Search Documents

Table A. Conversion of English to SI Units Table B. Strength Properties of Rocks Table C. Engineering Properties of Rock Table D. Properties of Common Minerals Table E. Material Properties and Characteristics Table F. Heat Value of Various Fuels Table G. Geometrical Relationships and Mensuration Formulas Table H. Standard Sizing and Meshes Table I. Ship Measures Table J. International Atomic Weights Table K. Time Value of Money Factorsfor Discrete Compounding

Jan 1, 2008

By Howard Willey

Mining operations of the Charcas unit at present are limited to the Tiro General mine at Charcas, in the State of san Luis Potosi, Mexico. The Tiro General mine was first operated during the Spanish occupation of Mexico for rich silver ores in an oxidized zone along the outcrop of the principal vein. In depth the ore is a complex sulfide with widely varying proportions of sphalerite, argentiferous galena and chalcopyrite ; and until recent years, it was economically impossible to carry on mining otherwise than irregularly in sections of the veins richest in galena and chalcopyrite. The advent of selective flotation brought the orebody as a whole within the field of economic interest, and a flotation mill of 650 metric tons daily capacity was constructed in the year 1925. The mining of partly worked-out sections of the mine, as well as the very heavy ground in most of the stopes opened in virgin ore, presented an unusually difficult problem. This paper describes the so-called "filled top slice" stoping method finally adopted as the standard system. Physical and Geological Conditions The principal orebody of the mine is an oreshoot about 1400 ft ng in a fissure vein striking about east and west and with an average lip of 70" to the north. The footwall of the orebody is fairly cleancu and regular both longitudinally and vertically and generally shows a dell-marked post-mineral slip. The footwall rock varies from a fairly strong limestone to a broken, metamorphosed limestone which requires heavy timbering. In some sections it is an altered, crumbly porphyry, which swells badly and necessitates frequent renewal of drift and raise tirnber. The hanging wall is irregular and frequently an assay wall. The stopina width ranges from a few feet up to more than 90 ft.; it averages about 30 ft. For the most part the hanging-wall rock is a shattered and altered monzonite porphyry, nearly aways requiring heavy timbering. The orebody is greatly fractured by post-mineral movement, which usually followed the footwall and left it as a smooth surface frequently covered with a slippery clay gouge. Two well marked transverse faults

Jan 1, 1931

By C M. Zammit, N Cook, F Reith, C L. Ciobanu, J Brugger

The role of biological agents in the gold mining industry is currently limited to the use of microorganisms in bioleaching and bioremediation. However, there is a variety of possibilities in which biotechnology could aid the mining industry in the future. In this article we discuss the potential for the development of these novel biotechnologies and the role they can play in the exploration for new gold deposits, the processing of ores and the post-mining remediation of sites. The development of these biotechnologies has been enabled by rapid advances in our molecular-level understanding of the role microorganisms play in the solubilisation, dispersion and precipitation of gold. An understanding of the distribution of microbial species in soils overlying mineralisation can be utilised to develop bioindicator systems that assist with gold exploration. An in-depth knowledge of how microorganisms interact with gold complexes is being used to develop in-field biosensors, supporting exploration. Processing technologies may be improved based on advances in our understanding of the interactions between microorganisms, ore minerals, cyanide and gold. For instance, cyanide-producing microorganisms are being investigated for use in in situ leaching of gold. In turn, the use of cyanide-utilising microorganisms for the degradation of cyanide is being explored. Combined, the implementation of these biotechnologies in the gold mining sector may revolutionise the industry, leading to greener, more efficient exploration for and extraction of gold.CITATION:Zammit, C M, Cook, N, Ciobanu, C L, Brugger, J and Reith, F, 2013. Possible future applications of biotechnologies in the gold industry - a prospective approach, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 233-244 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

By E. L. Martheleur

A general expression for the electric power generated or consumed in a direct-current circuit is obtained by multiplying the reading of a suitable voltmeter connected across the terminals by the reading of an ammeter connected in the circuit. by the reading of an ammeter connected in the circuit. When alternating currents are considered, the product of the volts and amperes as obtained for direct currents does not generally represent the true energy involved; it is greater than this true energy and should be multiplied by a certain factor which may have any value between zero and unity, according to the conditions of the circuit. This factor is called the power-factor of the system, and expresses the ratio of the true energy over the apparent energy. For a three-phase system the expression of the apparent energy is [\/ 3 x E x I; ] while the expression of the true energy, that is, energy suitable for mechanical work, is [v? 3 x E x I x cos A.] The total current of a circuit corresponds to the reading of an ammeter connected in the circuit; it is the resultant of two currents. The first of these is in phase with the voltage, and is that portion which really produces mechanical work; the second is always in quadrature with the voltage, that is it may lead or lag the voltage by 90° according to the condition of the circuit. This second current does not produce any sensible work, and for this reason is sometimes called wattless current or reactive current.

Jan 1, 1924

By Márcia M. S. M. Pereira, Hervé Tavernier, Gérson T. Ferreira, Caio Nogueira Araujo Diniz, Fabio Luiz Lourenço, Wagner C. Moreira, Vinicius Cunha Aranda

Pós fluxantes desempenham um papel significativo na qualidade do aço durante o processo de lingotamento contínuo. Os pós fluxantes são escórias sintéticas usadas para lubrificar o molde durante o lingotamento contínuo do aço. Para que isso ocorra, o fluxante deve apresentar as seguintes funções: isolamento químico e térmico do aço, absorção de inclusões não metálicas do aço, lubrificação do molde e controle da transferência de calor entre o aço e o molde. O desempenho de cada função está relacionado às propriedades químicas e físicas do pó fluxante, que são dependentes de sua composição química e sua composição mineral, devido a sua relação com a taxa de fusão do material. A fim de garantir uma produção eficiente e de alta qualidade durante o lingotamento de um aço ultra baixo carbono, os pós fluxantes A e B foram investigados de acordo com diferentes propriedades físico-químicas. Diversos experimentos laboratoriais foram realizados para comparar o desempenho dos materiais A e B, visando à diminuição de captura da escória pelo aço no molde: avaliação do comportamento de fusão e fluidez, composição química e viscosidade. As temperaturas de processo foram avaliadas através de testes estatísticos, visando caracterizar o fluxo de calor e o trabalho de fricção durante lingotamento. Os testes industriais preliminares, realizados na Ternium Brasil, foram conduzidos com o objetivo de analisar o comportamento do pó fluxante durante a operação de lingotamento contínuo em relação a alguns aspectos operacionais e fornecer informações sobre sua influência na qualidade superficial do aço. Os resultados mostraram que, aumentando a viscosidade do fluxante, o consumo de pó tornou-se menor, levando a um maior trabalho de fricção e menor fluxo de calor no molde. No entanto, o comportamento da camada de escória mostrou que, apesar do aumento da força de atrito no molde, a espessura da escória foi adequada e não houve relatos de defeitos superficiais durante o uso do material fluxante de maior viscosidade.

Oct 1, 2019

By Scott A. Stebbins

This Bureau of Mines publication presents a method for estimating capital and operating costs associated with the exploration, mining, and processing of placer deposits. To ensure representative cost estimates, operational parameters for placering equipment and basic principles of placer mining techniques are detailed.

Jan 1, 1987

By F. H. McDowell

DURING the last eighteen months the Tilly Foster Iron Mine Company, the President of' which is Mr. E. I?. Hatfield and the Managing Director Mr. B. G. Clarke, has been carrying out a plan

Jan 1, 1889

By José Beltrán

El monitoreo de condiciones es una herramienta importante en las operaciones mineras -en tanto asegura una buena salud de los equipos de producción. En ese sentido, el presente texto muestra los resultados de un equipo evaluador que opera el sistema de condiciones MineCare y valida distintos casos de análisis reales y cotidianos, verificando las ventajas de utilizar esta herramienta en ejemplos reales para las mejores prácticas operacionales dentro de la operación extractiva minera.

Mar 1, 2016

By J. L. Watson

The composite nature of titanomagnetites found on the west coast of the north island of New Zealand is an important parameter in the beneficiation of the black beach sands for export to Japan. To investigate this composite nature, borehole and plant samples from the Waipipi Ironsands Ltd property were subjected to a series of separations in heated Clerici solutions at densities varying from 3.2 to 4.6 g/cc. The resulting density fractons were analyzed magnetically and a set of distribution curves for composite grains proposed. In addition the experi¬mental data was plotted to produce titanomagnetite sand 'washability curves" which illustrate the possible problem areas in beneficiation that may arise due to composite titanomagnetite grains. From this data a set of guidelines are suggested for interpreting the curves in terms of ease of gravity concentration. The composite nature or liberation of titanomagnetite grains is shown to favor high and low grade composites with few intermediate compositions being isolated. The relationships between grain size, borehole depth and liberation are examined and related to beneficiation procedures for the black sand deposit.

Jan 1, 1982

By Jorge James

En los últimos 20 años la conflictividad social alrededor de las minas y proyectos mineros ha aumentado debido a diferentes razones. Haciendo un análisis de los conflictos se pueden extraer lecciones que sirvan a las empresas mineras para evitar, o al menos mitigar, conflictos futuros. Esta lista de 50 lecciones puede servir como una guía de lo que hay que hacer, de lo que hay que evitar, o por lo menos de qué temas se deben tomar en cuenta al momento de desarrollar un proyecto minero.

May 10, 2023

By Michel Fillon

Hydrostatic assistance is a commonly used method to improve limited load carrying ability of tilting-pad thrust bearings during transient states of operation of the vertical shaft hydro-generators. Despite of special hydraulic equipment (as pumps, valves etc.), it also requires manufacturing of special recesses/pockets at the pad sliding surfaces, into which oil is injected under high pressure. It allows to lift the rotor before start-up of the machine and form a hydrostatic film between the pads and the collar. There is a quite wide variety of geometry of recesses (shape, depth, size) met in practical large bearing applications. The presence of a hydrostatic pocket (usually located in the sliding surface above the pivot area, where thin film, high oil pressure and temperature are observed) affects bearing performance under hydrodynamic operation. In theoretical researches, there is an almost common practice not to include hydrostatic recess in THD or TEHD analysis. This is probably due to the problems with obtaining solution for oil film geometry with pocket, with pocket depths order of magnitude larger than gap thickness. In this paper, an attempt was taken to study the effect of the lifting pocket on THD performance of a large tilting-pad thrust bearing of ltaipu power plant. Bearing performance was evaluated including recess shape for several cases of its depth. The results show, that hydrostatic recess changes calculated bearing properties quite significantly, especially in the vicinity of the pocket.

Jul 31, 2018

By Takuya Shinagawa

After vitrification of the residues from a municipal solid waste incinerator, the vitrified products can be used as a construction material, and the dust can be used as raw materials for the non- ferrous industry. The NKK electric-resistance furnace is operated under a reducing atmosphere, and heavy metals such as zinc and lead in the ash vaporize to form dust. Also, dust from the NKK electric-resistance ash melting furnace is composed of water insoluble zinc and lead components and water soluble NaCl and KCI. This is why, The concentration of zinc and lead in the dust after washing is sufficiently high for the dust to be used as a raw material for the zinc and lead industry. NKK developed a heavy metal recovery process in which zinc and lead in the dust are reclaimed as a raw material for smelting by making the best use of the characteristics of the dust.

Jan 1, 2002

By M. B. Cooke

An analytical method for the determination of the gum-forming material in gasoline has been developed by the Bureau of Mines, during a study nor in progress to determine the best rays for elimination of such constituents from gasoline. This method is similar in principle to that previously described by Smith end Cooke,2 which involved evaporation of e sample of gasoline in a small glass dish. The evaporation was started on an actively boiling steam bath and completed in an air oven at 105°C. In the improved method described below, the stem bath has been replaced by a steam heated oven in which an inert atmosphere is maintained. Air is excluded from the oven, consequently the precision of the determination is increased. Furthermore, evaporating dishes different from those previously described may be used.

Jan 1, 1925

By John C. Machisak

Employment and related injury experience of the coking industry in the United States for 1956 contained in this publication is summarized under three general sections: (A) General injury experience: Tables 1 to 9: Current and comparable statistics on operating data, number, frequency, and degree of severity of injuries and major accident agencies involved in the cause of injuries. Data are presented for the industry as a whole, for each type of oven, and for the States in which coke was produced. (B) Selected injury experience: Tables 10 to 15: Comparable injury data covering 5- and 10- year periods on the number and degree of severity of injuries and major accident causes.

Jan 1, 1958

During the period 1981 - 1991, Esso Australia and their Joint Venture partners have discovered about 180 MB of liquids (crude and condensate), 60 MB natural gas liquids and 800 - 1000 GCF of gas. A total of 48 wildcat wells were drilled including 12 new pool discoveries drilled from platform facilities. Significant discoveries include the West Tuna, Kipper, Blackback and Terakihi fields. These four discoveries, contribute to 75 per cent of the total reserves discovered in the last decade and were all high-risk plays. The Kipper discovery, in the pre-Latrobe Golden Beach Group top sealed by volcanics, and the Blackback-Terakihi discoveries, located on the present day continental slope in water depths ranging from 300-700 metres are both the result of successful drilling outside the traditional exploration bounds for the basin. During the last decade, Esso and its partners have spent about A$400M on wildcat exploration activity. The exploration success rate, excluding platform based drilling, has been 50 per cent for wildcat wells. On a technical front, the last decade has heralded substantial improvements in seismic data quality. Peak frequency content in seismic data at the Latrobe Group target levels is now double that of the early 1980s. Significant advances have also been made in our understanding of sequence stratigraphy, geochemistry and geohistory of the basin.

Jan 1, 1992

By Douglas B. Silver

Addwest Minerals' turnaround of the Gold Road Mine in 1996 proves the old adage "mines are made, not found." The underground mine, located in Arizona's San Francisco mining district, was reopened in 1995. Start-up proved difficult because the initial mining method created significant ore grade dilution. With the operation's viability in question, only management's belief in the property and tenacity in the face of changing corporate ownership kept Gold Road from losing in the same year it opened. y changing mining methods in early 1996, Addwest re¬duced operating costs and created a profitable mine that continues to add to its reserve base.

Jan 1, 1997

By Harwant Singh

El presente texto describe la geología médica como un recurso de iderazgo ambiental. Así también se describe el medio ambiente, los procesos micronivelados y los componentes del sistema Tierra.

Sep 1, 2012

By Benedict Shubart

The subject of this paper may seem threadbare to, many of you, but even if I repeat what you already know, just smile to yourself and think how much wiser you are than your neighbor, for it is startling what a number of tipples are erected that violate the elementary fundamentals not only of good design but of practical operation. Possibly a coal screening plant is a simple plant. If so, we treat it like we do a great many other simple things. We treat it entirely too lightly and fail to take into consideration, not only the changes that may occur later, the conditions we may be compelled to meet as competition changes, but even the elementary physical conditions that exist right at the tipple site. If I get too positive over some particular point, don't blame me, but remember some of the heart-breaking experiences we have had correcting these omissions, trying to make a tipple do merely what it was designed to do, when the builder tied everything up in such a constricted space, that no room was left to get the results he must have. Perhaps some of the things will look too expensive. Don't say that you can't afford them. Many of them you can't afford to do without, and when you figure that a tipple is put up for possibly twenty years of operation, you can't afford to omit any reasonable precaution not only in taking care of the present, but in foreseeing the future. We will consider a tripple screening plant, suitable for Western conditions, capable of handling approximately 2,500 tons per eight hours. The largest screen sizes must be loaded into either open cars or box cars, and arrangement provided for screening and loading not less than five sizes of coal: lump, egg, nut, slack, dust, or any reasonable combination of these. As we are considering only the preparation of the coal, we will omit all consideration of the method of haulage, pit cars, methods of dumping, and will take the coal after it is in the dump hopper. The track arrangement will frequently be determined by the ground layout. Our sizes and tonnage can be loaded on three tracks, but four tracks are better. The two outer tracks should be left for loading lump coal, No. 3 track should be left for egg coal, and No. 4 track for loading nut, slack and dust. Where a fifth track can be provided, No. 5 track should be held open only for run-of-mine coal, to act as a storage where emergency coal can, be run, should there be any delay in the screening equipment or in changing cars. Track No. I should be used for loading lump coal into box cars only. Track No. 2 should be used for loading lump coal into open cars only, and may or may not be provided with picking table, loading boom, or both. Where picking is necessary, a picking table can frequently be put between the two "lump tracks, heading down track, pivoted at one end, so it may be raised or lowered to feed either open or box cars; with

Jan 1, 1921

By W. R. Ingalls

THE paramount subject of interest and concern at the present time is the readjustment in economic conditions following the cataclysmic disturbance produced by the war and the misconceptions leading to an orgy of extravagance that prevailed during two years following the armistice he, time is too short for me to undertake to review the nature and extent of the upheavals occurring between August, 1914, and October, 1920. Bulky volumes will be written about them. . But I shall have to refer to some of the results in order to outline a prognosis. It is the future, not the past;' that is of most interest to us. Let me be so bold as to say, without further preface, that I am not optimistic as to the near future. .We shall, indeed, have revivals in trade, but they will be delusive if their nature be not 'understood. We shall build hopes and expectations upon political maneuvers and events, only to find in the end that they were folly. In the meanwhile fundamental economic influences will continue to exert their steady and irresistible pressure. The new administratiow at Washington has no magic wand with which to kindle the fires in our idle steel furnaces, or create a million new houses for the people; nor can the premiers of Europe put into motion the spindles of the cotton and woolen mills, or by any incantations compel the people of the Orient to buy goods. The people of the Orient, and of, Europe, and of the two Americas are in the grip of the same economic forces. The readjustment has proceeded further in some parts of the world than in others. In the United States I do not think we, have gone more than over the threshold. I shall tell you why 1 think thus, but in telling you I shall be limited, in view of the immensity of the subject, to a series of bald statements, without much elucidation.

Jan 1, 1921

By H Waterer, L Zheng, T Kalinowski

The Hunter Valley Coal Chain (HVCC) consists of mining companies, rail operators, rail track owners and terminal operators, together forming the worldÆs largest coal exporting facility. In 2008, the throughput of HVCC was about 92 million tonnes, or more than ten per cent of the worldÆs total trade in coal for that year. The coal export operation generates around $15 billion in annual export income for Australia. As demand has increased significantly in recent years, and is expected to increase further in the future, efficient supply chain management is crucial. The Hunter Valley Coal Chain Coordinator Limited (HVCCC) was founded to enable integrated planning and coordination of the interests of all parties, thus improving the efficiency of the system as a whole. One of the many planning challenges faced by the HVCCC is that of annual maintenance planning. Different supply chain elements, such as trains, railway track, terminal equipment and load points, must undergo regular preventive and corrective maintenance, leading to significant reductions in system capacity (up to 15 per cent). However good alignment of the maintenance tasks can reduce their impact, and the HVCCC undertakes an annual process to ensure the impact of maintenance on the supply chain capacity is as small as possible. This is achieved in an iterative negotiation process between HVCCC and individual service providers. In the past, maintenance schedule optimisation was largely manual, which for the more than 1000 tasks involved is quite labour-intensive.In this paper the authors describe an approach developed at the University of Newcastle in partnership with the HVCCC to automate this schedule optimisation process. We will discuss our experience in applying exact (mixed integer programming) and heuristic techniques from mathematics and computer science to address the problem. This work is anticipated to lead to new decision-support tools for the HVCCCÆs capacity planning team.

Sep 26, 2011