, William Trahant

"Total Quality Management (TQM) is becoming a reality in the mining industry. Widely adopted in the manufacturing and services industries, TQM has become the operating style of choice in numerous mining companies across the Americas and Australia. Iron Ore Company of Canada, Inco, MSA, Graniterock, Magma Copper, and CRA&apos;s Hamersly Iron - all are pioneers of TQM. These companies and others are confronting the challenges of implementing TQM and are managing the changes required of their people and cultures. What these companies are doing, why they are doing it, and how they are successfully managing the changes are the subjects of this paper.Driving the need for change in these organizations are a host of issues, some of which all mining companies are facing. Requirements from customers for ISO 9000 certification is becoming one of the initial motivators for Total Quality Management. These standards, commonly used in manufacturing throughout the European Community (EC), emphasize quality in the processes that create outputs, instead of just the outputs themselves. Iron Ore Company of Canada, for instance, responding to the requirement of one of its customers, British Steel, has become one of the first mining companies to meet the quality standard. Suppliers who meet the standards are highly desirable to customers who are themselves operating under the ISO or their national quality guidelines."

Jan 1, 1995