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By AIME AIME

WITH a membership in the Institute of 32 years behind him, Chester Alan Fulton became an A.I.M.E. Director last month. In 1937 he served as Chairman of the Industrial Minerals Division. Mr. Fulton was born in Brooklyn on Dec. 18, 1853, and at the age of 22 graduated from the Columbia School of Mines. His first job was as assayer for the Standard Smelting Co., Rapid City, S. D., but he soon left to become shift boss in the cyanide plant of the Peregrina Mining & Milling Co., Guanajuato, Mexico. From 1908 to 1912 he was mine superintendent of the Guanajuato Mining & Milling Co., leaving there for two years of varied professional work. From 1914 to 1916 he was

Jan 1, 1939

By Ilie Butnariu

Steel manufacture in VOD procedure needs a very attentive correlation and pursuit of the technological stages ,on the background of keeping the influence factors within best performances zones. For a better co-ordination of the main stages specific to this process ,this work presents a detailed study of the optimization possibilities for each stages ,beginning with the furnace charging ,going on with the pre-aftinage and aftinage stages in the electrical furnace and then with the refinement stages in the VOD installation. One has intended the effective emphasis of the main influence factors with global implications on the process and especially on the purity and quality of the stainless steel ,Among the main novelties proposed by this work , we can emphasize the following: - a computer assisted charging method ,with the possibility of using a large scale of wastage, also respecting the density proportions of the components of the charges; - the advanced recuperation of the elements of the charge by reducing the combustion of the valuable elements ; - the optimization of the oxygen blast conditions and of the aftinage stage ,by establishing some calculations concerning critical carbon content , that requires the oxidation to be continued very carefully; - the simulation of the thermic and chemical parameters by modeling the alloying process of the stainless steel in the case of some large amounts of additions.

Jan 1, 1994

THE plant is one of the usual type of Mond plants, and contains no new features worthy of comment. A brief description of the process, however, with a few remarks on the working of the plant, may prove of interest.Producer gas is made by passing a mixture of air and steam through incandescent carbon contained in a furnace called a producer, which, in the Mond type, is a cylindrical casing of steel plate, lined with firebrick, and fitted at the lower end with sloping fire-bars'. Coal crushed to an even size (about 2-in. gauge) is elevated to bunkers over the producers, from which it is fed into a measuring hopper on each producer.The hopper is a cast-iron cylinder fitted with a swing cover at the top and a bell valve at the bottom, worked by a lever and balance weight. When a charge of coal is run from the bunker into the hopper, the cover is closed, and the bell valve is lowered, allowing the coal contents to drop into the producer. Thus no gas can escape from, or air be admitted to, the producer during the process of charging. The hopper discharges its coal through a steel pipe-shaped container called the bell, which projects about 9 in. through the roof of the producer. The function of the bell is to spread the coal evenly over the fire, and supply coal to any portion of the fire as it settles.

Jan 1, 1918

By J. E. Tobey

THERE are a lot of good things about this great industry of ours. Let us stop commiserating and consider some of the things that are right in this business. Coal is number one in the basic material industries. Our civilization owes more to it than to any other basic commodity. We are literally immersed in the benefactions of coal. In cur man-made world it is indispensable and we are constantly surrounded by objects, materials, and services which owe their existence to coal. Practically all the important materials, such as iron, steel, brick, cement, lime, rubber, glass, cotton, and wood have felt its magic touch.

Jan 1, 1939

By C W. "Mickey" Bradley

Thunder strikes terror in the hearts of man and has since the advent of time. We all fear the unknown; even the Greeks created a god, THOR, to be responsible for the thunder and rain. Thunder, by itself, can't hurt anyone; it is simply hot air moving very fast. Thunder, however, is caused by lightning and lightning is what we need to fear and rightfully so. Annually, lightning kills hundreds of Americans, injures another 2,000, damages or destroys approximately 30,000 structures, 1 starts thousands of forest fires and strikes mine properties over 100,000 times.

Jan 1, 1992

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

C 6 Automatic Elevator Control Systems An automatic elevator control system, consisting of position sensing devices and a control unit, can be used to control an emergency mine hoist. While automatic elevator control systems are assembled from standard components, they are typically custom designed to suit a given customer's application. Various manufacturers contacted indicated that the price range, less installation, for a simple two-stop control system begins at approximately $2500 and can increase depending upon the type of components used, shaft depth, the type of mechanical drive used, and the maximum operating speed A partial list of elevator control manufacturers follows. They should be contacted for further details. Marshall Elevator Company Pittsburgh, P A 412 -431 -1340 Armor Elevator Company, Inc. Louisville, KY 502-361 -7181

Jan 1, 1976

Founded in 1994 through a joint effort between Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), the Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI) is North America?s only non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety in the home, school and workplace. ESFI is a 501(c)(3) organization funded by electrical manufacturers and distributors, independent testing laboratories, utilities, safety and consumer groups, and trade and labor associations. ESFI sponsors National Electrical Safety Month each May, and engages in public education campaigns and proactive media relations to help reduce property damage, personal injury and death due to electrical accidents. The Foundation does not engage in code or standard writing or lobbying and does not solicit individuals.

Jan 1, 2004

By John D. Weibmer

A strong step towards acknowledgement of mining as a skilled trade has been taken by the Tintic Division of Kennecott Copper Corp. In May 2 ceremonies, a pilot program was signed into force which, possibly for the first time in US history, recognizes mining as an apprentice trade and grants journeyman status to those who complete the prescribed training sequence. The apprenticeship standards, hammered out after months of consultation between management, labor, and government, are presently limited only to underground hard-rock mining and only within Kennecott's Tintic Division, but the architects of the program are confident that the concept will spread-first to other underground operations where miners desire documented evidence of their special skills, then to open-pit and soft-rock operations.

Jan 6, 1977

By William Gleason

The mining industry is a unique space. It is one in which geologists and chemists can intersect with computer and data science professionals daily. The industry requires expertise in not just mining and metallurgical engineering, but also electrical, mechanical, environmental and more. It requires expertise in worker health and safety, behavioral science, finance and economics, as well as human resources management. The locations of mining operations are often in remote corners, and for underground activities, they are unlike anything else in the world. The industry presents those who join it a wealth of opportunities, but often struggles to overcome incorrect perceptions of safety, labor and environmental standards, making it difficult to recruit and retain employees at a time of increased demand for mined materials.

Dec 1, 2025

By Billy Rosseau, Mike Cammack, Richard O’Meara, Gustavo Azpilcueta

During the summer of 2014, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) sought proposals to vastly improve and expand the small boat harbor in Valdez, Alaska. It would be a multi-year project, and construction was scheduled to begin in the spring of 2015. One aspect of the project was the construction of a 3,100 feet (1000 m) rubble-mound breakwater to protect a mooring basin. An estimated 208,500 tons (190,000 t) of rock, ranging in size from 160 to 3500 lbs (73 – 1600 kg), were needed to build the breakwater. The Glacier Point Quarry was selected as the rock source due to its proximity to the project and the quality of the rock meeting all of the USACE rock standards.

Jan 1, 2017

By Bertrand L. Johnson

Fertilizers are indispensable to national preparedness and defense. Production of adequate supplies of nourishing food for sustaining life in the United States is absolutely dependent in many parts of the country on the use of artificial fertilizers of various types. Only by using fertilizers can we maintain our present volume of production without great additional expense. Otherwise we would have to increase crop areas constantly to compensate for declining yields, we would have to lower the quality of food marketed, and standards of farm living and rural civilization would decline. About 60 million of the 360 million acres of crops grown annually in the United States Vow require fertilizing each year, and between 7 and 9 million tons of commercial fertilizers are consumed annually for this purpose.

Jan 1, 1941

By James K. Kindig

Solvent extraction as a method of purifying and concentrating metal values from solution has become a standard hydrometallurgical operation for recovery of both uranium and vanadium, and within the past two years it has been put into operation in a commercial plant for recovery of copper from leach solutions. In this first full scale solvent extraction plant for recovery of copper operated by Ranchers Exploration and Development Corporation near Miami, Arizona, a kerosene solution of an organic compound, LIX-64® is used to selectively extract the copper from the dilute acidic copper sulfate leach liquor obtained from heap leach operations. The copper is back extracted from the solvent into a stripping solution which is fed to an electrolysis circuit producing cathode copper for sale.

Jan 1, 1970

By B. K. Shibler

During the investigation of the occurrence of manganese deposits in the Western United States, examining engineers of the Bureau of Mines collected 2-ton samples from five manganese properties near Golconda, Nev. Extensive laboratory tests were made to determine the amenability of these ores to standard ore-dressing methods of concentration. The Tom Major property, one of those sampled, is situated 12-1/2 miles south of Golconda, Humboldt County, Nev. The deposit is described as a bed about 5 feet thick in a thinly bedded shale and dolomite formation. The sample tested was obtained from the manganese bed, but the examining engineer reported: "The mining of an appreciable tonnage at reasonable cost would perhaps cut in half the grade represented by the sample."

Jan 1, 1951

By Edward P. O'Hern

The importance of the so-called explosives and the increasing extent of their use are evident from the fact that the production in the United States for the year 1910, as shown by the United States Census reports, amounted to the enormous total of approximately 480,000,000 pounds, this being more than double the production of 1905 and more than three and one-half times that of 1900

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Adham

For use in many existing and emerging applications, the purification of natural graphite is required to achieve +99.9% carbon content with minimum metallic impurities. Currently, the hydrofluoric acid process is used, which carries certain environmental and workplace health and safety impacts. While thermal purification of graphite at temperatures over 2500 °C is a known alternative, such high-temperature furnaces are expensive to build and operate. Using chlorine at lower temperatures to purify graphite is also known and patented, but is currently limited to treating solid synthetic graphite shapes in small-scale batch furnaces. Chlorine treatment of natural flake graphite resources can be used commercially, if certain drawbacks are addressed through process improvements that can be helped with the use of fluidized bed reactor technology.

By Kenneth G. Thomas

This paper reviews the alkaline and acid gold autoclaving experiences gained at Barrick Gold Corporation. Alkaline autoclaving was operational at Barrick Mercur, Utah, U.S.A., on carbonaceous/sulphide refractory ore for eight years commencing in 1988. Acid autoclaves have been operational at Barrick Goldstrike, Nevada, U.S.A., on sulphide refractory ore since 1990 and now process 17,500 stpd of ore through six large autoclaves. Information is presented on operating costs, materials of construction, reagent requirements and flow sheet developments that reduced capital and operating costs.

Jan 1, 2000

By Peter N. Yanker

The two types of dryers used in the drying of copper concentrates are the rotary dryer and the spray dryer. The rotary dryer has until recent history been the traditional drying method used, Although spray dryers have been used in the chemical field for many years it is only recently that they have been accepted for drying of copper concentrates. The comparison made here will apply in a narrower sense to the drying of copper concentrates as fed into the reverbatory furnaces of the Smelter. To compare a rotary dryer and a spray dryer, which are two totally different methods and pieces of equipment, it is best to view them as systems each made up of certain elements

Jan 1, 1976

By D. Djokic

One of the most attractive features of electron beam curing as a process for manufacturing composite structures is the potential for attaining very low levels of residual stress as compared to thermal curing. This residual stress reduction is important both for the potential to reduce composite failure strains at low operating temperatures and the associated reduction in process-induced deformation. Previous work has demonstrated that it is possible in some cases to significantly reduce residual stress development during irradiation and also avoid development of additional residual stress during post cure. In this paper, simple L-shaped composite laminates were used to study the development of residual stress and deformation during thermal post-cure of specimens that were already partially cured using different radiation doses. Following post-cure, these specimens were also subjected to high-temperature loads to study creep behaviour under service conditions. Aerospace

Jan 1, 2006

By G. P. Hand

The graphite industry as a whole has gone through many changes over the years. Most of the graphite used in major applications since the turn of the century were basic natural or electrode by-product synthetic materials, processed using simple crushing, screening, or grinding techniques. In the mid 1970's new thermal technology was developed which changed the face of the .graphite industry, and opened up a panacea of new products and capabilities. Materials produced through this new technology have helped revolutionize new products and processes in industries including automotive, batteries, fuel cells, electronics, iron, lubricants and steel. This paper outlines the continued improvements in those industries as well as the as well as the outlook for new technology in this rapidly changing area.

Jan 1, 1997

By Brian McInnes, Joseph A. Sopko, Behzad Khorshidi

"The Port Mann Main Water Supply Tunnel involves a 1km long tunnel beneath the Fraser River from Surrey to Coquitlam, BC. At depths of up to 60 m below ground, the earth pressure reached 6 bar. The tunnel is constructed using an EPB TBM and gasketed precast concrete segmental liner. The tunnel and two shafts were constructed in a variety of soil conditions ranging from soft to stiff clays and silts, to compact to very dense sands and gravels. After approximately 800m of mining, a very dense and highly variable soil group consisting of cobbles and boulders halted the TBM. Several options were considered to stabilize the TBM face so an intervention could be conducted. Although de-watering was considered, there was risk of settlement to the Port Mann bridge piers, which was within 500m of the tunnel. Hyperbarics were also considered, however, the cost, schedule and uncertainty of the work that needed to be done, made it a risky option. Ground freezing by Liquid Nitrogen was chosen as the best solution, which would provide a frozen block around the face of the TBM. A temporary platform on the river was designed and constructed to enable drilling and installation of the freezing pipes and temperature monitoring equipment. The operation required close coordination among the tunnelling, marine and freezing sectors. Following the intervention, the TBM successfully broke through the reception shaft, and the remaining project was completed. This paper describes the design, construction and operational approaches used for the freezing and serves as a basis for future projects requiring expedited ground freezing."

Jan 1, 2016