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By W. P. Campbell

In the course of the development of the Red Coulee field, northwest of Coutts, Alberta, a considerable amount of information has been gathered by the Department of the Interior regarding the chemical character of waters encountered in the drilling of wells in this area. The writer, in this paper, has undertaken to assemble the available material with the idea of deducing what relations, if any, may exist between the different waters from the same well, and also how these compare with waters encountered in similar horizons in other wells. From no other district, with which the Department of the Interior has had to do, have there been received so many samples of water, and yet not all the waters logged in the drilling reports were sent in for analysis. The information, therefore, herein contained is not as complete as the writer would have desired, but sufficient evidence has been accumulated to indicate some very definite tendencies in the chemical nature of the waters of this field. The drilling of Red Coulee wells has been carried out exclusively by percussive tools. These permit 'dry' drilling, and, consequently, water-sands are recognized when encountered. Had rotary tools been used, information regarding water-sands would have been very meagre, if not entirely lacking, since, in the mudding-off process, water-sands would have been overlooked, with the result that, should water break through into a completed well, its source would not be known and remedial efforts would be greatly handicapped, if not entirely defeated.

Jan 1, 1931

By Harold H. Fukubayashi

The effect of various zinc electrowinning solution impurities on the surface morphology of deposited zinc was investigated. Impurities studied included Al, Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mn, Ni, Sb, Sn, Ti, Pb02, PbSO4, and HC1. Also, the effect of animal glue, gum arabic, and Na2SiO3 additives on the deposited zinc surface structure was studied. Results were compared with deposits from a pure electrolyte consisting of H2SO4 and Zn+2, 200 and 65 gpl, respectively. Zinc was deposited on a Al cathode, 99.9 pct pure, using Pt anodes. Time, temperature, current density, and impurity concentrations were con¬troller The bulk of the tests were conducted at 40° C and 75 A/ft2 (82 mA/cm2). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology. X ray diffraction techniques were used to determine crystal orientation and nondispersive X-ray spectrometer analyses were employed in an attempt to locate impurity concentrations on the zinc deposit when pitting or re-solution occurred. The impurities were categorized by their effect on current efficiency, morphology, and apparent mechanism of H2 evolution from the cathode.

Jan 1, 1974

By M. J. Latva-Kokko, CA Snyders, J. R. Peltola, M. K. Kostiainen

It is well known that carbon management is essential for minimising soluble gold losses in carbonin- leach (CIL) and carbon-in-pulp (CIP) circuits. Even so, carbon measurements remain predominantly a manual operation with a low amount of control and automation around CIL and CIP reactors. Carbon inventory, i.e. knowing the carbon concentration in each reactor, is crucial for good carbon management. CarbonSense, a novel in-situ measurement system, was therefore developed for continuous monitoring of the carbon concentration in each reactor and paves the way for more advanced control in gold operations. The carbon management and optimisation system is based on Outotec® HSC Sim dynamic process simulations where each process component is modelled in detail. Generated models are validated with real data from a particular operation. The simulator will allow for the carbon control sequence to be realistically tested and the efficiency optimised by controlling the feed and discharge pumps in a hazard- and risk-free process environment. Furthermore, by combining CarbonSense and Outotec® gold courier (online soluble gold measurements) continuous feed-forward and feedback information can be obtained. The optimiser will then define the best running parameters based on the cost function of gold production versus intrinsic factors such as utility costs and adsorption time. Eventually, the application can be installed parallel with a real process island and it can be continuously calibrated with real-time process data. The dynamic model will then create future predictions for the entire process island. The example case presents a CIL circuit, which is simulated using Outotec® HSC Chemistry Sim and operated through Outotec® ACT (Advanced Control Tool) application. Keywords: Carbon-in-leach, CIL, CarbonSense, carbon management, automated control, simulation

Jan 1, 2020

By George S. Rice

"INTRODUCTION During the past 4 or 5 years the frequent occurrence of bumps in coal mines of the Cumberland field, in Harlan County, Ky., and Wise County, Va., has caused much apprehension among miners and mining officials of that region.These bumps have caused many deaths and injuries, and have been increasing in frequency. Eight men were killed and a number injured by bumps in the first 4 months of 1934. Their unpredictable occurrence and the usual absence of any preliminary warning tremors or sounds, such as ordinarily precede a large fall of roof, cause fear of other bumps and impair the morale of mine workers.Acknowledgments This report on bumps in coal mines of the Cumberland coal field of Kentucky and Virginia is based on an investigation made at the urgent request of .the Harlan County Coal Operators Association, through James F. Bryson, director of safety of the association, to the Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, following a series of disastrous bumps in. Harlan County, Ky., and Wise County, Va. The request was granted and the writer detailed to undertake the investigation, which was made in June 1934.The officials of certain operating companies in the Cumberland field gave every facility for examining the conditions accompanying bumps in their mines. The writer is most grateful to them for the courtesies shown; to J. F. Bryson, to J. F. Davies, district engineer, Safety Division, U. S. Bureau of Mines, who accompanied the writer throughout his trip to the vari¬ous mines and gave him much assistance and detailed information regarding the occurrence of bumps; and to Dr. David White for reviewing the geological descriptions,Definition of Bumps ""Bumps"" are phenomena comparatively rare in the coal fields of the United States and, for that matter, in the coal fields of the world, because for their occurrence certain exceptional natural conditions are required strong, massive strata of sandstone or conglomerate above the coal and a fairly strong floor, as will be described in detail later."

Jan 1, 1935

By N. Snyders, I. Mwandawande, S. M. Bradshaw, M. Karimi

"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to predict the average gas holdup and the axial gas holdup variation in a 13.5 m high cylindrical column 0.91 m diameter. The column was operating in batch mode. A Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach with appropriate interphase momentum exchange terms was applied to simulate the gas-liquid flow inside the column. Turbulence in the continuous phase was modelled using the k-_ realizable turbulence model. The predicted average gas holdup values were in good agreement with experimental data. The axial gas holdup prediction was generally good for the middle and top parts of the column, but was over-predicted for the bottom part of the column. Bubble velocity profiles were observed in which the axial velocity of the air bubbles decreased with height in the column. This may be related to the upward increase in gas holdup in the column. Simulations were also conducted to compare the gas holdup predicted with the universal, the Schiller-Naumann, and the Morsi-Alexander drag models. The gas holdup predictions for the three drag models were not significantly different. IntroductionColumn flotation is an important concentration technology that is used in the mineral processing and coal beneficiation industries. The growing interest in the use of column flotation in mineral processing has been attributed to the simpler flotation circuits and improved metallurgical performance compared to conventional flotation cells (Finch and Dobby, 1990). Flotation columns have also found other applications outside mineral processing, such as de-inking of recycled paper (Finch and Hardie, 1999).In column flotation, a rising swarm of air bubbles generated by means of air spargers is employed to collect the valuable mineral particles and separate them from the gangue minerals in a countercurrent process. Wash water, which is continuously fed at the top of the column, is used to eliminate entrained particles and stabilize the froth. The column volume can be divided into two sections – the collection zone in which the bubbles collect the floatable mineral particles, and the cleaning zone (or froth zone) where product upgrading is enhanced through the removal of unwanted particles entrained in the water mixed with bubbles from the collection zone."

Jan 1, 2019

By A N. Parry, G van Wyk

"Sensor based automatic ore sorting technologies are used in the minerals industries to efficiently remove waste and submarginal grade material from crushed and screened run-of-mine (ROM) ore, producing a coarse (typically >10 mm) upgraded preconcentrate at an early stage in the mineral processing circuit. This avoids additional energy intensive downstream processing of this rejected component of the ROM feed, leading to lower unit operating costs and reduced tailings disposal volumes.Test work on bulk low-grade gold ore stockpile samples from Central Norseman Gold Proprietary Limited has been conducted, indicating high gold recoveries as well as high material rejection rates. A financial model, based on these results, evaluates grade sensitivity and identifies a minimum stockpile grade for adequate financial returns. The base case modelling estimates that the ex-stockpile grade (including the fines bypassed fraction) can be more than doubled through ore sorting and that the project will be highly viable with strong cash flow generation at stockpile grades as low as 0.7 g/t gold. The modelling will enable the company to benchmark ore sorting options against stockpile reclaim and screening operations currently employed. Citation:Parry, A N and van Wyk, G, 2016. Upgrading Low-grade Gold Ore Stockpiles by Preconcentration Using Ore Sorting - an Assessment of the Economic Impact and Viability, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2016, pp 179–190 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 10, 2016

By Henry P. Wheeler

As recently as 1915, helium was available only in very small quantities at a cost equivalent to $2,500 per cubic foot. It was a laboratory curiocity, and its properties were of interest to a limited number of scientists (11).3/ During the past 30 years, however, helium has grown from a plaything of scientists to a factor of importance in the prosecution of the recent war. Navy blimps filled with nonflammable helium proved to be more than a match for German submarines operating in the Atlantic. American bombers were able to fly unheard-of distances to drop bombs on Tokyo, Nagoya, Yokahama, and other Japanese cities because they had been made lighter with magnesium, arc-welded in a helium atmosphere. The Army utilized helium-filled radio-sonde balloons to obtain vital information concerning weather conditions affecting D-day invasions and other military maneuvers.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. H. Coats

MINING occupies a position of less importance than manufacturing or agriculture in Canada, but its relative contribution has increased greatly during the post- war period. Mineral production was only 5.14 per cent of the net value I of production of all kinds of commodities in 1919, but by 1936 the pro- portion had risen steadily to 12.76 per cent. Mining felt the depression, hut unlike agriculture, which is still ' sorely stricken, it has passed from early convalescence to complete recovery. For each of the last two years new high records were established for the industry as a whole and for the quantity of most metals produced. Mining has had a notable effect on - the growth of the power industry in Canada. Water power has been developed in the same or adjacent areas wherever mining camps have been 1 established, with few exceptions. Consumption of electrical energy by the mining industry gained 72 per cent within a decade, rising from 1604 million kw.-hr. in 1926 to 2754 in 1935. In. 1935 alone the mining industry purchased electric power

Jan 1, 1937

By N. Edmonson

The demand for sulfur divides into two major categories: agricultural and industrial. Most of the agricultural demand is related to the production of phosphate fertilizer products. Industrial demand is derived from the demands for a large number of products and is related to a variety of industrial processes, no one of which characterizes it in a simple way.

Jan 1, 1994

By C. W. Davis

There are four parts to this circular and, respectively, they list firms in the Eastern (pp. 5-8), Southern (pp. 9-10), Central (pp. 11-15) and Western (pp. 16-22) United States and Provinces of Canada. Before listing the laboratories and the work performed there, it is proper to make clear what is done and what is not done by Federal bureaus, States, and Territories, as well as by Canada and Mexico. FEDERAL Bureau of Mines. - The Bureau of Mines does not make assays, analyses, or tests for individuals or firms unless they be incidental to investiga¬tions that are of possible benefit to the entire mineral industry. All significant results obtained in this way are made public through published reports. Any mineral sample sent to this Bureau for simple identification will be subjected to a cursory examination.

Jan 1, 1938

By G. Atesok

Turkey?s EU affairs started in 1963 with the Ankara Treaty. On 31 December 1995 the Customs Union between Turkey and the European Union came into effect. In order to achieve the Copenhagen Criteria?s, Turkey, made laws parallel to the Framework Programs. On 3 October 2005, with the confirmation of ?Membership Framework Document? the negotiation process of Turkey has started. Coal had important role in the industrialization of EU and it is directly related to Energy and Environmental subjects. In this point many restriction became with the some protocols, in last decades. European Union composed Energy and Coal Policy, therefore engaged to reduce the emissions, and made new regulations. This regulations concern Turkey?s energy future, since large; but low quality of lignite reserves of Turkey, it is expected to have some difficulties with Union?s Environmental Legislation during Turkey?s congruity process. With the last natural gas import agreements of Turkey, the production and consumption of coal sunk in last seven years. However, considering environmental sustainability, the role of coal in energy production will rise up in the coming future. In this paper, in terms of Turkey Energy Sector, production and consumption problems of coal discussed and evaluated considering EU?s coal, energy and environmental rudiments.

Jan 1, 2014

By O. H. Metzger

This is the first of two papers dealing with construction and use of aerial tramways in the metal-mining industry. It describes practices and equipment used in tramway construction and discusses the design of tramways. The second paper will describe the construction and operation of tramways and give operating costs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author acknowledges the cooperation of a number of cable and tramway manufacturers Who supplied practical manufacturing data and other valuable information. Full credit for formulas used in the design of aerial tramways it given' to Edward B. Durham3/ and F. C. Carstarphen.4/

Jan 1, 1937

By G. Gu, B. Fang, R. W. Revie, M. Elboujdaini

Electrochemical behavior of an X-80 pipeline steel, including frequency-sweep electrochemical-impedance spectroscopy (EIS), time-sweep EIS at a constant frequency and open-circuit potential (OCP) monitor, was investigated using four-point bending specimens subjected to a stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) test in a near-neutral pH environment. The capacitive loop became smaller with test duration, revealing an increase in the corrosion rate. The resistance obtained in the constant-frequency EIS test showed two regions, of which the region with a remarkable decrease in resistance transformed into a region of slow decrease, whereas the capacitance increased with test time indicating that iron dissolution was fast at first, and then a corrosion product or film formed and covered the surface, leading to the pitting formation.

Jan 1, 2005

By Tassos Grammatikopoulos

The St. Lawrence deposit is a large wollastonite skarn (ca. 9 Mt @ 41.3% wollastonite) adjoining the gabbroic-to-syenitic Leo Lake pluton in the granulite facies of the Frontenac Terrane of the Grenvillian Central Metasedimentary Belt. It occurs within a horseshoe-shaped horizon of quartzite, open to the east. The skarn extends over 1.2 km2, and comprises wollastonite-dominant, wollastonite-clinopyroxene, and diverse quartz-feldspar-sulphide (-titanite) layers, interbanded with, and strongly folded within, the quartzite. As in the world-class wollastonite deposits of the Willsboro district, New York State, no carbonate protolith is preserved and calcite is a negligible constituent of the mineralized zones. Wollastonite development is nonetheless ascribed to metasomatism of a metacarbonate unit by magmatogene, silica-rich, CO2-poor (XCO2 < 0.05) fluids, at P = 350 MPa and ca. 560 oC, or, alternatively, 550 MPa and ca. 630 oC. Several high grade zones, averaging >40%, but locally exceeding 80%, of translucent, white, tabular wollastonite grains, with lengths of 0.2 - 2 cm, have been delimited by drilling. Preliminary beneficiation studies yield high aspect-ratio and high-purity (low Fe and Mn) concentrates. St. Lawrence compares favourably to other known prospects and operating wollastonite deposits; having good chemical and physical properties, low iron content, and high aspect ratios (>20:1). In addition, the deposit has a favourable size and location, and will benefit from a low Canadian dollar. Canada currently has no wollastonite production.

May 1, 2002

THE following employment items are made available to AIME on a non-profit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnswarth Ave., Detroit; 57 Past St., San-Francisco; 84 E. Randalph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York Office and include 6c in stamps far forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available far $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Graduate Mining Engineer, 38; married, two children, Dutch nationality. Experience bauxite open-pit dragline, stripping and mining, nickel silicateous ore exploration, tin lode mining and dredging, ore dressing research, administrative. work, all in responsible positions. Read, write and/or speak seven languages. Desires responsible position. Presently located Netherlands. M-655. Mining Geologist, 35, married, 3 children, Canadian citizen. Eight years&apos; experience Canadian gold mines as geologist, chief engineer, shift boss, 3 years in western U. S. as surveyor, junior geologist, etc. Desires position of responsibility. Prefer western United States. M-656-478-E-3-San Francisco. Mining Engineer, 30 years&apos; experience open-pit and underground coal and iron mines. Held positions engineer to manager. Desire position of responsibility in foreign field. M-659.

Jan 1, 1952

By K. O. Bennington

The thermodynamic properties of two manganese silicates, pyroxmangite and fowlerite (zincian rhodonite), were experimentally determined by the Bureau of Mines. The standard enthalpies of formation were determined by hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution calorimetry, the low-temperature heat capacities by adiabatic calorimetry, and the high-temperature heat capacities by differential scanning calorimetry over the range 322 to 1,372 K. Data for the standard enthalpy of formation (AH298), the derived standard entropy (S298), and the standard Gibbs energy of formation (AGf 298) are as follows: Pyroxmangite [(Mn0.9554Cao,0446)(Si03)J- AHf298 319.668±0.46 kcal/mol AH298 (from oxides)... -7.215±0.11 kcal/mol 5295 23.785±0.048 cal/(mol&apos;K) AGf298 -301.190±7.96 kcal/mol Fowlerite [(Mno.7o3Zno.0884Ca0.2086)(Sio3)]--AHf298 ?... -329.914±0.419 kcal/mol AH298 (from oxides)... -8.400±0.104 kcal/mol 5598 21.949±0.059 cal/(mol-K) AGf298 -310.716±7.99 kcal/mol These experimentally determined values were combined with data from the literature to calculate the Gibbs energies and equilibrium constants of formation over the temperature range of the measurements. Standard enthalpies, Gibbs energies, and equilibrium constants of formation are given as a function of temperature from both the elements and the constituent oxides.

Jan 1, 1987

By O Dominguez

Significant value can be added to ore supplied from the mine to the mill by measuring its quality in real time and performing grade control additional to that within the mine. Responsibility for ore quality between the mine and mill stockpiles is not always clear due to operational siloes so geologists and mining engineers need to be involved collaboratively with metallurgists to optimise ore value prior to processing. Sensors, such as the GEOSCAN-M which utilises high specification Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA), that measure conveyed ore flow representatively (continuous and fully penetrative) and in real time have been used in the minerals sector since 2003 and have been successfully applied in multiple commodities. Quality can be measured within the mine where material is conveyed underground or in-pit. Bulk ore sorting is used to divert increments of waste from the ore stream to upgrade material sent to the crushed ore stockpile (COS) as well as to create run-of-mine (ROM) stockpiles of different qualities to maximise blending opportunities and accommodate processing priorities, eg blending out deleterious content. The real time composition measurement can be combined with moisture and fragmentation analysis data for improved ore type characterisation, to control ore blending, for feedback to the mining schedule and block model reconciliation, and feed forward control for grinding and processing operations. The paper discusses various parameters measured and derived in existing operations that are used to maximise coarse waste rejection and metal recovery, optimise plant feed quality consistency, and reduce consumables; power, grinding media, water, reagents, and minimise fine tailings generation. Innovative geometallurgy applications are also discussed.

Mar 22, 2022

In this paper High Pressure Grinding Rolls(HPGR) was utilized to pretreat CVRD southern specular hematite for enhancing the pelletization of the refractory hematite. The process parameters of HPGR, balling and firing were optimized, and the mechanism of HPGR was demonstrated by determining the surface activity by means of Blaine specific surface area tester, laser size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro calorimeter and pelletability index. It is shown that the pelletization of the refractory hematite was greatly improved. The drop strength of green balls increases from 3.4 times to 13.6 times from 0.5m height while the bentonite dosage decreases from 2.2% to 1.3%.The compressive strength of roasted pellets also reaches 2500N/pellet. The mechanism of the pretreatment of CVRD southern specular hematite concentrates by HPGR is revealed that the surface activity is improved by an increases in specific surface area and the amount of micron size fractions, and higher lattice deformation and defects due to the fractures occurring inside particles during static pressure comminution, resulting in more wetting enthalpy, higher pelletability index and good property of roasting.

Jan 1, 2014

By H Sichani-Teimouri, B N. Noller, J C. Ng, R N. Alsaadi, P L. Breuer, S Shini

Cyanide has been used for over a century worldwide for gold extraction. However, the presence of several metals and metalloids in ore requires greater amount of cyanide for an efficient gold recovery due to their solubilisation in conjunction with gold. The extraction residues are discharged into tailing storage facilities (TSFs) and may cause bird mortality if there is exposure to cyanide-bearing wastewater exceeding the toxic threshold. The toxicity arises from free cyanide released from weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide complexes. The International Cyanide Management Code (ICMC) has deemed 50 mg/L of WAD cyanide released into TSFs to be safe for wildlife protection. However, this concentration is based on observations of an apparent lack of toxicity rather than a toxicological approach. The National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) identified in 2010 that there is a lack of toxicity data to properly assess the environmental significance of cyanide levels at gold mines. Lack of knowledge for the toxicity of free cyanide and metal cyanide complexes to wildlife led to consider alternative direct assessment techniques for designating safe levels. Whilst toxicity may be assessed by using young chickens with animal ethics approval, the traditional bioassay approach to assess cyanide toxicity is impractical for gold mine TSFs. Bioassays using algal species such as Euglena gracilis, a unicellular alga, are widely used for ecotoxicological studies. A unique feature is that the Euglena gracilis Z cell has plant-like while SMZ cell has animal-like characteristics. The aims of this project are to evaluate the suitability of Euglena gracilis Z and SMZ strains to assess the toxicity of free cyanide and both strong (cobalt) and weak (zinc, copper and nickel) acid dissociable metal-cyanide complexes that may be present in TSFs.CITATION:Noller, B N, Ng, J C, Shini, S, Breuer, P L, Sichani-Teimouri, H and Alsaadi, R N, 2014. Development of a toxicity approach to evaluate free cyanide and metal cyanide complexes in waters associated with gold and other mining, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 573–590 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By D. R. Forshey

Although the United States has the world&apos;s largest coal reserves, most of those reserves will require underground mining. Unless underground injury and fatality rates are reduced, the number of disabling injuries and accidental deaths will grow as coal production increases. The Bureau&apos;s Mining Research Program, designed to reduce the exposure of workers to hazards while improving productivity, is described. Major program thrusts are 1) re- moving the hazards or removing miners from the areas in which hazards exist, 2) developing ways to improve management decisions and mining skills so as to reduce the incidence of situations requiring human involvement in hazardous, emergency, or corrective tasks, and 3) improving, or at least maintaining, productivity so that both the tangible (dollar) and intangible (human) costs are reduced. In these ways, projected demands for coal can be met using resources without an increase in human suffering.

Jan 1, 1987