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By AIME AIME

As already announced in the January Bulletin, this publication will be issued during the coming year monthly instead of bi-monthly as heretofore. Among other reasons for this change, it is desired to effect thereby the earlier transmission to members of important papers, lists of candidates for membership, and other items of timely information. Spokane Meeting and Excursions. Further details of the' 97th meeting of the Institute have been sent to members in the Circular of May 8, 1909. For, convenience of the members a summary of the additional in¬formation is here presented. A special train of Pullman cars will leave Chicago about September 15. This train will be side-tracked at all places visited, and the sleepers will be available for lodging and the dining-car for meals during the entire trip, except during the Yellowstone Park tour. The general. cost of the trip per member will be $300, which includes transportation, berth, and meals for the entire trip from Chicago back to Chicago, almost 6,000 miles, and the tour through Yellowstone Park, occupying in all about 30 days. Special accommodations on the train will be furnished at the following, rates

May 1, 1909

By Arthur Notman

For the period January 1st, 1942, to January 1st, 1946, the American Bureau of Metal Statistics records the gold production of the world as 118,788,000 fine ounces. If we include 1946 at the same rate as 1945 (26,- 590,000), we arrive at a total of 145,378,000 fine ounces in the past five years . Included in these figures are estimates of Russian output at 4,000,000 ounces per annum for the five years, and 1,300,000 ounces per annum for Korea and Japan. The remaining 120,000,000 ounces represent the aggregate production from official reports of the other gold producing areas of the world, with the exception of the 1946 figures, as noted above. At $35.00 per fine ounce, this represents $5,188,230,000. According to the reports of the Federal Reserve System of the United States, on December 31st, 1941, the monetary gold reserves of the United States were $22,736,- 600,000 (at $35.00 per fine ounce) , while on October 31st, 1946 (latest available) , they had fallen to $20,402,000,000, a decline of $2,334,600,000. Adding this decline to the value of the new production for the five years, we have a total of $7,522,830,000, which has been absorbed by the rest of the world since Pearl Harbour, a rate of absorption of over $1,500,000,000 per annum. This has taken place at a rime when the advocates of purely managed currencies had convinced many people that gold performed no really essential function in the world's economy, and that we could get along perfectly well without it. It was pointed out that gold could not be eaten, it could not clothe our nakedness, it could not shelter us from storms, and, therefore, it was a non-essential, even though it could be used to settle international balances of trade. Apparently, the world as a whole still regards it as preferable to the paper promises of governments, however sound, relatively, they may appear. Actually, we have no way of measuring the true strength of this feeling, because the principal governments of the world have made it legally impossible for their citizens to own gold, except in the form of ornaments.

Jan 1, 1947

By Doll. H. G.

THIS paper discusses a method and apparatus for determining the dip of formations traversed by a drill hole, by means of electrical measurements in the hole. The process consists in recording the Spontaneous Potentials present along three oriented generatrices in the hole, By comparison of the three curves thus obtained, after application of a correction factor to compensate for any deviations of the hole, the dip angle and the dip direction are determined. Excellent accuracy is obtained for dip angles over 10°. Because the method is simple and the apparatus rugged, the measurements are rapid and reliable; consequently, they can be made at all the levels that are of interest at any time after the well has been drilled. Mechanical cores are not needed to evaluate the dips. A convenient, time-saving procedure is to perform the dipmeter survey at the time the electrical log is taken, using for both operations the same cable and truck. Actual examples of results obtained in wells of the Gulf Coast area are given.

Jan 1, 1942

By John W. Bell

IN the introduction to an excellent pamphlet, John Gross1 makes the following statements: Although marked progress has been made along mechanical lines, the theory and conception of underlying principles have not advanced so rapidly. This lack of advance in theory may be attributed to the unfortunate situation resulting from the controversy as to whether the Rittinger or Kick law is applicable to crushing. Many pages of the technical literature are burdened with theoretical discussions in favor of one or the other of these laws, which have tended to cloud rather than to clear the atmosphere. Realizing the situation, the Milling Committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, through its secretary, E. A. Hersam, studied the milling industry and, because of the apparently hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute (5, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30. 34), concluded that a foundation for the theory of crushing was of primary importance. The numbers in the paragraph quoted refer to papers listed by Mr. Gross in his Bibliography on Crushing and Grinding.1 One is obliged to infer that these papers show "hopeless lack of agreement in the Kick versus Rittinger dispute." No. 22 is a paper by Arthur O. Gates2 and No. 23 is one by the writer.3 Employing the subject matter contained in papers Nos. 22 and 2323 the writer will show that their authors formulated identical conclusions, based solely on experimental evidence. Exactly the same defect in the Stadler hypothesis was described in each of the two papers, although entirely different experimental methods were employed in uncovering it. Both of the authors, independently, formulated the conclusion that Rittinger's was a. true hypothesis and Stadler's false. The evidence in a third paper4 will be employed to prove that Stadler's hypothesis, when examined experimentally, is worthless. STADLER'S HYPOTHESIS WORTHLESS It is the writer's opinion that the evidence available in 1915 and the corroborating evidence in 1916 was amply sufficient to eliminate the need for any further consideration of Stadler's hypothesis. Certainly the evidence produced in 1918 dealt this hypothesis its coup de grace. It follows, therefore, that in the year 1918 there was only one credible hypothesis left-the Rittinger hypothesis. Gates' Opinion What information is available in Mr. Gates' paper?2 His conclusions are not consecutively summarized, none the less they are perfectly clear. On page 876, Gates says, and it is a very significant utterance: But my results show, among other things, that many more of Stadler's energy units are obtained per foot-pound-applied in coarse than in fine crushing. This suggests a doubt as to the correctness of his unit, since one would expect a foot-pound-applied to produce the same number of "energy units," whether the feed and resulting product were coarse or fine. When Rittinger's theory is applied, the number of mesh-tons (my unit of surface produced) is

Jan 1, 1942

By Eugene A. Stephenson

NUMBER of noteworthy events in the petroleum industry may be reported for 1941, of which the most spectacular was doubtless the rise in the daily rate of crude-oil production to a peak of approximately 4,300,000 barrels. This enormous daily rate did not ensue from the furor of flush pools but represented for the most part merely a slight additional daily delivery from many wells that had previously been operated on a more restricted basis, in line with good conservation practice and also from the adroit increase in the number of days per week by the Texas Railroad Commission. Another important fact was the increase in price throughout the Mid-Continent area from the static level of $1.02 for 36°, A.P.I., crude, to $1.17 per barrel. Efforts to elevate the price above this point have met with severe opposition from the O.P.A.. as has also a similar effort by the PennsyIvania Crude Oil Producers' Association, but the vastly increased costs for materials and labor may shortly give the industry the enhanced price which it has long deserved.

Jan 1, 1942

By Paul Saxton

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY This short paper deals with the history of the Nickel Plate Mine from 1898 to 1987, with the major focus on the time period 1984 to 1987. Operations from 1898 to 1955 are reviewed in a cursory manner with the emphasis on some interesting points in the early 20th century. A review of the major exploration work carried out in 1984 to 1987 is presented and the process of moving the project through feasibility, government permitting and construction is described. The Hedley gold camp is situated approximately 40 kilometres east-southeast of Princeton, in southern British Columbia. The area has had a long history of gold mining and between 1902 and 1955 approximately 1.5 million ounces of gold were won from several mineralized skarn orebodies. Most production came from the Nickel Plate and Hedley Mascot mines. AN EARLY TO MID 20TH CENTURY SUMMARY The Nickel Plate is one of the oldest mines in the province. The mine had operated from 1904 to 1930 and, after a period of shutdown, from 1934 to 1955. The mine was revived in 1967 for exploration and. will resume production during the first half of 1987. In the first period the Yale Mining Company and Daly Reduction Company operated for six years and Hedley Gold Mining Company for twenty-one. In the second period the mine was operated by the Kelowna Exploration Company Limited and Kelowna Mines Hedley Limited for twenty-one years. In the present period the mine has been revived by Mascot Gold Mines Limited.

Jan 1, 1987

THE Taranaki oil-field is situated on the western side of the North Island of New Zealand, at about its widest part, and may be said to be the most compact and fertile part of the Dominion, for, with the exception of the. upper half of Mount Egmont and of the ranges adjoining, which absorb 36,000 acres, the whole of the area, miuus what is taken up by the rivers land streams-is suitable for settlement, and certainly two-thirds is good land. The gross area oE the district is 2,417,299 acres.The principle rivers are the Wanganui, Mokau, Waitara, Patea, and Waiwakaiho. Mount Egmont, which is 8260 ft. high, used to be called Taranaki, and from it the district takes its name (the Maori meaning of which is "sloping peak ").

Jan 1, 1911

For many years the occurrence of gold in the Coeur d'A1ène region had been rumored among the pioneers of the Northwest. It is stated that as early as 1853 gold was discovered in this district by Donelson, of the Stevens expedition, but the hostility of the Indians prevented prospecting. In 1858, when Lieutenant John Mullan surveyed the military road across the Bitter hot mountains, the members of his expedition, most of whom had mined in California, noticed sundry outcrops of good-looking quartz, and some of them actually found gold, as is recorded in a letter that Mullan wrote, from Washington, in 1884. The first successful prospector in the Coeur d' Alène was Tom Irwin, who worked a quartz vein on the Mullan road in the spring of 1879. Two years later he met A. J. Prichard, who was engaged in the lumber business; he told him what he thought of the chances of placer mining in the upper reaches of the Coeur d7AlBne river. This was in 1881. Prichard became keenly interested, and himself found gold on several creeks, one of which is now known by his name, at a place close to the site of the town of Murray.* In 1883 Prichard located a number of claims, and shortly afterward he wrote a letter to the members of a Liberal League to which he belonged, inviting them to "secure the lion's share" of the mineral wealth he had uncovered. His letters caused a stampede from Montana and Colorado, and from South Dakota also, to the Coeur d'Alène gold belt in the summer of 1883. A town, named Eagle City, was surveyed; in 1884 lots sold at prices ranging from $200 to $2000. The buildings were made of logs and shingles. Shoveling of the snow in' front left s

Jan 1, 1932

By R. D. Livingstone

"THE LETHBRIDGE COAL FIELD lies mainly .to the north and west of the city of Lethbridge. Mining carried on in this area for over eighty years until 1965. Before the building of a railway the coal was carried by bullock wagon to Montana for use in smelting, and for a while by river boat to Medicine Hat for railway use. The single, almost flat, worked seam is designated the ""Galt"" seam and is about 1.5 metres thick. It belongs to the Belly River formation and is under cover of 80 to 180 metres of weakly stratified sediments. A complex system of cross faults adds to the mining difficulties. Close timbering required in the entries and rooms reflected in a high timber cost and lower output per man shift. The coal is High Volatile"" C"" bituminous in rank with maximum gross calorific value of 11,200 Btu per pound and with a well defined cleavage. Roof conditions in the field range from very tender and very heavy on the south end of the field and west of the Oldman River to a more stable character to the north. Relatively speaking, the whole field would earn a rather tender rating and definitely so in relation to many U.S. fields. Floor conditions are characterized by a bentonitic type heaving in the south end of the field west of the Oldman river to a more stable situation in the north, which can tolerate shuttle car operation if kept drained. Water problems are minimal, except paralleling the Oldman River, where the seam dips below the river level. While vigilance is necessary to prevent accumulations of gas, the volume is rather limited. The seam was entered by shafts, except where small mines were located along the Oldman river banks and gained access by drifts. The coal seam was developed by driving either 3 or 4 Face entries 2 1/2 metres (8 ft) wide on 18-metre ( 60-ft) centres. Sets of dual butt entries driven at right angles to the Face entries completed development work. Normally rooms up to 8 metres wide were turned off the butt entries on up to 11 - metre centres. These were worked in groups of three to five, depending on the roof conditions, and normally advanced 60 m (200 ft). In some areas rooms had to be abandoned short of their objectives due to roof pressure, heaving floor and intermittent work."

Jan 1, 1985

By Gregory M. Landry

"There is an old joke at Moretrench that defines dewatering as “that element of an underground construction project, which, when disregarded, will generate the low bidder.” Sigmund Freud wrote that all jokes are true, and the kernel of truth behind this one is that dewatering is often misunderstood or neglected until the last possible moment in the life of a project. The purpose of this article is to describe commonly used dewatering methods and to clear up a pervasive but fundamental misunderstanding about how to determine the amount of dewatering effort required for a project. The Tools of DewateringDewatering may be divided into two broad categories: (1) methods that remove water from the excavation after it has already entered and (2) methods that seek to exclude or intercept the water before it reaches the excavation. The former is generally self-performed by general or earth moving contractors using sumps and ditches, while the latter is usually done by a specialty contractor. SumpsProperly installed sumps can be an effective and economical way to control water inflow into a site. In this technique, groundwater is allowed to enter the site before being pumped away. Advantages of this method include lost cost, easy availability of equipment and the fact that a general contractor can self-perform the dewatering. However, caution should be used when deciding whether to use this method, and consideration should be given to the following factors:1. How will the soil behave under seepage forces? Will it run, potentially causing ground loss?2. How much groundwater lowering is required? If the groundwater only needs to be lowered a few feet, using sumps will be much more practical than for a situation that requires significant drawdown.3. Will the excavation subgrade soften or otherwise be damaged by allowing water to run over it?4. Is my workforce skilled enough to implement and manage the sumping plan?In the photo, the sump is capturing groundwater that has already entered the excavation by traveling under the sheets. In this instance, the house in the background of the photo was eventually purchased by the project owner after sustaining damage due to ground loss."

Jan 1, 2017

By AIME AIME

As already announced in the January Bulletin, this publication will be issued during the coming year monthly instead of bi-monthly as heretofore. Among other reasons for this change, it is desired to effect thereby the earlier transmission to members of important papers, lists of candidates for membership, and other items of timely information. Spokane Meeting and Excursions. Further details of the 97th meeting of the Institute have been sent to members in the Circular of May 8, 1909. The list of those intending to go on the excursion is filling up, and since preference in position of state-room or berth is given in the order of application, members and guests who expect to accompany the party and have not yet communicated with Mr.. Theodore Dwight, 29 West 39th St., New York, N. Y., are earnestly requested to do so without delay. For convenience of the members a summary of the additional information is here presented. A special train of Pullman cars will leave Chicago about September 15. This train will be side-tracked at all places visited, and the sleepers will be available for lodging and the dining-car for meals during the entire trip, except during the Yellowstone Park tour. The general cost of the trip per member will be $300, which includes transportation, berth, and meals for the entire trip from Chicago back to Chicago, almost 6,000 miles, and the tour through. Yellowstone Park, occupying in all about 30 days. Special, accommodations on the train will be furnished at the following rates

Jun 1, 1909

By D. F. Scott

"DEFINITION OF THE REGION AND ITS BOUNDARIESTHE REGION of Western Canada covered by this re-port lies between the Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield and the structurally deformed rocks of the eastern Cordillera, extending northward from the international border to the 60th parallel. It is some 487,000 square miles in area, with a total sedimentary fill of about 535,000 cubic miles0>. It includes parts of the prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta and the northeast corner of British Columbia and forms part of the geological region known as the Interior Platform, commonly referred to as the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. The bedrock comprises carbonates and evaporites of Paleozoic age that lie on Precambrian crystalline rocks and are over-lain by a relatively thick blanket of Mesozoic and Tertiary elastic rocks. The nearly flat-lying bedrock, covered by a thick mantle of glacial drift, forms the Interior Plains physiographic province."

Jan 1, 1970

By R. D. Prettie

Wood preservation may be defined as the art of protecting wood from decay. In its broadest sense, however, it includes a much wider field. It might be more properly de-fined as the art of protecting wood from destructive agents, such as decay, insects, marine borers, mechanical wear, etc. The earliest data on record for the preservation of organic bodies is found in Egyptian manuscripts. The bodies which we call mummies were impregnated with antiseptics, of which the principal were natrum (sodium sesqui-carbonate), sodium chloride, and sodium sulphate. After being steeped in the solution, they were subjected to either a boiling or baking process in a bituminous preparation. The first attempts in Europe to preserve timber were made by the Greeks and Romans. They extracted essential oils from the juniper and cypress trees, and either rubbed these oils into the wood they wished to preserve, or bored thousands of small holes in the wood and poured the preservative oil into the holes. The famous statues of Jupiter and Diana were carved out of wood. The ceremony of pouring in the preservative oil by the High Priests was a religious pageant of great importance, of which there are many records.

Jan 1, 1926

By C. W. MacLeod

LOCATION The Goudreau gold area in Ontario extends from a point a short distance south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway, at Lochalsh, in a south-westerly direction to the Magpie river. It crosses the Algoma Central & Hudson's Bay railway at Goudreau station, 177 miles north of Sault Ste. Marie. The area is roughly 25 miles in length by 6 miles in width. The potential gold formation is much more extensive but little prospecting has been done outside of the limits mentioned. The actual continuous area of Keewatin formation, in which gold has been found, is one of the largest in Ontario. ACCESSIBILITY Probably no mining area in a similar stage of development has had the excellent transportation facilities which Goudreau enjoys. This field is traversed in part by the main lines of the Canadian Pacific and Algoma Central railways. The Provincial Government has constructed 22 miles of road through the heart of the camp. Sixteen miles of this road is suitable for motor car traffic and several cars and trucks are in constant service.

Jan 1, 1926

By A. H. Lang

Introduction The recent uranium discovery at Theano point, lake Superior, is probably a rediscovery of the first reported Canadian uranium occurrence. A description of material from the original discovery was published in 1847 by J. L. LeConte, and many attempts have been made to relocate the deposit. Such attempts have in the past been unsuccessful because of vagueness in the original description of the locality. Besides being a prospect that seems to merit development work, the Camray discovery is important because it reaffirms the occurrence of pitchblende in the eastern part of the Precambrian shield. Much staking followed the announcement of the discovery, and some additional finds have been reported. Location The Camray discovery is at the shore of Theano point, lake Superior, about seventy miles north of Sault Ste. Marie (see Figure 1). It is in township 29, range XIV, district of Algoma. The showing is two miles from Highway No. 17, and is reached by a rough trail that leaves the highway at mileage 72.9 from Sault Ste. Marie. There are no towns of any size nearer than Sault Ste. Marie.

Jan 1, 1949

By C. S. Finney, John Mitchell

On December 31, 1959, there existed in the United States 15,993 slot-type coke ovens capable of producing 81,447,700 net tons of coke. These ovens were concentrated in 74 coke plants in 21 different states. As of the same date, there were 7448 beehive ovens in existence at 45 plants in the states of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Total annual capacity of the existing beehive ovens was 4,368,800 net tons, but only 5148 ovens with a capacity of 3,131,600 tons were in operating condition. It is interesting to compare the average dimensions of slot-type ovens built during recent years with the 30 ft x 5 ½ ft x 16 ½ in. ovens erected at Syracuse, N. Y. in 1892. A composite oven built according to the average dimensions of all those erected between 1954 and 1958, for instance, would be 39 ft long. 12 ft high, and 18 in. in width. The coal capacity would be 16 tons as against the 4.4 tons which could be charged to the Syracuse ovens. Of the 15.993 slot- type ovens in existence at the end of 1959, by far the greater number were built by the Koppers Co. whose total of 11,280 ovens included 7891 Koppers- Becker and 3389 Koppers ovens. Of the remainder, there were 3260 Wilputte, 1350 Semet-Solvay, 63 Otto, and 40 Simon Carves ovens. By-product coke oven plants are usually classified either as furnace or merchant plants. According to the definitions used by the US Bureau of Mines, the former are "those that are owned by or financially affiliated with iron and steel companies whose main business is producing coke for use in their own blast furnaces. All other coke plants are classified as merchant. They include those that manufacture metallurgical, industrial, and residential heating grades of coke for sale on the open market; coke plants associated with chemical companies or gas utilities; and those affiliated with local iron works, where only a small part (less than 50 pct of their output) is used in affiliated blast furnaces." The annual coke capacity of the merchant plants during 1959 was 10,393,000 tons. However, the by-product oven of today is essentially an appurtenance of the iron and steel industry, rather more than 87 pct of total by- product coking capacity being concentrated at furnace plants. This was not always so. There was a time when the merchant plants played a much greater part in meeting the US demand for coke and gas. High noon for the merchant plants was reached during the early 1930's. By 1932 there were as many by- product oven installations being operated by the merchant sector of the industry as by the coke divisions of the iron and steel industry (44 of each), and in the same year the merchant plants produced 46.5 pct of all by-product coke made in the country. Since that time their contribution has drastically declined. In 1940 merchant plants were responsible for only 23.2 pct of total US production, and by 1950 their number had decreased to 30 plants which turned out 18.5 pct of the total by-product coke made. At the end of 1959 only 20 of the 74 existing by-product oven installations were merchant plants. They ac- counted for 12.5 pct of the year's production, or 6,849,786 net tons. This percentage has remained fairly constant since 1954. There are several reasons for the decline of the merchant coking industry. For example. On the grounds of economy, quality control, continuity of supply, and so on, the iron and steel industry usually prefers to control its own mines and carbonize its own coal at or near to the blast furnace rather than rely on independent operators for metallurgical coke. As the steel companies have enlarged their own coking facilities, so has the need for coke obtained from other sources declined. Furthermore, not only has the steel industry increased in self-sufficiency by building mare coke ovens during recent years, but it has also progressively improved the fuel efficiency of its blast furnaces. During the years 1947-49 the average coke consumption per ton of pig iron was 1892.8 lb. During 1958 the corresponding figure was 1613.4 lb. There are many individual furnaces where still better results are being obtained, and further reductions in the average may be expected. Perhaps the greatest threat to the merchant coking plant has been the fantastic increase in the use of natural gas and petroleum products for purposes which manufactured gas once served. So deadly has the com- petition from natural gas and oil been that it has almost eliminated by-product oven installations owned by public utilities. In the peak years of the early 1930's there were 23 such public utility plants. In 1960 only two were left. One of these, owned by the Citizens Gas and Coke Utility, was at Indianapolis, Ind.; the other was the plant operated by the Philadelphia Electric Co. at Chester, Pa. The non-utility merchant plants have also been sorely hit. With gas sales revenues reduced, domestic

Jan 1, 1961

By W. R. Dodge

THE growth and development of the assay department of the Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited, is a similar story to that of the mine itself. As the mine developed and enlarged, so also increased the demands upon this department, necessitating an increase of capacity for fire assaying and a widening of the scope of work to include chemical analysis, metallurgical tests, research, and screen analysis. The yearly total of determinations, taking an average for the past six years, is approximately 350,000. The major portion of this figure represents fire assaying for gold and silver, being approximately 950 fire assays per day. The assay department occupies the ground floor of the administration building and covers approximately 4,000 square feet of floor space. Ready access is had by motor truck and electric railway for the delivery of samples and the removal of crushed rock and rubbish. The combined weight of all sample rejects amounts to about 5,000 lb. per day, which is sent to the mill bins. There are six departments, each occupying a separate room-grinder room, fluxing room, furnace room, parting room, weighing room, and flux-mixing and storage room.

Jan 1, 1931

Comalco Limited has recently completed construction of a $50 million kaolin plant at the site of its bauxite mining and industrial minerals operation at Weipa. The plant will produce 100,000 tonnes per annum of coating grade kaolin for the paper industry. Comalco produced the first coating kaolin from the deposit in 1979 on a trial basis. Since then a variety of quality coating grades with specific particle size distributions and brightness values have been prepared. Extensive drilling and bulk sampling of the deposit over eight years has shown that the ore body is large and of a high grade suitable for the production of premium quality coating kaolins. The processing plant technology was developed by Comalco in association with the European kaolin and equipment producer Amberger Kaolinwerke GmbH (AKW). The Weipa kaolin plant is the first of this size to be built in the Pacific Basin region and it will offer the region's paper-coating mills a stable and reliable source of high-quality kaolin, shipped from an established bulk loading port. The paper provides an overview of the development of the kaolin investment the nature of the production process and details the

Jan 1, 1986

By Frank D. Shepherd

THE Gunnar Gold Mines property is on the west shore of Beresford lake, in the Rice Lake mining division, southeastern Manitoba. Gold was first discovered in place in the Rice-Beresford Lakes area in 1911 on the Gabrielle claim, now included in the San Antonio Mines property at Rice lake. Following an eastward trend of favourable prospecting ground, promising showings were next staked in the vicinity of Long lake during the years 1915 and 1916. At that time, William Walton and associates, among them Gilbert LaBine, staked the Eldorado vein, north of Long lake, and Eldorado Gold Mines, Limited, was formed to develop the property a Company that, later, was to become widely known through successful operation of its radium-silver mine at Great Bear lake, Northwest Territories. Continuing eastward from Long lake, Walton and his partners, Gunnar Berg, Leo Seaberg, and Wm. Quesnel, staked claims during the years 1920-24 in the vicinity of Beresford lake which, later, were to become incorporated into the Gunnar Gold Mines property. The presence of gold-bearing quartz on these claims had been known from the time they were staked, but an opportunity to consolidate them into a group was not forth-coming until early in the year 1933. Although promising gold showings had been disclosed during the performance of assessment work on individual claims, no continuous mineralization having mine-making possibilities was discovered until after the consolidation of the entire group. From this stage onward, progress was rapid. Active exploration was begun on August 1st, 1933, and late in October James Houston reported favourably on the property. On October 27th, Gunnar Gold Mines, Limited, was incorporated in the Province of Ontario to develop and operate the property. The Company is also registered in Manitoba. The authorized capitalization is 3,000,000 shares of $1.00 par value. Gilbert LaBine was appointed president of the Company, with James Houston as mine manager. Following completion of a diamond-drilling programme, planned in 1933, it was decided to install a mine plant capable of carrying development to a depth of 1,000 feet. A transmission line, 5 miles in length, was built to the Great Falls-Central Manitoba line of the Manitoba Power Company, Limited.

Jan 1, 1939

By John Gill

THE purpose of this paper is to invite attention away from the obvious, direct monetary costs of oil-field overdevelopment (as dis-tinguished from "social costs") to a consideration of the role played by the exercise of freedom to create even allegedly excessive1 plant facilities in contributing to the maintenance of equilibrium in the whole economy and in promoting material progress. The obvious and most commonly discussed effect of overdevelop-ment of oil fields is illustrated by the allegation that already the excessive development of the East Texas field has cost upward of $162,000,000;2 in other words, the drilling of 12,500 wells more than the number esti-mated as the requirement for economical recovery of the reserve has unnecessarily raised the total cost of development that amount. Many other illustrations of so-called excessive development of oil pools could be presented. Some of them, like Cushing, Powell and Long Beach, might be drawn from the era antedating widespread discussion in the trade of such matters as optimum well spacing, reservoir energy, the conservation rate of depletion of reserves, etc. Numerous other cases can be found in the records of the current era, which began with the introduction of rationalized restriction of production. Besides East Texas, there may be mentioned Oklahoma City, Centralia and, more recently, the town-lot development of Bloomingdale, Michigan.

Jan 1, 1939