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By R Small, S Combrinck, R Lindsay

Maintaining your competitive edge in the growing Australian mining sector today is an arduous task. With an ever increasing demand to extract more ore, safely, complete visibility throughout the blasting cycle has become vital to any operation. To achieve this requires full two way communication with every detonator during the testing and programming cycle, as well as, inside the firing window. Concerned with an increase in the number of incidents involving mining equipment, uncovering and digging into unknown misfires on-sites across Australia, Black Star Mine made the decision to embark on the use of electronic detonators to eliminate this hazard. With this safety goal achieved, the mine set about using the added benefits of electronic detonators to improve their drill and blast processes with impressive results.CITATION:Combrinck, S, Lindsay, R and Small, R, 2012. Eliminating unidentified misfires at Xstrata ZincÆs open pits through the application of electronic detonators, in Proceedings Eighth Open Pit OperatorsÆ Conference , pp 27-30 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 18, 2012

By E. F. Reed

CONSIDERABLE deep hole prospect drilling has been done in the last few years in the Globe-Miami mining district about 70 miles east of Phoenix, Arizona, and in the San Manuel-Tiger area about 50 miles south of the Globe-Miami region. More than 205,000 ft of churn drilling have been completed by the San Manuel Copper Corp. at their property in the Old Hat Mining District in southern Pinal County. The deepest hole on this property is 2850 ft; there are 49 holes deeper than 2000 ft. At the adjoining Houghton property of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., where only one hole reached 2000-ft depth, there were 27,472 ft of churn drilling and 3436 ft of diamond drilling. Three churn drill holes were deepened by diamond drilling methods. Near Miami in the Globe-Miami district the Amico Mining Corp. drilled four holes by combined churn and rotary drilling methods, the total amounting to 13,879 ft, of which 2256 ft were drilled with a portable rotary rig. In the same district, besides doing a large amount of shallow prospect drilling, the Miami Copper Co. drilled two holes of 2560 and 3787 ft, respectively, which were completed by churn drilling methods. The rocks encountered in drilling at San Manuel and Tiger are described by Steele and Rubly in their paper on the San Manuel Prospect' and by Chapman in a report on the San Manuel Copper Deposit.' The rocks are well-consolidated Gila conglomerate, quartz monzonite, and monzonite porphyry. In some places these formations stand very well while being drilled, and three holes were drilled without casing, the deepest of which was 2200 ft. In other holes faulted and fractured ground made drilling difficult. In the Globe-Miami district the deep drilling was done in the down-faulted block of Gila conglomerate east of the Miami fault and in the underlying Pinal schist. The geology of this area is described by Rannome. In the Amico holes the conglomerate varied from material consisting entirely of granite boulders and fragments to a rock made up of schist fragments in a sandy matrix; in the Miami Copper Co. holes there were more granite boulders and the material was poorly consolidated. Drilling was much more difficult and expensive in the Miami area than in the San Manuel district, mainly because of the depth of the holes and the formations drilled. All the deep hole prospecting described in this paper was done with portable rigs. The churn drill rigs were of several types, of which the Bucyrus-Erie were the most popular. Bucyrus-Erie 28L, 29W, and 36L rigs were used on some of the deeper holes on the San Manuel property. A few Fort Worth spudder types were tried, and the deepest hole at San Manuel was drilled with a Fort Worth Jumbo H. The spudder type is considerably larger than most other rigs used on this work and required a larger location site. The spudders were belt-driven machines with separate power units, and time required for setting up and moving was much longer than with the more portable drills. All the churn drilling was done by contractors or with machinery leased from them. A few of the contractors had complete equipment, including most of the necessary fishing tools. Unusual and special fishing tools were obtainable from the supply companies in the oil fields of New Mexico or in the Los Angeles area. Most of the contractors used equipment with standard API tool joints, so that much of it was interchangeable. Failure of tool joints is one of the principal causes of fishing jobs. It can be minimized if the joints are kept to the API specifications and the proper sized joints are used in the various holes. The minimum sizes that should be used with various bits are as follows: 12-in. and larger bits, 4x5-in. tool joints; 10-in. bits, 31/4x41/4-in. tool joints; 8-in. bits, 23/4x 33/4-in. tool joints; 6-in. bits, 2Y4x3Y4-in. tool joints; 4-in. bits, 15/ix25/8-in. tool joints. Two rotary drill rigs were tried at San Manuel on the same hole, and a portable rotary drill rig was used on the Amico drilling for test coring the formation and for drilling in holes 3 and 4. Rotary drilling differs from churn drilling or cable tool drilling in that the bit is revolved by a string of drill pipe and the cuttings are removed from the hole by a thin solution of mud pumped through the drill pipe. The principal parts of a rotary rig are the power unit, a rotating table to revolve the drill pipe, hoists to raise and lower the pipe and to handle casing, and a pumping system to circulate the drilling liquid. The rig used on the Amico property at Miami was mounted on a truck. The larger rig used on the San Manuel property was hauled by several trucks and had separate turntable and pumping units. Diamond drill coring equipment was used successfully with the rotary rig in the holes on the Amico property. To allow for 23/8-in. drill pipe with tool joints, 31h-in. core barrels and bits were used. With the standard 31h-in. core barrel there was considerable difficulty in maintaining circulation with mud, so a barrel was designed with a smaller inner tube and a broad-faced bit. This allowed coarser material to circulate between the barrels. Rock bits of 55/8 to 3 in. were used with the rotary rig for drilling between core runs. Diamond drill equipment is much lighter than churn drill tools, so that fishing tools can usually be obtained from supply houses by air express when needed. Three churn drill holes on the Houghton property at Tiger were deepened by diamond drilling with Longyear UG Straitline gasoline-driven machines. The open churn drill hole was cased with 21h-in. black pipe. In deep hole churn drilling, casing is one of the most important items, especially in drilling in un-consolidated material like the formations drilled by

Jan 1, 1953

By E. F. Reed

CONSIDERABLE deep hole prospect drilling has been done in the last few years in the Globe-Miami mining district about 70 miles east of Phoenix, Arizona, and in the San Manuel-Tiger area about 50 miles south of the Globe-Miami region. More than 205,000 ft of churn drilling have been completed by the San Manuel Copper Corp. at their property in the Old Hat Mining District in southern Pinal County. The deepest hole on this property is 2850 ft; there are 49 holes deeper than 2000 ft. At the adjoining Houghton property of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., where only one hole reached 2000-ft depth, there were 27,472 ft of churn drilling and 3436 ft of diamond drilling. Three churn drill holes were deepened by diamond drilling methods. Near Miami in the Globe-Miami district the Amico Mining Corp. drilled four holes by combined churn and rotary drilling methods, the total amounting to 13,879 ft, of which 2256 ft were drilled with a portable rotary rig. In the same district, besides doing a large amount of shallow prospect drilling, the Miami Copper Co. drilled two holes of 2560 and 3787 ft, respectively, which were completed by churn drilling methods. The rocks encountered in drilling at San Manuel and Tiger are described by Steele and Rubly in their paper on the San Manuel Prospect' and by Chapman in a report on the San Manuel Copper Deposit.' The rocks are well-consolidated Gila conglomerate, quartz monzonite, and monzonite porphyry. In some places these formations stand very well while being drilled, and three holes were drilled without casing, the deepest of which was 2200 ft. In other holes faulted and fractured ground made drilling difficult. In the Globe-Miami district the deep drilling was done in the down-faulted block of Gila conglomerate east of the Miami fault and in the underlying Pinal schist. The geology of this area is described by Rannome. In the Amico holes the conglomerate varied from material consisting entirely of granite boulders and fragments to a rock made up of schist fragments in a sandy matrix; in the Miami Copper Co. holes there were more granite boulders and the material was poorly consolidated. Drilling was much more difficult and expensive in the Miami area than in the San Manuel district, mainly because of the depth of the holes and the formations drilled. All the deep hole prospecting described in this paper was done with portable rigs. The churn drill rigs were of several types, of which the Bucyrus-Erie were the most popular. Bucyrus-Erie 28L, 29W, and 36L rigs were used on some of the deeper holes on the San Manuel property. A few Fort Worth spudder types were tried, and the deepest hole at San Manuel was drilled with a Fort Worth Jumbo H. The spudder type is considerably larger than most other rigs used on this work and required a larger location site. The spudders were belt-driven machines with separate power units, and time required for setting up and moving was much longer than with the more portable drills. All the churn drilling was done by contractors or with machinery leased from them. A few of the contractors had complete equipment, including most of the necessary fishing tools. Unusual and special fishing tools were obtainable from the supply companies in the oil fields of New Mexico or in the Los Angeles area. Most of the contractors used equipment with standard API tool joints, so that much of it was interchangeable. Failure of tool joints is one of the principal causes of fishing jobs. It can be minimized if the joints are kept to the API specifications and the proper sized joints are used in the various holes. The minimum sizes that should be used with various bits are as follows: 12-in. and larger bits, 4x5-in. tool joints; 10-in. bits, 31/4x41/4-in. tool joints; 8-in. bits, 23/4x 33/4-in. tool joints; 6-in. bits, 2Y4x3Y4-in. tool joints; 4-in. bits, 15/ix25/8-in. tool joints. Two rotary drill rigs were tried at San Manuel on the same hole, and a portable rotary drill rig was used on the Amico drilling for test coring the formation and for drilling in holes 3 and 4. Rotary drilling differs from churn drilling or cable tool drilling in that the bit is revolved by a string of drill pipe and the cuttings are removed from the hole by a thin solution of mud pumped through the drill pipe. The principal parts of a rotary rig are the power unit, a rotating table to revolve the drill pipe, hoists to raise and lower the pipe and to handle casing, and a pumping system to circulate the drilling liquid. The rig used on the Amico property at Miami was mounted on a truck. The larger rig used on the San Manuel property was hauled by several trucks and had separate turntable and pumping units. Diamond drill coring equipment was used successfully with the rotary rig in the holes on the Amico property. To allow for 23/8-in. drill pipe with tool joints, 31h-in. core barrels and bits were used. With the standard 31h-in. core barrel there was considerable difficulty in maintaining circulation with mud, so a barrel was designed with a smaller inner tube and a broad-faced bit. This allowed coarser material to circulate between the barrels. Rock bits of 55/8 to 3 in. were used with the rotary rig for drilling between core runs. Diamond drill equipment is much lighter than churn drill tools, so that fishing tools can usually be obtained from supply houses by air express when needed. Three churn drill holes on the Houghton property at Tiger were deepened by diamond drilling with Longyear UG Straitline gasoline-driven machines. The open churn drill hole was cased with 21h-in. black pipe. In deep hole churn drilling, casing is one of the most important items, especially in drilling in un-consolidated material like the formations drilled by

Jan 1, 1953

By R. B. Krog

The use of belt air as an intake source at longwall operations has changed greatly over the past decades. The practical considerations for the use of belt air are controlled by a variety of factors, including airflow quantity and velocity, coal methane content, methane desorption rates, coal mining rate, belt length, stopping leakage and the number of gateroad entries. At longwall operations, the advantages and disadvantages of belt air are different than for gateroad development and longwall panel extraction. During gateroad development, the use of belt air to ventilate the working section will reduce the leakage from the intake to the belt compared to the belt air being ventilated outby the working sections because of lower pressure differentials. A greater quantity of airflow will reach the last open crosscut with the belt on intake than outby, given the same amount of pressure and airflow available at the mouth of the section. This paper will investigate the current ventilation practices regarding the use of belt air during gateroad development and longwall panel extraction. Operating considerations regarding air quantities and pressures to deliver the required airflow will be investigated using ventilation network modeling.

Jan 1, 2010

By REED H. HYDE

IN these days of low metal prices and difficult marketing conditions, any treatment that will improve the grade of a product is of interest, particularly when the operation involves little or no addition to the total cost and may even result in a marketable by-product. Such a' combination of circumstances exists, in some cases, in the zinc industry, where it has been found that certain impurities can be removed from .the ore during the Dwight-Lloyd sintering operation, previous to reduction to metal. Consequently it is not surprising that zinc smelters having these sintering machines are paying particular attention to this phase of the operation. Loss of zinc as fume is very low under the conditions obtaining in sintering zinc ores, but impurities such as cadmium and lead are more readily fumed off and it is on this fact that the purification is based. As a result of preferential volatilization of these impurities a sintered product' is made from which purer zinc metal or oxide can be produced, while the fume may be collected and treated to recover the impurity metals. To be effective the operation must be carefully conducted, but no special equipment other than that of a well designed Dwight. Lloyd plant is needed.

Jan 1, 1931

By M. Tokumasu, T. Mutoh, Y. Sugawara

"In October 1986, a process computer was introduced in order to achieve an optimum combustion of pulverized coal at the reverberatory furnaces. The secondary combustion air volume is controlled based on the nitrogen oxide concentration of the off-gas from the reverberatory furnaces. The carbon monoxide concentration has strong relation with the concentration of nitrogen oxide under the situation of using alternative fuels, such as chipped tires and p,ulverized coal. Using this computer aided combustion control system, both nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations were stabilized and conventional monitoring and controlling apparatuses were absorbed into this computer system. Due to this easily operated system, labor cost was reduced and the operation of the reverberatory furnaces and the off-gas treatment plant became stable.IntroductionOnahama Smelter and Refinery started its operation in April 1965 as a large scale copper smelter and refinery in Japan. The green charged reverberatory furnaces were introduced and bunker C oil was chosen as the fuel for the reverberatory furnaces. After the oil crises, Onahama was forced to use cheaper fuels such as coal and waste tires, i.e., alternative fuels instead of the expensive oil. As the amount of the alternative fuels fed to the reverberatory furnaces increased, the concentrations of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide in the off-gas became unstable. Consequently, the fluctuation of the combustion condition became not to be negligible in view point of a combustion efficiency and pollution regulations. A process computer has been introduced to overcome these off-gas troubles and to reduce the operating cost of the smelter.Outline of Operation HistoryInitially, the operation started by one reverberatory furnace and then the capacity was expanded almost twice by additional furnace in December 1972. As shown in Figure I, the smelting throughput was depressed after oil crises in 1973 and 1978. From 1983 to 1985, some copper mines stopped their operations because of low price of copper metal. During this period, Onahama suffered from the shortage of concentrate production levels were depressed."

Jan 1, 1989

By Bing Song, Fei Xi, Xuewei Lv, Kai Zhang

The electric arc furnace process is a common method to produce high TiO2 slag from ilmenite. The pre-reduction process was proposed in recent years in order to reduce electricity consumption. In order to enhance the pre-reduction degree, high energy ball milling was proposed to improve the specific surface area of the ilmenite prior to reduction. In this study, the carbothermic reduction behavior of milled ilmenite concentrate was investigated. It was found that the ball milling method can result in a higher reduction rate and improved metallization of iron. The metallization of iron increased with increasing the time of ball milling. The metallization of iron with milling reached 89.49% when the time of ball milling was 70 min., while the FeO content decreased with 70 min. of milling from 11.84% to 4.76%.

Jan 1, 2014

By Wouter Hartman

Xuandong Coal Mine is mining coal in one of the most challenging underground environments in the world. This work has found that it is not only challenging but it also has the composition for some interesting rock mechanics and ground control conditions. The paper highlights the extreme mining and rock mass behavior conditions encountered when mining coal at 900 m below surface. It was found that the ground control environment associated with geological weakness, low coal material strength and stiffness, was reasonably well controlled; however, the chain pillar geometry and design did not take these geological weaknesses into consideration. Some of the chain pillars employed were quite large, which resulted in floor punching and secondary floor heave, which causes extreme difficulty for production. No barrier pillar has been employed except for the center 164-m-wide main headings pillar with a w/h ratio in excess of 40. After assessing the location and geometry of a 200-m-thick dolerite sill overlaying the coal measures, we found the probability of it breaking up into to smaller fragments and producing a larger goaf to be low. Therefore, the influence of the dolerite sill on chain pillar loading is considered small compared to the low coal, immediate floor and roof rockmass strength. It is further recognized that horizontal stresses could be locked up within the dolerite sill, which would likely result in regional bending that would be distributed through the chain pillars. This has, to some extent, already occurred, and the effects have been seen and felt through excessive floor heave, pillar punching, and coal bumps (seismicity). We?ve also found that there was a need to employ basic rock mechanics principals in assessing the stability of future multiple seam mining layouts.

Jan 1, 2012

By Andrews Allen

WE all remember when, a few years ago the preparation of coal was nothing but a matter of having somebody at the face or somebody in the railroad car pick out the impurities; also the sizes were generally' made" over a bar screen. Anything that was black was coal; and the only matecia1 picked out was the slate or rock-impurities that could be distinguished by eye or by hefting. This was all right as long. & coal could be sold at. a good price. After all, we are all in business to -make the most money honestly out of a certain acreage of coal and a certain plant. For this purpose what is required is the greatest possible recovery of marketable coal and the highest market price.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. J. Ilgner

Previous applications for using waste rock for backfilling in South African gold mines were reviewed and it was found that in many cases the mechanical equipment selected and the design philosophy applied did not meet the requirements. A more simplified system configuration is proposed, which allows the equipment to be relocated as mining progresses. Innovative high-intensity grinding and dense-phase pumping technology are proposed to provide a low-porosity backfill with a particle top size of 5 mm to 8 mm. According to recent rock mechanics modeling work, this comminuted waste backfill material can provide a good compromise between underground support characteristics and reliable hydraulic transportation behavior.

Jan 1, 2001

By Charles H. Moore

In the study of the properties of rutile pigments it became apparent several years ago that certain physical and optical properties could not be determined on particles of pigmentary size. Since reflected light is the dominant type which reaches the eye from small particles, the true color of pure rutile was not known. Most rutile pigments are acicular in habit, elongated parallel to the "c" axis. It was considered important to know the nature and tone of light transmitted, for example, by a basal plate. Further, as shown by spectrophotometric curves, there is a very strong absorption of light of 4000 k as measured on particles with random orientation. It would be interesting to see whether this absorption position varied with predetermined and selected orientations. Also, since the behavior of titanium pigments in a vehicle is important, a knowledge of the surface wettability of single crystals by various media should prove very fruitful. Finally, the optical properties of rutile are such that it should show, in a single pure crystal, greater fire and brilliance than the diamond. Mineralogists had long speculated that this would be the case and curiosity was strong to produce a single crystal large enough to cut.

Jan 1, 1949

By T. H. Eyde

Several hundred natural zeolite deposits occur in Tertiary and Cretaceous age formations of the western United States. Most of the large deposits are altered vitroclastic tuffs. Many of these deposits consist of a matrix of a high purity zeolite mineral or minerals in which fragments of unaltered rock are imbedded. These deposits represent an extensive resource of zeolite minerals which can be beneficiated to a consistently uniform, high quality product. The beneficiated natural zeolite products will possess many advantages over the selectively mined, unbeneficiated natural products currently being produced. These advantages will include: uniform particle size, high purity, consistent quality, high brightness, low iron content, high attrition resistence, uniform cation exchange and adsorption capacities, and low price.

Jan 1, 1981

By Richard L. Rains

In 1992, the Bureau of Mines evaluated mineral resources of the 34,043-hectare Caribou City and 41,943-hectare Stump Creek study areas in southeastern Idaho. No resources were delineated. The areas had been proposed for wilderness. Rocks underlying the study area are part of the Idaho-Wyoming Thrust Belt. At Caribou Mountain they have been intruded by diorite-monzodiorite. Where the intrusive rocks contact calcareous members of the thrust belt, skarn bodies have formed that host metal deposits. Gold, both placer and lode, occurs in the Caribou City area, and salt occurs in the Stump Creek area. Production records show 73.5 kg (2,363 ounces) of placer gold were produced; however, field studies indicate more than 2,000 kg (67,000 ounces) probably were recovered. Minor amounts of lode gold, silver, and copper were recovered from the hard rock mines. Production of salt from the Stump Creek study area in the 1860's was used by emigrants on the Oregon trail and also shipped to various mining districts for use in silver recovery. Oil and gas were drilled for, but all holes are plugged and abandoned. There are no current leases. Examined workings consisted of 25 adits, 3 shafts, 50 prospect pits, and extensive placer workings all in the northern tip of the Caribou City area, Current BLM records show 168 placer and 146 lode claims; 14 claims are patented.

Jan 1, 1993

By Philip Thompson

A part of the Bureau of Mines mission is to help improve the Nation's mineral posture by providing the technology for utilizing low-grade ores. In this regard, laboratory testing by the Bureau of Mines has shown that the removal of insoluble slimes using selective flocculation and flotation is a viable method for treating low-grade potash ores that have a high content of water-insoluble impurities. Results indicated that over 82 percent of the insoluble slimes could be removed from sylvinite ore containing 5 percent water insolubles and 13 percent K20 by using nonionic or cationic polyacrylamide flocculants and cationic, anionic, and/or nonionic collectors. Subsequent potash flotation recovered 87 percent of the potash in rougher concentrates containing 57 percent K2O. Sizing and cleaner flotation of the rougher concentrates upgraded the products to 60 percent K2O. Filtration of the water-leached insoluble-slimes flotation concentrates on a bed consisting of leached insoluble-slimes concentrate mixed with potash flotation tailings recovered 80 percent of the brine. Filtration rates using the mixed bed were nine times faster than filtration rates obtained when the insoluble-slimes flotation concentrates were filtered separately.

Jan 1, 1979

By M. P. Brungs, S. Haji Amini

Static dissolution of CaO into a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3slag and slags with additional fluxing agents (fluorspar, nepheline syenite and ilmenite) was studied. The slag was packed into dense CaO crucibles and heated to 1500ºC /1600ºC. After reaction, the crucible was air cooled and cross-sectioned. The development of the Ca2SiO4 phase and concentration profiles of various cations across the reaction zone were examined by Electron Probe Micro Analysis. At 1500ºC, a Ca2SiO4layer was found to form at the CaO/slag interface. No such layer was evident at 1600ºC. Ilmenite and nepheline syenite were found to be effective substitutes for fluorspar, increasing the rate of CaO dissolution.

Jan 1, 2004

By M. Piard

Fires and explosions are not likely to originate in clean gobs above pillar faces steadily driven through a solid panel in order to effect a complete extraction. As. to the storage which such a process implies where the market is intermittent, its cost will never equal that of abandoning large pillars in a fully developed property. Much less will that cost, thanks to the big sizes obtained, ever approach that of cleaning wet and dirty crushings robbed at great expense from small pillars exposed to many years of roof pressure. Even thick seams under bad roof may be fully extracted without the help of filling material. Fatal accidents from falls of roof owing to the great height of excavations, losses in coal, and the danger from fire, have compelled operators in South Staffordshire, England, to discontinue the stall-and-pillar system at one time supreme in the district, and to successfully adopt the following plan: A retreating' longwall is run along the top coal, as the first working; the bottom coal is taken in the same manner, after the fallen roof has become sufficiently consolidated to allow the mine to be reopened. A similar plan is suggested in this paper in order to deal with the outcropping and pitching seams found in the Kootenay measures.

Jan 1, 1930

By Lawrence Devon Smith

"The concept of risk is well established in the mining industry. It is acknowledged when estimates of reserves are expressed as proven or probable, when mining and metallurgical recoveries are applied to the ore, and when contingencies are added to costs. However, it is difficult to provide a quantitative assessment of risk. The significant sources of risk in a mineral project and how these are addressed in project evaluations are discussed. The discount rate is examined as a fundamental means of reflecting risk in discounted cash flow evaluations. Current industry practice is discussed, and a methodology for the analysis of risk levels is proposed that assesses the constituent components of the discount rate: real interest, mineral project risks, and country risk.IntroductionThis paper examines the components of the discounted cash flow discount rate and proposes a method of estimating project-specific discount rates. The motivation for this work comes from experience of project evaluations in which owners and purchasers had agreed on virtually every aspect of the evaluation except how much the project was worth. Agreement was reached on reserves, grad~, recovery, capital costs, operating costs, taxes, and, by combining these components, even on the fmal cash flow values. The only difference in opinion concerned the discount rate to be used in the calculation of the net present value. Depending on the life of the project, such differences of opinion can cause a variation of more than 50% in the value placed on a project! This is illustrated in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2003

By Karen C. Armfield, Gisele R. Passalacqua, Joanna Smith

When selecting a solution for improving resiliency at facilities, such as airports, utility and transit sites, there are many options to protect structures and equipment against potential flooding. Each case involves an evaluation of the several key factors such as: design flood parameters, the geography and geological conditions below the site, the facility, and the layout of buildings and equipment to be protected. Upon reviewing these conditions and conducting a cost analysis of various options, the most suitable approach to protecting a facility can be determined. This paper will compare the conditions at various New York City sites, and give detail to the solutions utilized at these sites to improve resiliency and protect each facility. Flood wall types varied as did the strategies for raising critical equipment, to meet the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 guidelines. Due to granular soil conditions, some sites may experience soil seepage below the flood wall resulting in the need for underground cut off systems. The authors will also present detail regarding the solutions used to control seepage. Various cut off systems will be discussed such as grouting and sheeting, explaining the factors that may impact the choice of systems. Another consideration in flood resiliency is the potential for a buoyancy condition on basement slabs when localized flood barriers are employed on first floor doors and windows. The authors will discuss the potential impacts of this condition on facilities and methods to mitigate this issue. 1. INTRODUCTION New York City is an urban coastal Metropolis with varied geology and low land areas. This includes but is not limited to sandy soils at Coney Island and the John F. Kennedy Airport. Soft marshes are found near Flushing Queens and LaGuardia Airport. Heavy rains and coastal storms caused disruption to daily life and heavily affected the economy of this vibrant City. For instance, in lower Manhattan business was interrupted in the Financial District. Power outage was widespread; commuter trains and subways were stopped and put out of service. Additionally, numerous residential homes were damaged in Coastal Neighborhoods such as the Far Rockaways and Staten Island. 1.1. Superstorm Sandy Flood Statistics On October 29, 2012 Superstorm Sandy impacted numerous facilities in the New York City Metro area. The resulting damage cost New York City more than $42 billion in repair costs. $33 billion was allocated to repair housing and infrastructure, and $9 billion was allocated to protect transit systems1. One of the major issues that impacted the city in terms of its preparedness was the high flood surge. The surge surpassed the former base flood elevation and reached as high as 13.88 feet (above mean lower low water - MLLW) in Battery Park at 9:24pm that evening. Tottenville, Staten Island experienced more damage where the water was recorded at +16 (North America Vertical Datum of 1988 - NAVD88), which is equivalent to 18.7 feet above MLLW (see Fig. 1). Not only was the surge at record levels, the waves in New York Harbor were also at record level where some buoy stations recorded waves of up to 32.5 feet. The City released “A Stronger, More Resilient New York” in June 2013, a plan laid out to rebuild communities impacted by Sandy and improve the resiliency of the infrastructure and buildings in New York City. Figures below help to illustrate the extent of the inundation relative to the projects being discussed.

Jan 1, 2018

By B. Wasmund, K. Adham, K. O'Keefe, C. Lee

"Metal chlorides (e.g. iron and nickel) can be pyrohydrolysed at elevated temperatures to yield an HCl rich off-gas and a metal oxide product. Typically, the high energy requirement for pyrohydrolysis is provided by the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel with air. Here, it is demonstrated that the use of oxygen-enriched combustion can result in lower fuel requirements and higher HCl concentrations. In addition, the oxygen enrichment can result in a smaller volume of off-gas and thus, smaller and less expensive process equipment. This new concept can be applied to both the spray roaster (SR) and the fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Similar to the aircombustion case, the oxygen-enriched process can use a direct contact venturi scrubber, to recover energy from the roaster off gas, but at a higher efficiency. The new process also uses an absorption tower for capturing HCl from the roaster off-gas, but generates a stronger HCl solution than is possible with pyrohydrolysis in air.BackgroundIn recent years, the metallurgical industry has become increasingly involved with developing methods for extracting metals, upgrading products or cleaning metallic products by using hydrochloric acid. These applications of chloride metallurgy often result in metal chloride solutions, which should be processed to regenerate HCl for reuse, and to recover the metal value as a product or by-product oxide [2, 3, 4].The pyrohydrolysis of metal chloride solutions has been done in two types of air roasters: spray and fluidized bed. The existing roasters burn a hydrocarbon fuel in air, to provide the required energy for evaporating the feed solution and to provide an elevated temperature for the chloride pyrohydrolysis to occur, according to the following reactions:"

Jan 1, 2011

By A. Roy MacLean

"In the Maritimes, there are twelve coal areas. From east to west, these include the Sydney coal field, the St. Rose - Chimney Corner, Inverness, Mabou, Port Hood, Pictou, Colchester - Debert, Springhill, Joggins - Chignecto, Beersville, Lake Stream, and Minto. The first eight are in Nova Scotia while the remaining four are in New Brunswick.In all these areas, the coal was formed during the Carboniferous period, which existed some 300 million years ago. However, within this period not all coal formation took place during the same time. There were three main intervals, which occurred at the time that the Riversdale, Cumberland and Pictou groups were laid down (Hacquebard, 1970). The oldest coals are those of the Riversdale Group. These coals were of rather limited extent, and only a few mineable seams are present, particularly at St. Rose -Chimney Corner and Port Hood. From these two areas only 2 M tons have been extracted, and 'measured' resources of 7 and 9 M tons respectively remain. The Cumberland Group coals are confined to Cumberland County and include the coals of Springhill and Joggins River Herbert -Chignecto. Some 43 M tons have been removed and only 7 M tons of 'measured' coal remain, with an addit10nal 39 M tons of 'inferred' resources. However, there are additional resources at Springhill, which will be discussed in more detail in a later section. The coals of the Pictou Group are the youngest and the most abundant, both in actual number of seams and in regional distnbution. These coals were formed during the Westphalian C and D, a time during which the main coal deposition in Europe also took place. Here belong the coals of the Sydney, Inverness, Mabou, Pictou, Debert, Beersville, Lake Stream and Minto fields. Their total production amounted to 469 M tons or 91 % of the Maritime total of 514 M tons. The remaining resources of all Pictou Group coals have been calculated at 254 M tons of 'measured' coal and 949 M tons of 'inferred' coal. As can readily be seen, the bulk of both past production and remaining resources occur in the Sydney coal field. The Sydney figures represent 73% of total production, and 87% of total 'demonstrated' resources in the Maritime Provinces. Next to Sydney, the Pictou coal field has been the greatest producer, with 59 M tons; it also has the second largest 'measured' resources, amounting to 25 M tons. However in terms of 'inferred' coal resources, the Mabou coal field, ~ith 140 M tons, ranks second to Sydney."

Jan 1, 1985