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By Y. Chengxian, F. Yaorong, Xinzhe. L.

Many factors about the HIC (hydrogen-induced cracking) resistance of pipelines are discussed in this paper. The main factors that influence the ability of HIC are environmental and material factors. The chemical compositions, non-metal inclusions and microstructure are discussed in detail, while a group of tests on HIC resistance are done according to varying C, S, Mn and P contents in pipeline steels, different experiment time and different strength to the coupon. It is concluded that decreasing the amount of C and S can obtain good HIC resistance; the test time has an effect on the different microstructure of X70; microstructure is the most sensitive factor for the initiation processes of HIC.

Jan 1, 2005

By João M. S. Rodrigues

The use of sandblasting as a treatment method for conditioning anodes for zinc electro-winning was investigated and compared with conventional fluoride preconditioning. The anodes were made from two different lead-based alloys (Pb-Ag-Ca and Pb-Ag). Laboratory results showed that sandblasting and preconditioning both minimize lead contamination in the zinc and sludge generation. Sandblasting was found to have no aggravating effect on the anode corrosion. The sandblasting treatment was tested on Pb- Ag-Ca anodes on an industrial scale in the celJhouse of a local zinc producer. An unexpected finding of the large-scale tests was that the sandblasting appeared to strengthen the anodes, resulting in reduced warping during handling and operation.

Jan 1, 1996

By C. R. McClung

"Molybdenum, in the form of molybdenite, is a common byproduct of many copper mining and concentrating operations. While the recovery of most copper sulfide minerals is principally liberation controlled, the recovery of molybdenite is much more complex, with fully liberated particles commonly lost to tailings.A geometallurgical investigation was undertaken of molybdenite from the Bingham Canyon deposit with the aim of determining what effects, if any, mineralogy and the mineralogical attributes of morphology, angularity, liberation and size have on molybdenite recovery in the processing circuit. A set of samples was collected from the ores and products of Rio Tinto Kennecott’s Copperton Concentrator. The samples were analyzed by normal polarized reflected light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy using a Mineral Liberation Analyzer, revealing the presence of two distinct types of molybdenite, which are the two polytypes: hexagonal (2H) and rhombohedral (3R). The 2H polytype occurs as textbook-shaped particles in quartz-molybdenite veins located in the core of the deposit, while the 3R polytype occurs as disseminated, ball-shaped particles with a dull or frosted appearance along the margins of the mineralized intrusive body or central core. Each polytype exhibited metallurgical properties consistent with those reported in the literature. The 2H polytype is easily ground, kinetically “faster” floating and displays surface attributes that are amenable to higher rates of recovery. This commonly results in the production of a high-quality molybdenum concentrate under normal operating conditions at most copper concentration operations. The 3R polytype is difficult to grind, kinetically “slower” floating and displays surface attributes that are less amenable to recovery. Therefore, in deposits with higher concentrations of the 3R polytype, modifications to operating parameters may be necessary to improve the recovery of molybdenite.A preliminary investigation into the metal budget of porphyry copper and molybdenum deposits indicated a possible positive correlation between total economic metal budget and polytype content. Higher concentrations of the 3R polytype appear to be more prevalent in gold-enriched porphyries than in molybdenum-enriched porphyries. This may help explain why it is easier to obtain higher rates of recovery in molybdenum ± tungsten-rich deposits, which contain little to none of the 3R polytype. There is a potential for the metal budget of a porphyry deposit to be used as an indication of the molybdenite polytype present as well as its impact on the economics, in terms of exploration, and the processing circuit, in terms of plant design."

Jan 1, 2016

By C Paoletti

About 15 years ago the debate on the reliability of sampling procedures for agricultural food and feed commodities was initiated by a few brave scientists who questioned the representativeness of what, at the time, were routine sampling procedures established exclusively on the basis of tradition and practical feasibility. Over time several national and international organisations contributed to the discussion, developing standards and publishing papers either to underline the fact that sampling is always a source of error, in itself, which cannot be overlooked, or to minimise the relevance of sampling on the basis of argumentations linked to time and money limitations. The latter dominated, but is nevertheless impossible to accept from both a scientific and a responsible management perspective. Here the author presents an historical overview of these past 15 years, illustrating the most controversial issues, reporting major achievements in food/feed sampling, highlighting milestones, as well as unresolved problems that still need the attention and contribution from the sampling community. The need to incorporate Theory of Sampling (TOS) into food/feed safety assessment (pre-market), as well as into food/feed safety monitoring (post-market) has recently been highlighted, and the practical applicability of TOS to base food/feed safety decisions on representative sampling, has been explored and documented via concrete examples of risk analysis in different areas of food/feed industrial production chains. Now it is time to move forward and ensure that TOS is fully integrated into the well-established Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) / World Health Organization (WHO) risk assessment approach, in order to guarantee a transparent and correct universal frame for risk assessment and the subsequent management decision-making process. WCSB8 offers the ideal platform to explore the best way to do so, switching from a theoretical discussion of correct sampling principles for food and feed agricultural commodities to practical recommendations in the interest of consumers, worldwide. These 15 years have also been a personal journey of interesting dimensions, indeed a veritable roller-coaster ride in-and-out of the scientific, technological, industrial and (last but not least) regulatory worlds. The start was WCSB2 in 2004, when I flew to Australia to discover if in other areas sampling had been identified as an unavoidable issue and, if so, what the solution was. There, I found a good travel companion who today is still on my side, to assemble the puzzle and explore how to shape the future, to concretely answer to the 15 years’ quest for proper sampling in the assessment and monitoring of food/feed safety.CITATION:Paoletti, C, 2017. Assessing and monitoring food and feed safety – a 15 year quest for proper sampling, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 39–44 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By Jack Parker

"The original design of mine openings and pillars at White Pine was based upon traditional assumptions; i.e., that the principal load is due to the weight of overburden, and that horizontal stresses are equal to one-. third of the vertical.Beginning January, 1964, borehole deformation measurements confirmed suspicions that the principal stress is horizontal and several times greater than the vertical.Vertical stress appears to be directly related to depth, but lateral stresses vary considerably in direction and magnitude. The direction of major principal stress lies parallel to the bedding and is apparently parallel to tension joints. Lateral stresses appear to originate from an igneous intrusive.Mining induces stresses which add to the primitive stresses, in some areas precipitating failure. In this paper, rock failures are illustrated, methods of measurement and typical results are given, and measures to counter or utilize the lateral stresses are described."

Jan 1, 1966

By W. A. Calhoun

This investigation of low-grade bauxites as potential sources of aluminum by caustic desilication and alumina extraction was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to develop extractive methods for winning alumina from domestic deposits of low-grade bauxites. This report is the second of a series covering the work by the Bureau of Mines' Rolla, Mo., and Bauxite, Ark., laboratories. The first report published in the Journal of Metals, December 1951,3/ and dealt with kaolin and halloysite. The present investigation is concerned with low-grade bauxites only. The purpose of these investigations is to increase the domestic supply of aluminum ores. With eventual depletion of high-grade deposits, aluminous materials, such as low-grade bauxite, clays, shales, and high-iron laterites, will become our principal domestic sources of aluminum. The development of extractive processes for winning alumina from these low-grade materials is one of the many national security measures undertaken by the Bureau of Mines. A method has-been developed in the laboratory for successfully treating high-silica bauxites from domestic deposits. In this process the bauxite was calcined at 980° C. to form amorphous silica and alumina. The calcine was then leached by percolation with 15-percent sodium hydroxide solution at 940 to 96° C., removing 67 to 77 percent of the silica with a loss of 4.1 to 5.0 percent of the alumina. The sodium hydroxide in the spent liquor used in desilication was 95 percent recoverable, and comparable desilication results were obtained with 100-percent reclaimed liquor, The indicated cost of reagents, for sodium hydroxide and lime used in the desilication and regenera¬tion of spent liquor, was about $4.00 per ton of calcine treated.

Jan 1, 1954

By AIME AIME

T HE 133rd meeting of the A. I. M. E., opening in New York on Feb. 15, promises to be as successful technically and socially as any in the past. The papers submitted for the various technical sessions are unusually excellent and insure something of interest to every group. Tentative programs have already been issued, and a concise resume of the various sessions, arranged chronologically, appears on page 48. Among the many interesting technical sessions arranged, attention is directed to those of the Petroleum Division, embracing the Symposium on Production that has come to be an annual feature, and new ones on refining practice, transportation and economics. The Institute of Metals program is similarly comprehensive. It includes 15 papers, 8 on copper, 4 on aluminum and its alloys, and one each on magnesium, lead, and fatigue of metals. The Coal Committee offers as a leading contribution its report, prepared under the direction of H. N. Eavenson, giving a new analysis of the capacity of the mines and a comparison of coal with other industries. This will be supplemented by a number of other papers of especial interest to operating men, among which are "Data on Use of Loading Machines in Bituminous Mines," by Graham Bright; "Evaluation of Coal," by R. H. Sweetser; "Selection of Coals for the Manufacture of Coke," by H. J. Rose; and "Relation of Origin and State of Carbonization of Coal to Problems of Low Temperature Carbonization," by S. W. Parr. The Iron and Steel Committee has scheduled seven papers, and there will be a special session on open-hearth practice, in which will be presented the first results of the two conferences, held by the sub- committee at Pittsburgh and Cleveland. A symposium on molding sands will be a special feature of the session on non-metallics.

Jan 1, 1926

By K. Heatwole, D. Shier, A. Davis, J. Kidder, S. Sunkavalli

"Acid rock drainage (ARD) is produced when sulfides are exposed to oxygen and water. Oxidation reactions typically result in a depression of pH and leaching of solutes and metals. Many oxidation models have been developed based on oxygen diffusion, but in environments with high permeability, other transport processes (i.e., convection and advection) can play an important role. Multiple sulfide mineral phases with differing oxidation rates should also be incorporated. WROC, a finite-difference model, was developed to account for these factors in predicting ARD. The program includes sulfide mineral oxidation using a shrinking core mechanism, heat transfer by conduction, heat of reaction and oxygen transport by diffusion and advection. The model was validated using data from the literature. After validation, the WROC model was used to simulate several different waste rock scenarios, including different forms of sulfide mineralization and the effect of implementing a waste rock cover. The results demonstrate that including specific sulfide mineral phases can have a significant effect on oxidation and that implementation of a cover can also aid in reducing waste rock oxidation.IntroductionAcid rock drainage (ARD) is a notable environmental concern in areas where rock or other material with acid generation potential is disturbed. ARD is defined as drainage that occurs as a result of sulfide oxidation in rock exposed to air and water. ARD is characterized by low pH, elevated metals concentration (especially aluminum, iron and manganese), sulfate and high total dissolved solids. The low-pH water that results from acid generation is capable of solubilizing heavy metals contained within the rock. The principal sulfide mineral in mine wastes is pyrite (FeS2). Pyrite oxidation is complex and can involve chemical and biological reactions. Oxidation of pyrite by atmospheric oxygen produces one mole of Fe2+, two moles of SO4 2- and two moles of H+ for every mole of pyrite oxidized, as described by Eq. (1)."

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Patton

Introduction THE use of roll scale in the Bessemer process dates back, to the "best of our knowledge, at least 20 years. It was first used by the Ohio Steel Co.; Youngstown, Ohio (now the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co.) under the direction of Sam, MacDonald, Superintendent of the Bessemer Department at these works. Two 10-ton vessels and one blowing engine capable of blowing one heat at a time were employed. The object of using the scale was to -shorten the length of the blow; or in other words, to increase the production with the same equipment. Various means were tried out for introducing the roll scale into the bath of molten iron: It was shoveled into the vessel before the heat was charged, so that the metal would flow over the scale; it was shoveled into the bath after the vessel was turned up; it Was dumped into the empty iron ladle by the wheelbarrow-load, and at times wars dumped on top of the molten metal in the iron ladle. But the practice of introducing the scale into the iron ladle had to be abandoned on account of danger from explosions and of skulling the -ladles. It was soon learned that the proper place to charge the scale was in the empty vessel, so that when the molten iron was poured into the vessel it flowed over the scale, causing a considerable reaction to take place before the heat was turned up. Eventually, cylindrical chutes similar to those now in use were installed. Into these chutes the scale is dumped and carried into the empty vessel. Before this convenient means of introducing the scale was adopted, the Ohio Works had satisfactorily demonstrated that roll scale would increase production, by blowing 107 heats in one 12-hr. turn (1,087 tons) with one blowing engine, blowing one heat at a time; whereas, prior to the use of scale, the best practice at these works was about 80 heats under the same conditions.

Jan 2, 1917

By Ross R. Bhappu

A theoretical and experimental investigation into pyrometallurgical refining of chloride leach/electrowin copper is described. The two techniques investigated were (i) vaporization and (ii) gaseous halogenation. Experiments were carried out with a packed bed of electrowon copper crystals and a boat of melted copper crystals. Nitrogen gas and Freon 12/nitrogen mixtures were used as the carrier and reac.tive gases. Vaporization was found to be effective in removing Bi, Pb and S while halogenation was effective. in removing As, Bi, Pb, S and Sb. Silver resisted all attempts at removal. Iron was removed but less effectively than the other impurities.

Jan 1, 1985

By James W. Myers

"Packaged fuel" is the trade name applied by the industry to a product consisting of coal screenings and a binder compressed into 3 -or 4-inch cubes and wrapped (six or eight in a package) in sturdy paper and sealed with gummed tape. Parry describes the product in greater detail and distinguishes clearly between packaged fuel and briquettes. The industry developed from the desire of retail coal dealers to improve utilization of the relatively large quantities of slack sizes that result from the degradation, during shipping and handling in the yard, of friable coal, particularly Pocahontas coal. During the war an attempt was made to apply this technique to anthracite fines, and a recent publication of the U. S. Bureau of Mines reported the results of physical and combustion tests on packaged fuels containing anthracite fines. References made in this report to the previous investigation on packaged fuels containing anthracite represent data or conclusions presented in Report of Investigations 3882. This investigation was conducted as a continuation of the previously reported studies and consisted of physical and combustion tests of packaged fuels made from high-volatile bituminous coal, as well as the low-volatile bituminous coal ordinarily used in the industry, to determine their relative suitability for domestic firing. Particular attention was given to the smoke-producing properties of the packaged fuels because of the increasing importance of the prevention or reduction of smoke from hand-fired domestic heating plants resulting from the widespread enactment of smoke-prevention ordinances.

Jan 1, 1951

[ ] TEN FEET TALL and four feet wide, tire designed for Le Tourneau equipment is world's largest, and will operate with only 10 to 15 pounds air pressure. (15) SOIL SAMPLING: A complete collection of data about soil sampling techniques, accumulated during the past 33 years by the Acker Drill Co., is displayed in a 16-page bulletin. Modern sampling techniques are discussed along with recommendations as to correct tools and accessories best suited for economical recovery of samples. (16) GEAR MOTOR: U. S. Electrical Motors Inc. has a new bulletin on the type GW Syncrogear motor, showing phantom views of inner construction and operating detail. [ ] (17) SAFETY: A booklet containing an up-to-date list of American Safety Standards has been published by the American Standards Association. Comprehensive subject index and brief commentaries on the standards helps in selecting proper documents. Nearly all of the 160 American Safety Standards listed are widely used, and some have been adopted as a basic part of governmental codes.

Jan 1, 1952

By Janne Kytökari

Controlling a wide range of minerals processes with single control system is an ordinary way to operate in mines all over the world these days. However the potential of these systems is not yet fully recognized nor utilized. The key issue is to manage the information in a way that enables automating the day-to-day tasks, quality control and safety functions. At the same time it provides means for optimization and constant improvement of processes creating a working environment where the system helps employees to do their key tasks instead of searching, modifying, and transmitting the huge number of information arising every day. The distribution of control system nodes enables the other processes to run heedless of a problem occurring in one of the sub-processes. Also the control room can be in remote location such as in large city removing the need to travel substantially long distances to plant sites every day. When all essential information is brought to the same place there is less risk for a mishap to happen due to information breaks that are often the cause of them. One of the biggest single reasons that result in production losses are break downs of machinery usually caused by normal wear, misuse, incorrect utilization rate etc. For this reason it is important to measure the condition of machines using vibration measurement and diagnostics. By moving from failure or time-based maintenance towards predictive or performance maintenance generates eventually a steady and predictable process but also results in significant long term savings. The mineral process at Talvivaara mine is based on bioheapleaching, whereby metals are leached from ore as a result of bacterial action. Bioleaching is a fairly new technology used in metals recovery. Therefore it is important for the mine to collect and analyze data from different stages of the minerals process. Talvivaara mine?s Metso DNA system has integrated machine condition monitoring and information management. These are not only necessary but also crucial in environmental conditions where the outside temperature can drop below -35°C, where ice and snow dominate the landscape and impact the equipment for four months a year and where distances between equipment can be up to 7.5 kilometers. Keywords: DCS, analyzer, machine condition monitoring, automation, remote communications, optimization, mining, metso DNA, Talvivaara

Sep 1, 2012

By John P. McDonnell

Cable supports offer several advantages over traditional secondary support methods by enhancing stress redistribution to pillars and gob areas, minimizing or eliminating timbers and cribs that reduce ventilation, eradicating material-handling injuries related to placement of crib supports, and providing a cost-effective alternative to secondary support. The U.S. Bureau of Mines, in researching alternatives to traditional roof support methods, designed and installed high-strength cable supports to improve the stability of longwall gate road and bleeder entries in a Western U.S. coal mine. With the cooperation of industry, methods were developed to install cable supports in a tailgate and bleeder entry test area using traditional resin cartridges. Resin-grouted cable bolts were also installed and evaluated in additional longwall gate road and bleeder entry systems at the study mine. The cable-bolted areas successfully maintained roof support throughout the tailgate and bleeder entries. Cable supports replaced wood cribbing as secondary support in the bleeder entry system and minimized the use of cribbing in the longwall tailgate entries. This report describes the theory, application, and advantages of cable supports and presents mine measurements made to assess the cable performance during the retreat process of longwall mining.

Jan 1, 2010

By Margaret N. Maxey

Man's capacity far fretting is endless, and no matter what difficulties we surmount, how many ideals we realize, there is a stealthy pleasure in rejecting mankind or the universe as unworthy of our approval. - Will Durant Until recently, reasons for favoring one or another energy alternative were advanced on the basis of technical considerations and economic realities. However, it is an indication of the cultural climate of our society and growing realization of why energy is our master resource that many citizens have begun to express concern about the social and ethical implications of our energy deci¬sion-making. A vivid indication of this shift toward ethical concerns is reflected in the attention being focused on conservation - even to the point of regarding it as a virtual panacea equivalent to a "free energy resource." Among others, the authors of a publication by Resources for the Future cautions us about the difficulties of defining conservation. They also point out that unrealistic expectations for achieving the high levels of conservation claimed by true believers may boomerang if, at the same time, we are morally required to maintain economic growth and robust productivity for the basic well-being of more people. In its economic meaning, conservation signifies the most economic or cost-effective applications of energy, together with other resources, in a given process or activity. To achieve conservation that is cost-effective, saving energy alone is not sufficient; the cost involved in saving the energy must be no greater than the cost of the energy that is saved. Using its thermodynamic meaning, conservation and efficiency are viewed as constrained by physical laws and measured against ideal limits set by these laws and processes. Since achieving higher levels of technical performance is not without costs, the economic meaning of conservation must be factored into technical possibilities. It is the ethical, equity and environmental meaning of conservation that concerns us here. In its third meaning, conservation consists in moderation as a value which appears inherently worthwhile both in itself and in relation to social choices dedicated to achieving distributive justice. The value of moderation seems predicated on the assumption that natural resources and the environment have fixed, finite, exhaustible capacities for satisfying human needs. Hence norms for moderating human behavior appear to require prescriptions by some authority. Such norms presuppose some agreement on "essential" uses of energy. However, the difficulties of setting behavioral norms loom large, because "... it is as difficult to determine essential energy consumption as to determine what is essential in any other phase of consumption, whether it involves food, clothing, shelter, or recreation." The ethical meaning of conversation is further complicated by a centuries-old argument over the proper exercise of stewardship - i.e., how best to develop natural resources. On the one hand, the preservationist position insists on an inviolate, "hands-off" policy and stands opposed to ongoing development of wilderness areas and mineral resources. On the other hand, the "scientific conservationist" who preaches the "gospel of efficiency" insists on development of resources based on principles of sustained-yield, multiple use and - in the case of competing claims - reserving resources or land for their "higher use." Current confusion reigns among opinion leaders in the environmental movement because they appear to have lost the genius of the original Conservation ethic, developed in the 19th century. They seem to think that conservation is preservation. The question I wish to explore is whether a single-minded, exclusive pursuit of "conservation" in its economic, thermodynamic and preservationist meanings may actually do more harm than good in serving the ethical goals of conservation. There

Jan 1, 1986

By A. H. Duffield

"Forming part of the Prairie Evaporites, the sylvinite layer mined at Alwinsal underlies the Blairmore quicksands and the water-bearing Devonian formations. Production is achieved by a method of trackless, continuous mining of rooms, leaving pillars for natural support. The paper describes the development of the mine, and the equipment and organization employed in the operation and maintenance of the underground facilities."

Jan 1, 1972

By H. S. COOLEY

TO talk about a "factor of economy" in connection with the wire ropes used in mining practice may be coining a new phrase. If such be the case it needs no other apology than that economy in wire rope usage is so bound up with the factor of safety as to justify a similarity in naming that makes one suggest the other. At the latest Wire Rope Research Conference, held under the auspices of the A. S. M. E., Re- search Committee and Engineering Foundation, data were introduced covering mine ropes working under

Jan 1, 1930

By R. L. Bullock

The New Lead Belt of Missouri, situated in the heart of the Clark National Forest, stands as a dynamic example of how mining activities can successfully coexist in a restricted wilderness area. After 16 years of intensive drilling activity, mine development and surface plant construction, many would agree that the mine-plant design philosophy of St. Joe has minimized the imbalancing effects to the ecology and the wilderness appearance of the Ozark area. In a recent dedication speech of St. Joe's newest operation, it was stated: 1 "this Brushy Creek Mine, as well as nearly all of the mines in this district, lies within the boundaries of the Clark National Forest. Here the Forest Service has an outstanding and realistic program for multi-use of Federal lands. Mining, lumbering, recreation and conservation coexist in, what I consider, a delightful wilderness environment. I believe that this same type of usage could be permitted on all government land without seriously detracting from its natural beauty." Each and every activity in the process of discovery, exploration, development and finally operating a mine and process mill could have drastically degraded some phase of nature's environment were it not for the well developed and executed plans of the mining people involved. This is not to say that everything has been kept in perfect balance; but most certainly the industrial impact on what was once a wilderness area has been held to a minimum. What follows is the story of how each phase of this gigantic development was handed by industry people. Through their interaction and cooperation with government agencies, educators and researchers, allowed not only the ecology of the area to be protected, but the aesthetic beauty of the Ozarks to remain intact.

Jan 1, 1973

By Karina Forster

Rock mass characterisation is a critical component of effective stope design. Unexpected excessive stope dilution or uneconomic stope sizes can be the result of rock mass characterisation that is not representative of actual stope conditions. Comprehensive characterisation of the rock forming the stope hanging wall, back, ends and footwall is best done by a rock mechanics or ground control expert, however, this is time consuming and is often limited by available access. There are two general approaches for characterising a stope hanging wall for dilution estimating. Detailed classification and mapping data can be collected in local areas where good exposure is available. Personnel, exposure and time are usually not available to do a thorough analysis for all stopes. The stope hanging walls are then broken into lenses or domains and similar conditions are assumed for each area. The second approach consists of using readily available data such as RQD. Other rock mass properties which influence hanging wall behaviour are estimated based on back analysing a few case histories. Stope design is then based on the variability of the one parameter, such as RQD, that is consistently measured for the rock mass surrounding the ore body. This paper presents a third approach which looks, in depth, at the interpretation of geological core logging data for rock mass characterisation. Several rock mass properties that influence stope design, such as joint alteration, rock mass strength, joint spacing and orientations, have been linked to data collected by the mine geologists. This drill hole logging data was calibrated against underground mapping and used to back analyse the dilution prediction for mined-out stopes.

May 1, 2006

By B. Mishra

Calcium and lithium gallides have been synthesized by powder metallurgy techniques in the stoichiometries that can be used as reduction alloys for the Rocky Flats Plant Salt-Scrub (SS) process. The SS process is performed to recover valuable metals from salts generated in the electrorefining and the molten salt extraction processes. Combustion synthesis has been optimized for variable heating rates up to the reaction ignition temperature and for green densities of the powder compacts in terms of the ignition temperature and the exothermic heating of the product in an effort to develop LiGa and CaGaz alloys. The problems arising from the melting point and density differences of calcium, lithium and gallium have also been studied. The SS alloy compositions were produced by mixing, pressing and sintering the metal-powders. The efficiency of the intermetallic alloy, Ca-17 wt. pct. Ga, as a reductant and the effect of gallium on salt clean- up has been discussed. Measurement of actinide recovery has been studied with cerium as the surrogate for the actinide metal. The development of an alloy for SS reduces a major contaminated waste disposal problem besides recovering the valuable reactive metal.

Jan 1, 1993