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By M. Vaillé, B. Bossé, N. Durupt, A. Michaut

Imouraren is a sedimentary uranium deposit (> 150,000 tU @ 800 ppm), located approximately 100 km North-Northwest of Agadez (Niger); its depth reaches 110 to 170 meters. For low-grades ores, heap leaching is commonly considered as the appropriate technology for metal recovery. More precisely, the ore is crushed (≤ 300 mm) and agglomerated before being stacked. In this case, sulfuric acid can be added during agglomeration and/or irrigation (for three months to a year) to improve uranium recovery. It is known that mineralogical, chemical and physical properties of the uranium ore impact recovery, yet many challenges remain to increase recovery using this process. For example, ore heterogeneity and spatial variability (e.g., variation in uranium, carbonate and/or clay contents) can affect heap leaching performances (i.e., metal recovery, acid consumption or neutralization, percolation rate). However, laboratory column tests using composite ore sample that do not consider ore heterogeneity are widely used to anticipate recovery. Consequently, a new approach that consists in using Imouraren drill core ore samples was recently investigated. This latter also enabled a better assessment of the main parameters that influence uranium recovery and proposed a new predictive model to optimize mining operations.

Jan 1, 2020

By Abid Adekunte

"Whilst safety is considered to be of high priority in every aspect of engineering projects, it is equally important for designers and contractors to be continually aware of their obligations to the immediate environment and the society as a whole. These include responsibilities to minimise the amount of nonrenewable natural resources and energy used on projects, to reduce carbon foot prints on projects, to minimise the quantity of wastes produced on projects, to minimise the level of pollution on construction sites and to reuse materials and waste products whenever and wherever possible.In other words, professional engineering practice needs to be accompanied by an underlying fundamental objective to improve, restore and sustain the environment. However, achieving this objective requires continuous collaborative interaction and effective communication between the different specialists involved on every project from the early stages. In addition, developing a well-thought-out economical solution is key to achieving the sustainability aspect of the above objective.This paper focuses on the design, construction and management of a recently completed large multi-level basement scheme in Central London, with greater emphasis on collaborative approaches taken by the design engineers, commercial managers, construction managers and site operatives to deliver the most reasonably economical and sustainable solutions to the client. Solutions were based on combinations of general and specialist engineering knowledge, with due considerations for health & safety, sustainability, cost, practicality, time and community requirements.INTRODUCTIONUnderground structures have become vital components of urban life worldwide e.g. tunnels serve many water, wastewater, highway and railway schemes, basements have been incorporated into many urban commercial, institutional and residential developments, while many public underground car parks have been built to deal with the incessant problem of insufficient surface parking spaces in busy urban centres.The safe design, construction and maintenance of underground structures have been well-mastered by the deep foundation industry over the years. However, just like many other areas of engineering, aside the need to satisfy safety requirements, underground construction practice is now faced with a new set of requirements; the demand for more sustainable and cost-effective solutions, with reduced environmental and societal impacts. Designers and managers of underground construction schemes are now compelled to minimise the use of natural resources and energy, to minimise the amount of waste produced, to minimise the level of environmental pollution, noise and disruption to traffic and normal societal life at ground level around underground construction sites. In addition, the recycling of site wastes and reuse of materials have now become important aspects of underground space development. Considerable effort is being put into promoting sustainable development across the industry."

Jan 1, 2017

By Dan Ifrim, Andre Solecki

Tunneling could be a major challenge to tunneling contractors as tunneling operations can be seriously affected by the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) performance. Specifying the appropriate TBM methodology, selection of systems and features, is critical for managing tunnel risks and contribute to successful tunneling project. The paper analyzes tunneling records from the recently completed City of Toronto’s Ashbridges Bay Treatment Outfall tunnel project and underlines the righteous selection of the TBM type and associated TBM systems in achieving good advance rates during tunnelling and managing project risks. The paper intends to draw attention of a few aspects of TBM technical specification importance and highlight the lessons learned from this process.

Jun 13, 2023

"Here, we statistically proved that giant earthquakes occur at lunar phases specific to each subduction zone. Enough attention during the lunar period, especially when seismicity is occurring, will significantly reduce damage from giant earthquakes. Two case studies in which giant earthquakes occurred after seismicity in dangerous lunar phases were discussed, and the mechanisms underlying why giant earthquakes occur around neap tide at some subduction zones were explained by prohibition of giant earthquake occurrences due to high strain rates at spring tides at N–S subduction zones. The prohibition was statistically proven for uniaxial creep tests on Inada granite with slight stress disturbances. INTRODUCTIONIn previous studies, we showed that from 1900 to present, giant earthquakes (MW ??8) have occurred at lunar phases specific to each subduction zone (Fujii & Ozaki, 2012; Ozaki & Fujii, 2012). Although we later proposed a possible reason for these occurrences, the study lacked statistical analyses (Fujii et al., 2013). Therefore, this paper shows the results of such statistical testing and presents case studies for the Tohoku 2011 and Chile 2014 events, thereby providing updated data on giant earthquakes through July 2014."

Jan 1, 2015

By Olaf Kessler, Jan Kalich, Michael Reich, Julia Osten, Uwe Füssel

Modern automobile bodies consist of different materials, e.g. aluminium alloys and high strength steels. Mechanical joining, e.g. clinching, is very suitable for joining aluminium and steel sheet. But clinching needs a sufficient ductility, which is no longer supplied by high strength steels. Laser-assisted clinching has been shown, to be able to join aluminium and high strength steel sheet successfully. Thereby the steel sheets were heated locally for short times to increase their ductility. Due to the thermal contact between steel and aluminium sheet the aluminium alloys also achieve a local short-time heat treatment. This fact may cause a significant impact, as aluminium sheet in automobile bodies is often used in T4 (or similar) condition and later artificially aged during the paint bake cycle. Aluminium alloys 6016 and 6181 have been short-time heat treated with heating rates up to some 100 K/s. Precipitation and dissolution processes have been monitored in-situ by calorimetry. Mechanical properties have been investigated on as well as after short-time heat treatment by deformation dilatometry. The results show, that suitable short-time annealing parameters during laser-assisted clinching can increase ductility and at the same time act as retrogression for aluminium sheets, resulting in increased strength after aging.

Jan 1, 2015

By R M. S Watsford, M Davis

In 2015, MMG Limited commenced further action to improve operating margins and establish a blueprint for future growth in the Australian environment. This action was taken in the context of weakening metal prices and high input costs that arose during the Australian minerals boom.MMG was formed in June 2009 following the purchase of the majority of assets of OZ Minerals Limited by China Minmetals Corporation (CMC) through its subsidiary China Minmetals Non-ferrous Metals Co Ltd (CMN).Since formation MMG has been implementing a business model to deliver a standard way of operating. The overarching purpose of the business model is to enable fast integration of acquired assets to realise improved productivity and performance. CMN established MMG as a vehicle to reach their growth targets through further development or acquisition of mineral assets in jurisdictions external to mainland China.The business model is underpinned by the MMG operating model. The operating model defines how MMG is arranged to deliver the company strategy.This paper describes the application of the operating model to the formation of the Australian operations into a single business unit from multiple stand-alone operating sites. The development and impact of the business model on MMG’s performance is also presented.The extension of the operating model to the Australian operations has led to improvement in safety performance, direct costs and productivity. These improvements have been achieved through reducing duplication, simplification of systems and rapid deployment of improvement initiatives.The successful implementation of the operating model to Australian operations strengthens the platform for further growth. Hence, delivering on the aim of the business model.CITATION:Watsford, R M S and Davis, M, 2016. MMG’s Australian operating model – the implementation, successes and learning, in Proceedings International Mine Management Conference, pp 291-302 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 22, 2016

By Thomas T., Read

IT will be recalled that when educational instruction for the mineral industry began at Freiberg, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the original aim was to organize and systematize the procedures previously followed by young men in gaining -familiarity with the technology then in use. There must have been many other ideas current, even then, as to just what a young man needed to learn in order to become capable of assuming 'responsibility for the supervision and direction of such technical work. The problem in Europe was decidedly different .from that in nineteenth-century America, because some of the European mines were actually owned and operated by the governing authority and the others were supervised, regulated, and taxed by it. The American problem was the e5cient performance of technical operations; the European one was regulatory supervision. It was natural, therefore, that in the development of educational processes in Europe stress was laid on those factors which conserved and protected the interests of the state. The study of mineralogy and geology, leading to correct judgments as to the workability and value of mineral deposits; assaying, which gave the means of quantitative measurements, as did surveying; chemistry, which furnished a better basis of understanding for assaying, mineralogy, and geology; and physics and mathematics, which are the bases for the understanding and efficient use of mechanical appliances, became the core of systematic instruction, for the mineral industry. It was early recognized that men could learn more than was already known about all of these subjects and education took on that dichotomy which still characterizes it; the teaching of established knowledge to the unlearned, and that of extending of the bounds of knowledge, now loosely termed research, which after two and a half centuries of work still shows

Jan 1, 1941

By Karl J. C. Harries

"4.1. INTRODUCTIONThis chapter, although divided into four parts, deals with only two principal topics. The first briefly describes and discusses some common types of property interests and considerations relating to them and the second deals with entering upon privately owned lands and obtaining the consent to do so.It should be noted that the terms “mining rights” and “mineral rights” are used interchangeably. As so used, they include the right to exploit the minerals and dispose of them for the benefit of the owner/lessee. This is relatively common in common law jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, the two terms have distinct meanings, with “mining rights” referring to the right to work or exploit the minerals and “mineral rights” referring to the minerals themselves.Finally, it must be mentioned that the comments in the Introduction and §§ 4.2., 4.3. and 4.4. are based primarily upon Ontario law and Ontario’s mining and real property systems of registration. They have been included for illustrative purposes.4.2. LICENCES, CLAIMS, AND LEASESIn most jurisdictions, there are several basic types of interests that can be obtained from the state for mining purposes and that are of interest to the explorationist, as opposed to the operator. Different jurisdictions will have variations of these and possibly some extra ones that will address special purposes or local concerns. In virtually every jurisdiction, privately owned property rights are obtained through negotiation between owner and acquiror.Exploration or prospecting licence. This licence grants to the holder the right to prospect over a large tract of land and the exclusive right to acquire mining claims within that tract for the term of the licence. Such licences are usually negotiated documents requiring a minimum expenditure during the first year (often secured by a deposit or surety bond) and minimum annual expenditures thereafter to continue the licence in force up to its full term. The term will rarely exceed four years. The number of claims permitted to be staked will be limited in some way, possibly as to a maximum aggregate area or a maximum number of claims per annum. It is normal for the holder to have to drop part of the licensed area each year, so that the area shrinks annually, although exploration expenditure requirements will usually increase.These types of licences are usually used by governments to encourage exploration of otherwise unattractive or remote areas, such as the far northern parts of some of Canada’s provinces. They do not grant any real property interest in the area for which they are issued, and they will be subject to any claims or property rights that exist in the area. They are contracts with the state that grant certain exclusive rights in return for commitments to carry out work. They may or may not be specifically authorized by statute."

Jan 1, 2003

By K. Lillkung

The use of secondary sources has become a very attractive option in the production of platinum group metals as the demand for these metals has increased. One of the promising sources are the spent catalysts, which provide an attractive source as they have relatively high metal content compared with the ores where the metal is originally extracted from. The concentration of platinum group metals in catalytic converters is in the range of 0.1-1 mg/g as the concentration in ores is usually less than 10 ppm. Aqueous chloride solutions are claimed to be a cost effective way in which platinum group metals can be brought into solution and concentrated. In this work the effect of different parameters on the dissolution rates of Pt, Pd and Rh were investigated. The parameters investigated were the Cl- concentration, the temperature and applied potential. Chloride concentrations used were 62.5, 90, 125 and 250 g/l. Temperatures were 25, 40, 60, 80 and 94°C. Potentials were 950, 1050, 1150 and 1250 mV vs. SCE for Pt and Rh and 380, 410, 440 and 470 mV vs. SCE for Pd. Dissolution rates were calculated from the current densities determined by potentiostatic measurements. Thin wire electrodes were used in the measurements. As expected, higher temperature, higher potential and higher chloride content generally increasedthe dissolution rate. However, the effect was nonlinear and slightly different for different metals. The results show that strongly oxidizing conditions are needed in order to achieve reasonable dissolution rates. With the highest chloride content and at potential of 1250 mV vs. SCE and 94°C the dissolution rate of Pt was nearly 1 mm/h, whereas in similar conditions Rh achieved a rate of only nearly 100 µm/h. Similarly, with the highest chloride content and at potential of 470 mV vs. SCE at 94 °C the dissolution rate of Pd was nearly 1 mm/h. Keywords: Pt, Pd, Rh, redox potential

Sep 1, 2012

By Luis v. Coppa

Since its inception in 1910, the Bureau of Mines has been the principal Federal agency involved in ore reserve estimations, using such traditional methods as polygons of influence and variations of inverse distance weighting While adequate for estimating the average are grades in a mining block or section, these methods do mot, however, provide a consistent way of quantifying the reliability of the estimates. This report describes a technique for enhancing ore reserve estimations using geostatistics, the methodology of which combines the spatial and random aspects of geologic phenomena into a formal theoretical framework for deriving the estimation variance of ore reserves. Correctly used, geostatistics enables confidence intervals to be placed around ore reserve estimates calculated from drill hole data. A geostatistical software system was obtained -From the U.S. Geological Survey and installed, aster slight modifications, on the Bureau's Wang computer. System testing and validation was conducted using a simple cast-book-type example. This was then followed by variogram analysis, point kriging and block kriging of data from a previously worked section of a uranium mine.

Jan 1, 1984

By Frank Hirthammer

The paper explains the procedure of implementing Track & Trace solutions for manufacturers of explosives based on customer experiences. By using concrete examples, the process from project start to implementation is described. Lessons learned from the experiences of European explosives manufacturers are presented.

Feb 1, 2020

Conventional wisdom in the mineral processing industry leads one to believe that pressure oxidation of refractory carbonaceous (preg-robbing) ores is not a practical approach to process development. Initial acid pressure oxidation testing on carbonaceous sulfide ores at the Twin Creeks Mine supported this conventional wisdom. After testing other refractory process options, including air and oxygen enriched roasting, Santa Fe Pacific Gold decided to take a second look at pressure oxidation, using conditions outside the normal range of conventional practice. A combination of very fine grinding and high operating temperature and pressure resulted in significant increases in gold extraction. This paper details the effect of operating parameters developed for Twin Creeks on gold recovery, sulfur oxidation, carbon oxidation/passivation and preg-robb through the laboratory and pilot plant investigations.

Jan 1, 1995

By Clarence O. Babcock

Since Vicat in 1833, the width to height ratio of a mine pillar has been taken as the fundamental variable in pillar design. From work in the laboratory by many investigators testing rock, Coal and concrete samples, it has been concluded by some that pillars with a width to height ratio of 10 to 1 are indestructible. It has also been concluded that a constrained core exists within the pillar which increases the pillar strength. The role of the roof and floor, if mentioned at all, is often noted in an incidental way. In the present work on laboratory testing of model pillars on concrete, coal, and rock instrumented with special strain gages, it was concluded that the end constraint and not the width to height ratio is the significant variable in determining the pillar strength. In tests where the end constraint is steel, a large compressive stress is produced on the horizontal plane of the pillar, and this effect increases as the width to height ratio is increased, resulting in an increase in pillar strength. If the end constraint is not steel but something with a small Young's modulus, the state of stress in the horizontal plane may be tensile, increasing as the width to height ratio increases, resulting in a decrease in pillar strength. Related to mining, the results are that a large width to height ratio pillar is strong for strong roof and floor and weak for weak roof and floor. That is, the roof and floor and not the width to height ratio determine the pillar strength. The confined core condition should be verified by testing if large pillars are to be used. If there is no confined core or the pillar is in tension, smaller pillar sizes should be used. The final conclusion is that the geometry alone is meaningless in pillar design.

Jan 1, 1984

By K. Price, G. Wang, L. R. Moore, Y. R. Xiong, J. Gu

"Sand is a naturally occurring granular material that is a result of the physical or chemical breakdown of rocks. Raw/natural sand contains various minerals, and it is this combination of minerals that brings the value to the construction aggregate industry. However, it is the quartz component of sand that is valued in its application as industrial silica in glass, high purity quartz, foundry sand, and oil and gas fracturing. Depending on the industry, the grade requirements can be the concentration of SiO2, particle size or shape, as well as contaminants such as the heavy refractory minerals, clays, fines, and alkali metals. With the ever declining mineral feed grade, processors continue to face challenges making the industry specific concentrate grade. As such, it becomes more important to tailor make the processing reagents to fit the mineral, processing conditions, and desired quality specification. This paper focuses on the application of novel collectors towards the beneficiation of sand for each of the major industrial silica applications. INTRODUCTIONQuartz is a mineral composed of a framework of silicon and oxygen atoms. It is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust. There are many species of quartz, which are defined by the particle size, shape, and color. Silica sand is one of those species, which is the byproduct of the physical or chemical breakdown of quartz containing rocks or crystals. Geologist define silica sand as a silica mineral with a particle size between 0.05 and 2 mm in diameter (Zdunczyk, 2001). Silica sand has significant value to society in recreation (beach sand and toy boxes), construction aggregate (concretes and asphalt), industry (iron & steel casting, fracturing proppants, and glass), as well as specialty products such as semiconductors or silicon wafers used in electronics.The aggregate business is the dominant consumer of silica sand products. Conversely, glass making, foundries (casting material), abrasives, and fracturing proppants are the dominant applications for industrial silica sand. Not much beneficiation is required for sand products going into the construction industry, other than sizing and scrubbing to remove clay. However, the industrial silica sand applications are dependent on particle size, shape, and degree of contaminants, which sets the market value (table 1). Therefore, as the more specialty products are produced, more sophisticated techniques and chemistry need to be applied to ensure the appropriate quality is met."

Jan 1, 2018

By H. W. Busch

In the course of examinations by representatives of the Bureau of Mines of several compressed-air systems in which explosions had occurred, samples were obtained of the carbon deposits that are formed normally in various parts of the systems by decomposition of the compressor lubricating oil. Experimentation with these carbon deposits has demonstrated that they contain a "carbon-oxygen complex" similar to that formed on coal and on other carbonaceous materials and generally recognized as being the cause of spontaneous heating of coal. The exothermic properties exhibited by such a complex are considered significant in relation to the possible initiation of combustion reactions that may lead to explosions or formation of carbon monoxide in compressed-air systems. This report discusses the occurrence of explosions and formation of carbon monoxide in the use of compressed air and presents results of experimentation conducted with carbon deposits from air compressors.

Jan 1, 1949

By Viraj Parekh, Kinnor Chattopadhyay, Sina Mostaghel, Xiao Zhang

Electric arc furnace steelmaking is a dominant approach in North America and controlling EAF emissions is a key issue today because of stringent permit limits imposed by various regulatory bodies. In the present study, an attempt has been made to mathematically model EAF emissions, and use the models as a predictive tool for fine tuning the process. CFD modelling has been used to model various fume release scenarios, and optimize the exhaust conditions for maximum capture. Thermodynamic calculations have been used to analyze various chemical reactions which lead to the emissions of hazardous air pollutants with special emphasis on Zinc, Lead and Manganese.

Jan 1, 2015

By Edita Vircikova

The best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for the removal of dissolved arsenic and some heavy metals as reported by USEPA (Contaminants and Remedial Options at Metal Sites, Draft Report, August 1993) (1) is still the chemical precipitation. Coprecipitation with the excess of iron is usually practised because of the availability of iron at low/no cost and also in order to meet the stringent regulatory discharge limits. The arsenic is usually removed with iron because of its common occurence in the mined orebodies and the excellent adsorptive property of the precipitated hydrous ferric oxide compounds. There has been controversy, however, over the long-term stability of the arsenic-bearing ferrihydrite which is produced.

Jan 1, 1995

By Louis C. McCabe

The control of dusts and fumes of submicron size is involved in many process industries. This paper presents in tabular form the quantitative data from a number of metallurgical operations and discusses allowable discharge in terms of effluent-weight ratio. Typical installations for recovery of stack effluents are cited. THERE are many sources of smoke, fumes, gases, and dusts that may cause undesirable contamination in an industrial area. Fumes and gases are the result of chemical action or volatilization, while dusts are produced in processes of disintegration and dispersion. Commonly, smokes are suspended particles formed by combustion or destructive distillation. Methods for controlling smoke are generally known, and great improvements have been made in equipment for removing fine dusts and fumes from gases. In most of the industrial centers of the country, the chief duty of the air-pollution abatement agency is the elimination or reduction of emissions resulting from improper combustion. Correct methods of firing, proper fuel selection, and installation of properly designed equipment may accomplish this. It is becoming more widely recognized that much of the contamination of an industrial atmosphere is caused by dusts, fumes, and gases that are not related to the process of combustion. As such emissions are usually a functional part of plant operation, they rarely can be prevented even by better design and careful operation. When dusts, fumes, and gases are an integral part of the operation, mechanical equipment must be designed to remove these emissions. Most of the dusts and fumes that should be controlled are less than 1 micron in size. Control of such small particles is largely a new and untried field in many industrial areas. However, where conditions have been critical, effective control equipment for dusts, fumes, and gases has been in operation for many years. The problem is not one of smoke abatement and requires an entirely different set of standards for effective solution. Identical standards need not be applied to all industrial areas because of differences in meteorology, physiography, plant location, plant density, and nature of stack effluents. In this paper, discussion of control of atmospheric contamination by industrial plants refers specifically to the Los Angeles area, but the method of approach is applicable to any area where similar problems are encountered. Quantities of particulate matter reported in analysis of stack effluents indicate the need for standards of emission. Many types of dusts and fumes that contribute materially to the air-pollution problem are discharged into the atmosphere at a lower rate than 0.40 grain per cu ft at standard conditions. On the other hand, some stacks discharge at a higher

Jan 1, 1951

By Louis C. McCabe

The control of dusts and fumes of submicron size is involved in many process industries. This paper presents in tabular form the quantitative data from a number of metallurgical operations and discusses allowable discharge in terms of effluent-weight ratio. Typical installations for recovery of stack effluents are cited. THERE are many sources of smoke, fumes, gases, and dusts that may cause undesirable contamination in an industrial area. Fumes and gases are the result of chemical action or volatilization, while dusts are produced in processes of disintegration and dispersion. Commonly, smokes are suspended particles formed by combustion or destructive distillation. Methods for controlling smoke are generally known, and great improvements have been made in equipment for removing fine dusts and fumes from gases. In most of the industrial centers of the country, the chief duty of the air-pollution abatement agency is the elimination or reduction of emissions resulting from improper combustion. Correct methods of firing, proper fuel selection, and installation of properly designed equipment may accomplish this. It is becoming more widely recognized that much of the contamination of an industrial atmosphere is caused by dusts, fumes, and gases that are not related to the process of combustion. As such emissions are usually a functional part of plant operation, they rarely can be prevented even by better design and careful operation. When dusts, fumes, and gases are an integral part of the operation, mechanical equipment must be designed to remove these emissions. Most of the dusts and fumes that should be controlled are less than 1 micron in size. Control of such small particles is largely a new and untried field in many industrial areas. However, where conditions have been critical, effective control equipment for dusts, fumes, and gases has been in operation for many years. The problem is not one of smoke abatement and requires an entirely different set of standards for effective solution. Identical standards need not be applied to all industrial areas because of differences in meteorology, physiography, plant location, plant density, and nature of stack effluents. In this paper, discussion of control of atmospheric contamination by industrial plants refers specifically to the Los Angeles area, but the method of approach is applicable to any area where similar problems are encountered. Quantities of particulate matter reported in analysis of stack effluents indicate the need for standards of emission. Many types of dusts and fumes that contribute materially to the air-pollution problem are discharged into the atmosphere at a lower rate than 0.40 grain per cu ft at standard conditions. On the other hand, some stacks discharge at a higher

Jan 1, 1951

THERE are certain facts that the mining industry in Australia is faced with at the present moment which may be accepted as axioms. The industry is at a low ebb, as evidenced by statistics. Metals form the basis of all modern industries, and are necessaryfor the welfare of Australia. Mining is a wasting asset. Every ton of ore extracted is one ton less which c.annot be made good, and it should be our duty to get as much profit froin that ore as possible, otherwise there is a permanent loss to the country.The metal market cannot be controlled by Australia; it is more or less an international matter. Australia has not been thoroughly prospected. There are no mines being developed that are likely to replace those which are being depleted.Our mining engineers are as capable as those in other parts of the world, and have made good where they have been given a chance. There is no one cause for the present depression; there are several, more or less, interwoven. Of course, the war has had an adverse effect, but that has only dislocated things temporarily; it upset our markets, influenced the price of metals, and affected the labour market and cost of stores. Labour troubles made their appearance before the wave of unrest swept over the world. The cause of labour discontent must be investigated, and if possible removed. As each industry has .its·own problems, miners must inquire into their special problems, as there is no sovereign remedy that will suit all cases.It is obvious that we cannot mine ore if we do not know where it is; therefore, the first thing is to discover workable deposits.

Jan 1, 1919