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By J. E. Johnson

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 11,1912.) THE subject of blast-furnace slag is one which has had much consideration, particularly from the scientific standpoint, and several years ago technical literature contained many learned discussions on the oxygen-ratio of the acids and the bases, all on the assumption that acids and bases must be present in a ratio depending on molecular weight and chemical valency. Much work has also been done, sometimes in conjunction with the former, on the total heat and the temperature of initial fusion or softening of various slags. A wider knowledge of the blast-furnace now enables us to say that for practical purposes this work has been of almost no value. It is now generally admitted that on the physical side the important point of a given slag is neither its total heat of fusion nor its softening-point, but its free-running temperature, since this is the critical temperature of the furnace. This temperature bears no definite relation to the softening-temperature, as determined by Seger cones, for instance, because some slags melt relatively like ice, with a very short viscous-range, while others melt relatively like tar, with a very long viscous-range. In one the difference between the softening- and the free-running temperature may be very small, as little as 100° F., while in another this difference may easily be 200° or 300°. The importance of this difference is so great in practice as to destroy completely the value of exhaustive investigations, even such as those of 0. Boudouard, published a few years ago.1 * Presented also at the Joint Meeting of the Institute with Section IIIa, Metallurgy and Mining, of the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1912. 1 It may not be amiss at this point to call attention to the excellent suggestion of Woolsey McA. Johnson, made several years ago, for determining the temperature at which different slags have the same practical fusibility. This suggestion

Oct 1, 1912

By S. C. Robinson

"IntroductionALTHOUGH most uranium deposits of the Canadian Shield lie along its western and southern margins, those of the Lake Athabasca region extend easterly along the north shore of the lake and beyond to Charlebois lake. The western end of this belt of deposits, in the vicinity of Goldfields, is 80 miles from the Palaeozoic contact, and its eastern end, at Charlebois lake, is 240 miles from the nearest Palaeozoic rocks.Deposits in this belt may be grouped in four districts, which are, from west to east:(1) The Goldfields district, an area approximately 20 miles square, centred on Beaverlodge lake and extending eastward from St. Joseph's point to Moose channel.(2) A small area in the vicinity of Sucker bay, which is about l0 miles east of Fond du Lac.(3) An area including Middle lake to the northwest shore of Black lake at the Nisto mine.(4) A fairly large area extending northward from the eastern end of Black lake, through Charlebois lake to Spreckley lake.HistoryThe region has stimulated interest in mining circles since the reconnaissance survey of J. B. Tyrrell of the Geological Survey of Canada in l893, who reported concentrations of iron along the north shore of lake Athabasca. The deposits were staked and re-staked up to the early 'twenties' but are too lean to form ore."

Jan 1, 1952

By R. S. Fowkes

The degree and manner of packing of bulk materials influences all phases of their loading, such as by a front end loader or a dragline, and their mechanics of flow, such as through a binhopper or an ore pass. The most important quantity in analyzing the handling of a bulk material is its shear strength which depends primarily on the same parameters as those that determine the packing state. Some of these are size, size distribution, moisture content, particle shape, particle orientation, and cohesion. The variables that affect the packing state arc vibration, pressure, intensity of deposition, velocity of deposition, and, when the material is confined, container used. The analysis of packing by a number of investigators has been done almost entirely with spherical particles. Most of these studies have dealt with monosized spheres. There is scant information on particles with angular shapes. Since most of the investigations by far have been concerned with ceramics and powder metallurgy, the particle sizes and ranges of size distribution have been small compared to those generally found in mining after fragmentation.

Jan 1, 1974

By Yang Shuxin, Guo Qiliang, He Ping, Lu Lizhi, Yao Rui

"We combined stepwise regression and constrained regression statistical method to obtain the best boundary conditions for the calculation of in-situ stress field in Wushaoling tunnel using finite element method. Our numerical results reveal that: the main geologic factors contributing to the initial background stress are gravity and tectonics; the principal stress values would drop in fault zones; the angle between the maximal horizontal stress and the axis of Wushaoling tunnel is acute; Wushaoling tunnel tends to become stable when this tunnel has 2:1 ratio of the height to its width; the possibility of rock-burst exists under high stress.INTRODUCTIONStress state of engineering region is an important factor affecting the stability of project. Geological disasters in the project area are closely related to their stress environment. Wushaoling tunnel which is 20,050 meters long, lying along Lanzhou-Wuwei segment of Lan-Xin Railway in China, is the key project of Lan-Wu double-track railway. The region surrounding this tunnel is under a high stress environment. Accurate identification of the stress environment of the engineering area and the interaction between geomaterials and geotechnical engineering construction holds significant scientific and practical value for engineering design, construction, and operation.Many scholars explored and discussed the present-day tectonic stress through investigations of tectonic evolution history (Ding, & Lu, 1986), crustal deformation (Zoback, 1992), focal mechanisms (Yang et al., 2003, Xie, Cui, & Zhao, 2004), and so forth. However, the above methods would only provide the approximate direction of the principal stress in a broad region, and could not give the absolute stress values. In-situ stress measurement is one of the primary means to directly gauge the current crustal stress. However, in-situ stress measurement can only be applied in small number limited by measurement conditions."

Jan 1, 2015

Coal - Surface Mining Coal Preparation Coal Utilization Research and Development Health and Safety

Jan 3, 1976

By Zbigniew Lubosik, Andrzej Walentek, Stanislaw Prusek, Aleksander Wrana

"The Carboniferous coal measures, mined across Europe including the major European underground coal mining countries of Poland, UK, Germany, and Czech Republic, suffer from increasing extraction depth. This results in major geomechanics problems associated with ground control and support design.With production being concentrated into ever fewer high performance longwalls, located at greater and greater depth, pressure to ensure the roadways’ functionality (required dimensions) continues to increase. Mining in deeper and more highly stressed mining environments creates several problems. The high stress and deterioration in geological and mining conditions in many cases causes problems with gateroads maintenance (due to excess convergence). That leads to costly production gaps, longwall slowing, transport problems, an increase in the methane hazard and in the general health and safety of the workforce, and deterioration in climatic conditions with major economic risk associated with interruption of the revenue stream. Time—and thus production—delays due to maintenance often result from insufficient geological and geotechnical data acquisition and misinterpretation combined with inadequate support for the type of rock mass.longwall face on the gateroad stability (described by the gateroad convergence, support load, and shape and height of the fractured zone around the longwall gateroad) are presented. The investigations were carried out in the longwall panel with roof caving located at the great depth, in conditions of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland.The measurement results showed that the gateroad fractures in roof strata began to occur at the distance of about 1000 m ahead of the face. Additionally, the load on support and gateroad convergence increased as the longwall face got closer.It is very important for coal mining research institutes and mine operators to investigate and develop practical solutions and apply innovative support technologies at a great depth (particularly for reinforcement and stabilization of roadways and other openings).Underground measurements of stability conditions around the gateroad is of great importance to mining practice, especially in planning and designing supports for longwall gateroads.The influence of the front abutment pressure results in an increase of support load, gateroad convergence, and shape of fractured rock zone."

Jan 1, 2015

By Constantino Capurro

For certain applications, coarse titanium nitride (TiN) precipitates can be deleterious for the final properties of the material. Hence, in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the generation of these precipitates, a thorough characterization of the particles observed in steels with different titanium and nitrogen content was carried out. Samples from liquid steel (tundish), continuous casting billets and final product were evaluated using an Automatic Particle Analyzer (APA) coupled to a Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). The location, frequency, size distribution and composition of the different particles observed were assessed. While only few TiN precipitates were observed in liquid steel samples, the density of this type of particle significantly increased in the continuous casting billets samples. Particles ranging from 1 to 10 µm were mainly found in the interdendritic zones of the as-cast structure. The density of TiN particles observed in these samples did not change after re-heating and rolling operations. A model to predict TiN precipitation during solidification was developed. A reasonable agreement was found between model results and measured data. Results of this analysis confirmed that the precipitated fraction of TiN increases as the product of steel Ti and N contents rises.

Oct 30, 2017

Roasting treatments were investigated to remove arsenic from a nickel concentrate. The main arsenic minerals and their proportions in the concentrate were niccolite (NiAs)-50%, gersdorffite (NiAsS)-40% and arsenopyrite (FeAsS)-10%. Thermal analysis showed that gersdorffite and niccolite began decomposing when heated above 640 and 830°C respectively. The maximum roasting temperature was limited by agglomeration of the concentrate above 900°C. A small vibrated bed reactor was used to investigate the effects of temperature and gas flowrate, the latter to sweep away evolved arsenic. At 900°C, 24% of the original arsenic remained in the concentrate. SEM examination of the calcine showed that the residual arsenic was associated with the calcium in the gangue minerals. Additions of sulphur (either as elemental sulphur or from pyrite) facilitated the decomposition of the arsenic-containing minerals, decreased reaction with calcium in the gangue and produced calcine containing 4-6% of the original arsenic. Treatment with chlorine during roasting was effective in reducing the arsenic content to similar levels. Generation of chlorine in the bed by sulphation of CaC12 also produced encouraging results. Arsenic, Nickel Concentrate, Roasting, Chlorine, Sulphur, Gersdorffite, Niccolite

Jan 1, 2005

By K. Eklund, T. Ahokainen

The Flash Smelting process is the most used production method for primary copper in the world. The basic idea of the Flash Smelting is to utilize the thermal value of sulfidic concentrates and melt the reaction product, in controlled conditions, without a need for external energy. This basic principle is utilized both in matte smelting and in Direct-to-Blister Flash Smelting Processes. In this paper, the behavior of normal (CuFeS2) concentrate of FSF-process is compared to the behavior of high grade feed material produced by Outokumpu Concentrate Upgrade Process with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CPD) simulation using add-in subroutines developed by Outokumpu Technology. Results consist of the information concerning the behavior of the suspension, reaction efficiency and other parameters concerning the reactions of the feed material. It will be shown that, using the Upgrade Process, the throughput of copper from the Flash Furnace can be almost tripled.

Jan 1, 2007

By J. Groppo, W. Zhang, R. Honaker

"Rare earth elements (REEs) found in coal are in the form of minerals, ion-adsorbed onto clay surfaces or inner layers, or organically bound. Rare earth minerals such as monazite exist in coal and have grain sizes smaller than 5 µm. In this study, froth flotation was successful in concentrating rare earth minerals existing in a thickener underflow material derived from Fire Clay seam coal that contained around 431 ppm of total rare earth elements (TREE) on a dry ash basis. Conditioning with fatty acid followed by processing using multiple stages of conventional flotation produced a final concentrate containing 2,300 ppm TREE. Using a laboratory flotation column to limit hydraulic entrainment, the TREE content was further enriched to around 4,700 ppm, which equated to an enrichment ratio of 10:1.IntroductionRare earth elements (REEs) are becoming increasingly important and have been widely used as raw materials for the production of phosphor, metal catalysts, magnets and batteries (Binnemans et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015). REE recovery from alternative sources such as coal and coal byproducts has the potential to stabilize the economic viability of coal mining operations while providing a dependable supply of critical materials.The average REE content of the world’s coal resources is around 60 to 70 ppm (Zhang et al., 2015). There are many well-known coal beds with high contents of REEs such as those in the Far East coalfields in Russia with contents of 300 to 1,000 ppm, the Fire Clay coal seam in eastern Kentucky in the United States with contents around 500 ppm and the Sydney Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada, with contents of 72 to 483 ppm (Birk and White, 1991; Seredin, 1996; Hower, Ruppert and Eble, 1999; Blissett, Smalley and Rowson, 2014). The occurrence of REEs in coal and coal byproducts can be classified into three types: (1) rare earth minerals, such as monazite and xenotime, (2) ion-adsorbed REEs on clays and (3) REEs associated with organic matrices. The rare earth minerals in coal and coal byproducts are very small in particle size, generally on the micrometer and/or nanometer scales (Honaker et al., 2014). Froth flotation, which concentrates minerals based on surface chemistry differences, has been widely used to treat fine rare earth industrial minerals such as monazite, xenotime and bastnaesite (Abeidu, 1972; Cheng, Holtham and Tran, 1993; Pavez and Peres, 1994; Pavez, Brandao and Peres, 1996; Jordens et al., 2014). As such, flotation is a promising method for the concentration of rare earth minerals from coal and coal byproducts."

Jan 1, 2017

By S. Banisi, A. Ghasemi, S. Zare, F. Ghorbani, E. Nematollahi

"Comminution is the most energy intensive operation which constitutes the major portion of operating and capital costs of the mineral processing plants. Working at the maximum operating capacity of comminution equipment plays a significant role in the efficiency of the circuit. Appropriate design of cone crusher feed box could result in the choked crushing which is known as a vital factor in achieving target performance. In this research, the non-uniform cone crusher feeding at the Sarcheshmeh copper complex was studied and appropriate measures were taken to solve the problem. The problem resulted in non-uniform and high wear rate of crusher liners and high fluctuations of power draw. In recent decades, the discrete element method (DEM) has been applied successfully to study the effect of different factors on the behavior of particles flow. In this work, various designs for feed box were tested using an in-house developed DEM software called KMPCDEM©. The best feed box design obtained from the simulations was selected, constructed and installed in of the cone crushers. The new feed box design resulted in more uniform feed distribution on the distributor plate of crusher indicated by a reduction of the standard deviation of power draw measurements from 13 to 3 kWh. The better control of the crusher, 49% increase in the crusher throughput and finer and narrower product size distribution were the main outcomes of the installation of the new feed box. Furthermore, the wear rate on mantle and liners of crusher not only decreased but it also became uniform.INTRODUCTION Comminution is the most energy intensive operation which constitutes the major portion of operating and capital costs of the mineral processing plants. Reaching the maximum operating capacity in comminution equipment is a key sign of approaching the nominal productivity of the process. Due to the effect of crusher efficiency on the downstream circuit performance, optimization of the crushing circuits has received considerable attention (Herbst, & Potapov, 2004; Quist, & Evertsson, 2010; Li, Huiqi, McDowell, Glenn R, Lowndes and Ian, 2014; Cleary, Sinnott, Morrison, Cummins, & Delaney, 2017). Improving the performance of crushing circuits not only decreases the capital and operating costs but also increases the efficiency of downstream grinding circuits (Jacobson, Janssen, & Urbinatti, 2010). In cone crushers particles can be subjected to two different modes of compressive breakage; single particle breakage (free feeding) and inter-particle breakage (choked feeding). The maximum efficiency of the cone crusher directly depends on the type of feeding arrangement (Operation Manual, 1977). An appropriate feeding must lead to choked feeding the cone crusher. If the rate and method of feeding the crushers are correctly be executed, the maximum efficiency of the crushers could be available (Jacobson et al., 2010)."

Jan 1, 2018

By G. H. Charlewood, J. W. McBean

"One hundred years after being developed, the diamond drill is still an essential tool in mineral exploration. The basic principle is unchanged, but the technique has been revolutionized, particularly in the past fifteen years. The cost of core drilling has not kept pace with the rising cost of living. The price of machinery, supplies and labour in drilling has doubled and trebled since 1946. Some of the techniques which have made it possible to hold the price line are described."

Jan 1, 1967

By Dilip Banerjee

"This paper discusses the Advanced Technology Program (ATP)'s support over the last decade to the development and use of process modeling as a tool to address some of the challenges faced by the U.S. metal casting industries. A particular focus will be given to highlight how process modeling can be used to improve the manufacturability of components needed for high performance and critical applications. The challenges associated with the design and production of thin-walled, cast parts with intricate and complex internal geometries will be discussed. Modeling issues associated with the control of the final grain structure in the solidified parts will also be addressed. This paper will describe the advantages of using appropriate mathematical models for designing new alloys for use in various applications.Finally, the role that ATP has played in uplifting the U.S. technological base through partnerships with industry and academia in high-risk research in order to bring to market new and improved products for the broader benefit of the nation will be discussed.ATP's BackgroundIn the 1980s, U.S. industries were losing market share to low-cost, high-quality manufacturers from Asian countries. Corporate leaders and policy makers determined that in order to sustain and grow market share, U.S. industries needed to improve their competitiveness and productivity through product and process innovation. There was evidence that companies were systematically under-investing in leading-edgetechnologies and failing to complete the development of new technologies [l]. There were also arguments in academic circles that pointed to a potential market failure in the area of early-stage technological developments. These concerns provided impetus for creation of the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) within the National Institute of Standards and Technology through the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. Through a rigorously competitive, cost-shared partnership with industry, ATP fosters the development and broad dissemination of high-risk technologies that offer the potential for significant broad-based economic benefits to the United States."

Jan 1, 2004

By Varadarajan Seshadri

The performance of mould fluxes in satisfying its quality requirements can have a significant effect on the efficiency of the continuous casting process and on the surface quality of the products. This performance is affected by various parameters including the characteristics of the mould fluxes, the quality of the steel being cast and the operational conditions of the caster. The extremely complex relationships involving the parameters mentioned above make it very difficult to have simple criteria for selecting mould fluxes for casting a certain grade of steel in a continuous casting machine. These difficulties led steelmakers and mould flux suppliers to select mould fluxes based mainly on plant trials. In the present work, a software to help in the analysis and development of mould fluxes for continuous casting was developed_ This software includes several models for prediction of mould flux viscosity and consumption. A mathematical model was also used to predict the heat flux through the mould flux. The proposed methodology was applied to continuous casting of crack sensitive steels_ Some of the results given by this software are presented, discussed and compared to plant data.

Jan 1, 2003

By S. Jain

Construction industry is considered as labour intensive, having shortage of skilled labour, unsafe with large number of industrial accidents. Construction industry requires high technology automation products (Robots) for improving productivity, safety, quality etc. Robots are developed by various countries in different areas like demolition, earthwork, bridge, tunnels, road work, underwater works, trenches and piping, maintenance etc. however they are still not used to their full potential by construction industry. Hence in this paper, the authors propose a ?model for adoption? of robots in construction industry. This model considers how a construction firm will adopt full scale robots like manually controlled machine, tele-controlled machines, computer controlled machines and cognitive robots and assimilate them through various stages.

Aug 1, 2013

By E Asakpo, S Chaffer, A Heath

Newmont has had continuous production at their Ahafo operations, Ghana, since 2006. In 2013, Ahafo initiated an efficiency programme to improve mill performance and reduce energy consumption. Following this assessment, a Turbo Pulp Lifter (TPLTM) was installed in the Ahafo SAG mill in April 2015 to replace the existing radial pulp lifters. Plant operational data showed delivery of a power saving of 10 per cent, an improvement in throughput of 3.3 per cent, with no loss of grind size. Pulp lifter life was also doubled from 11 to 22 months.However, during subsequent relines when the grates were removed it was found that one in four of the outer pulp lifters were wearing at a faster rate than the remainder. This was investigated by Discrete Element Method (DEM) modelling, which predicted some overtopping and internal recycle within the pulp lifter. Significantly, the model predicted that the recycled material would pass back down every fourth outer pulp lifter, matching the field observations. Subsequently, the DEM investigation was continued and became an R&D project to improve the TPL design. The results are summarised here, leading to the development of the next generation Spiral TPLTM.CITATION:Heath, A, Chaffer, S and Asakpo, E, 2018. The development of optimised pulp lifter design for the Ahafo SAG mill using discrete element method modelling, in Proceedings 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conference 2018, pp 585–594 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 29, 2018

By R. Elliott, H. Bayati

"Effect of time and temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of an austempered ductile iron, ADI, of composition 3.6%C, 2.6%Si, 0.4%Cu, 0.2%Mn are reported. Xray analysis and. microstructural observations indicate that lowering the working temperature, aging temperature, increases the lifetime of ADI significantly. Results show· that lowering the aging temperature increases the strength and reduces the ductility of ADI. DSC traces for ADI austempered at 340°C are presented. Comparison of the DSC analysis and kinetic measurements demonstrates that the DSC traces can be· used to predict the life time of ADI successfully.IntroductionAustempered ductile iron, ADI, is one of the most significant developments in cast iron technology over the past two decades. Outstanding properties of high yield, ultimate strength, ductility, fatigue and wear· resistance make ADI suitable for a range of applications including gears, connecting rods, crankshafts and agriculture machine components. The austempering reaction in cast iron occurs in two stages, Fig. I, in contrast to the single stage reaction in steel. In stage I the relatively low carbon austenite produced during austenitising transforms into ferritic plates and high carbon austenite, a metastable structure called·ausferrite. The high carbon ailstenite and supersaturated ferrite produced in stage I decompose into ferrite and carbide in stage II: to form a structure similar to the bainitic structure in steel. This behaviour exposes a well-defined processing window, t1 - t2, over which the maximum amount of ausferrite is produced, Figure 1. Whereas the bainitic structure determines the properties of austempered steel, ADI properties are mainly affected by volume fraction of retained austenite (VRA), austenite carbon content (ACC), unreacted or martensite volume fraction (UA V), compositiori and amount of carbides, and morphology of ferritic plates[l,2]. Due to the detrimental .effect of martensite and carbides on properties of ADI, an ideal structure of ADI consists only of ausferrite [l,2]. Thus, it is common to determine the processing window for each austempering treatment in order to identify the optimized austempering time. Decomposition of austenite (stage II) signals the end of the life time for an ADI component, therefore, the aging behaviour of ADI at different working conditions can be studied by determining the t2."

Jan 1, 2000

"In the conceptual stages of engineering, benchmarking and empirical ratios are commonly the only references for estimating the production rate of greenfield projects. For underground mining projects, the lack of similar cases often makes the comparison difficult due to each project’s unique geology, rock quality or other singular characteristic. This paper discusses an analytical alternative for determining the maximum achievable production rate for underground stoping mining by modeling production as a continuous process. The results show that long-term maximum capacity depends exclusively on the achievable development rate and the development intensity of the design. In operations constrained by backfill, the development rate could be limited by the backfilling rate. Extraction rate and stope size only have impacts on capacity estimates during the ramp-up period.These findings allow shaping of the maximum capacity profile of a project. They can be used as a tool for quick assessment of conceptual capacities, and sensitivities of mining rates. Benchmarking tests compared favorably with projects, mines in operation and scheduling exercises. IntroductionA key consideration in the value proposition of a mining project is its capacity or production rate (Tatman, 2001). At a conceptual level, it is common practice to refer to empirical references (Taylor, 1986; Long, 2009), rules of thumb (de la Vergne, 2014), benchmark ing studies or consultant experience to estimate or validate a target value. There is, however, a lack of analytical methodology to guide an early estimate of the maximum capacity.Araneda and Gaete (2004) presented an interesting mathematical approach to estimate the capacity of panel caving mines. Using a continuous model, they confirmed that the mine capacity is essentially determined by the rate of area incorporation, in terms of area per period, and ore column height. This simple relationship has been confirmed by multiple detailed scheduling works"

May 1, 2016

By A M. Ebbels, D Pratt

The current commodities super-cycle has seen an explosion in the number of mining projects demanding human resources throughout the world. The demand for key personnel currently far outweighs the international talent pool and will take several years to subside. A highly effective project team can be the difference between a successful project and a bad public relations exercise. Building an effective team and retaining the team members has become one of the major influencing factors for successful project development in the mining industry in the last decade.Increasingly, international teams are being established combining skill sets, subject matter experts, unique previous experiences and diverse cultures to deliver mining projects all around the world.This paper explores the characteristics of a highly effective team, the communication and geographic challenges and some potential pitfalls which influence the ability to form effective teams within the mining industry.CITATION:Ebbels, A M and Pratt, D, 2012. A great project team - Bringing together location and culture, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 197-202 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By Emanuele Osto

In late 2013, the installation of the world's first application of a break-through technology for rail hardening was started at Baogang Iron & Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. in Inner Mongolia, China, one of world's leading rail producers. The "Injector Dualphase Rail Hardening" (idRHa+) system was developed by Primetals Technologies and Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A. (RINA-CSM) a Technical Center headquartered in Rome, Italy. Baogang was a key partner, providing its large expertise of premiumrail producer, including its experience with existing offline technologies. With a design based on thermal, mechanical and metallurgical models, idRHa+ can apply customized cooling protocols, so to obtain the desired microstructure and hardness distribution across the rail head, with a high degree of accurateness and operation flexibility. idRHa+ can be installed in inline or offline configurations. During 2014, the system was successfully commissioned at rail mill #2 in the city of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, and entered the regular commercial production. This paper gives an overview of the key concepts behind idRHa+'s design, the progression of its commissioning and testing till the ramp-up to consistent industrial operation. Derived from idRHa+ research and experience, other water-cooling technologies are available for different applications such as: quenching & tempering of medium-large sections, control of distorsion of merchant bars, quenching of stainless grades for improving the resistance to corrosion.

Aug 16, 2017