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By H. R. Payne, A. F. Gorton, H. A. Schwartz

In a previous paper1 we published what we believed to be a correct stable equilibrium diagram for an iron-carbon alloy containing + 1.20 per cent. silicon. The purpose of the present paper is to record the results of studies concerning the effect of silicon on the location of the eutectoid points of both systems, including also certain incidental observations of general interest. We prepared white cast irons containing roughly 21/2 per cent. carbon, 0.05 per cent. manganese, and 0.03 per cent. each of phosphorus and sulfur, but of accurately known silicon contents which varied from 0.40 to 3.32 per cent. These were completely graphitized, and both A1 points determined, as in our previous work, the specimens being converted from the stable to the metastable condition and vice versa by appropriate heat treatments. Each stable alloy was heated to a few degrees above Arl for 3 to 7 hr., quenched and analyzed for total and graphitic carbon, the difference being the "combined" or, better, agraphitic2 carbon content of the saturated solid solution just above the eutectoid transformation. One specimen was lost through accident, and the 0.40-per cent. silicon material gave an anomalous result ascribed to difficulty in maintaining the stable system in the presence of but little silicon.

Jan 1, 1923

Breaks in coal slurry impoundments can threaten the lives and health of area residents, destroy homes and businesses and contaminate water supplies. This dangerous potential looms over coalmining regions in West Virginia and throughout Appalachia. The Coal Impoundment Project was begun in June 2003 to provide an inventory and mapping of active and abandoned impoundments in West Virginia. The project also provides the public with specific information about the impoundments in their communities. It is dedicated to alerting residents of danger and evacuation plans, reducing risk to residents and finding alternatives to impoundments. Since its first year, more than 100 impoundment sites have been added to the project’s Website.

Jan 1, 2005

By N. Watson

Historically the insurance industry's involvement in any project has been relatively late in the process. Often it was a case of the last item to be ticked off the checklist has been to ensure that the insurance is in place. However, in more recent times insurers have imposed more restrictions on the cover they are prepared to provide, which has in some cases necessitated a change in the contracting structure to accommodate the insurance policy(ies). In addition, changing contractual practices have changed the allocation of risk between the various parties involved. This calls for a more proactive approach to the design and implementation of an insurance program for both the construction and operational phases of any resource project. This paper explores how a risk managed approach to the design and implementation of an insurance program for a resource project can align itself with current management approaches to project development. From the authors' experience, this approach is best adopted early on in the project (often in conjunction with the bankable feasibility study) and follows AZ/NZS4360 to objectively examine and compare a wide range of risk exposures of the project in a time-effective manner across the following areas: ? personnel; ? environment; ? general management; ? compliance - legislation, systems, protocols; ? asset management; ? change management; ? financial impacts to the organisation; ? products/services; ? service delivery; and ? technology. Having identified and then analysed the risk exposures according to common consequence and likelihood ratings the next step is to develop a risk map of all considered exposures. The true value of this approach lies in the development and implementation of a risk treatment plan for identified exposures where the exposure is unacceptable. The plans will lead to the optimal solution to the appropriate risk prevention, risk mitigation and risk transfer options available. This paper also examines other benefits to the project that may arise from adopting a risk managed approach in addition to the ability to design an insurance program which recognises the exposures and the ability of the organisation (and other project parties) to retain risk.

Jan 1, 2007

By Roger Malmström, H. Heden, Kjell Lidin

INTRODUCTION LKAB was formed at the turn of the century when the railways between the ore fields and harbors were built. The mines are situated north of the Arctic Circle in Sweden. Kiirunavaara is the largest mine, with a pro¬duction capacity of approximately 30 Mt/a. Malm¬berget has a capacity of about 12 Mt/ a. Both are under¬ground mines. Svappavaara, the only opencast mine currently in operation, has a capacity of about 4.5 Mt/a. The ore harbors are at Narvik for the Kiruna and Svappavaara mines and at Lulea for the Malmberget mine (see Fig. 1). Production in the form of finished products is shown in Fig. 2a, b, c, and d. Due to poor ore markets in re¬cent years, production and shipments have been cut back, but there was a positive swing in 1978. LKAB has been 96% state-owned since 1957. In addition to the iron mines in northern Sweden, LKAB has subsidiaries in central Sweden which produce sulfide ores, quartz sand, and uranium (Fig. 3). The mining methods employed are opencast bench stoping at Svappavaara and sublevel caving at Kiirunavaara and Malmberget. GEOLOGY The Kiirunavaara ore body is 4000 m long and av¬erages about 90 m wide, with variations in width from a few meters to around 150 m. The ore has been ex¬plored by deep drilling down to about 1000 m, but mag¬netic measurements indicate a depth of at least 1500 m. The Kiirunavaara ore is oriented in a north-northeasterly direction with a number of ores in the boundaries be¬tween the wall rock types. The ore in Kiirunavaara is mainly a fine-grained magnetite with a varying content of fine-grained apatite. The apatite content of the ore decreases with increasing depth. The other ores are all apatite-bearing and a couple are hematite ores (Fig. 4a, b). The ores are sedimentary, tilted, and tectonically de¬formed. They have a lateral dip of 0.87 to 1.2 rad (50 to 70°). The contacts between ore and wall rock are distinct and sharp, but both the hanging wall and the footwall are brecciated and impregnated with magnetite. The footwall of the Kiirunavaara ore consists of syenite porphyry with a low quartz content and rela¬tively good strength; the hanging wall consists of quartz porphyry. Both types are known as Kiruna porphyries. The ore at the boundary with the hanging wall is often rich in kaolin. There are a few veins of syenite porphyry running through the ore, which has a few major faults (Fig. 4c, d). There are two sharply delineated ore grades in Kiirunavaara: low phosphorus ore with less than 0.1 % phosphorus (about one-third of the ore) and high phos¬phorus ore with greater than 0.5% phosphorus. The iron content is 67% in the low phosphorus ore and 60% in the high phosphorus ore. These ore types are sold as different grades and so are kept separate during mining. MINING AT KIIRUNAVAARA The Kiirunavaara and Luossavaara ores were first mined using opencast bench stoping in 1902. When mining costs rose owing to higher waste removal, under¬ground methods were adopted. In the mid-1950s, the ores were still being mined on the surface at the same

Jan 1, 1982

By Gerald T. Homce

A system capable of monitoring mine electrical power systems and detecting impending component failure could significantly improve power system safety and reduce unscheduled equipment downtime. Such monitoring would require a method of evaluating electrical parameters, calculated from terminal values, for indications of component deterioration. The U.S. Bureau of Mines has targeted electrical failure of squirrel cage induction motors and examined the use of mathematical models to aid in this evaluation. The initial stage of this work is complete, and has produced polynomial networks called adaptive learning networks (ALN's) that can detect and quantify winding insulation leakage simulated on laboratory motors. In this modeling process, empirical data from laboratory motors were used to select the electrical parameters most significant for assessing motor conditions, and mathematical expressions relating these parameters to simulated deterioration were formed. ALN's developed thus far can process readily measured motor terminal information and quantify power and current levels of laboratory-simulated leakage to within 1% and 3% of full load values, respectively, for motors in the 10- to 150-hp size range. The next stage of this research is validation of these ALN's for actual motor failures; this stage is currently underway, using accelerated life testing of laboratory motors.

Jan 1, 1993

By Stephen L. Bolivar, Susan H. Balog, Thomas A. Weaver

A data-classification scheme was developed to detect potential uranium mineralization in the Montrose l º x 2º quadrangle, Colorado. The methodology developed is a rapid and efficient method of resource evaluation on a reconnaissance scale. The necessary techniques were developed and refined to digitize, integrate, and register various large geological, geochemical, and geophysical data sets for the Montrose quadrangle, Colorado, using a grid resolution of 1 km. All data sets for the Montrose quadrangle were registered to the Universal Trans- verse Mercator projection. The data sets include hydrogeochemical and stream sediment analyses for 23 elements, uranium-to-thorium ratios, airborne geo- physical survey data, the locations of 90 uranium occurrences, and a geologic map (scale 1:250 000). Geochemical samples were collected from 3965 locations in the 19 200 km2 quadrangle; aerial data were collected on flight lines flown with 3-5 km spacings. These data sets were smoothed by universal kriging and interpolated to a 179 x 119 rectangular grid (each grid block is 1 km2). A mylar transparency of the geologic map was prepared and digitized. All possible combinations of three, for all data sets, were examined for general geologic correlations by utilizing a color microfilm output. Subsets of data were further examined for selected test areas. A classification scheme for uranium mineralization, based on selected test areas in the Cochetopa uranium district, is presented. Areas favorable for uranium mineralization, based on this scheme, were identified and are discussed.

Jan 1, 1982

ABSTRACT' Mainland Papua New Guinea is formed of a microcontinental / island arc system (?Eocene - latest Oligocene Sepic arc) which in Middle to Late Miocene times was obducted over the northward- moving Australian plate. The sedimentary and volcanic units of this system form part of the Wogamush Group (Aure beds, Mena beds, Omaura Formation, Movi beds, Wogamush beds, Wogamush Formation. Nansananka Conglomerate and other correlates in- eluding cale-alkaline volcanics and carbonate beds). This Sepic event was followed in Pliocene-Present times by the obduction of the Finisterre-Adelbert-Oenake fore-arc or possibly oceanic plateau. Obduction of the Sepic arc produced crustal thickening

Jan 1, 1997

By John Fulton

The Connellsville coal-field is a separate strip of the upper coal measures, flanking the Chestnut Ridge along its western side. It extends from a point a few miles south of Uniontown, in Fayette County, following a northeasterly course parallel to the trend of Chestnut Ridge, through Fayette and Westmoreland counties, with its terminal prongs resting 011 the southern portion of Indiana County, north of the town of Blairsville. This belt of coking coal will average about three miles in width and over sixty miles in length, affording nearly, if not quite, two hundred square miles of this large coal-bed.

Jan 1, 1885

By W. T. Turrall, D. Porter

The paper describes a machine developed for the purpose of concentrating clear optical grade fluorspar crystal from a feed material containing less than 1 pct impurities. The principle of concentration is based on the fact that in a liquid having an index of refraction equal to that of fluorite (n — 1.434) clear crystals are invisible, whereas crystals containing occluded impurities absorb a part of the light. As the crystals pass through a light beam, undesired crystals give themselves away by creating a shadow on a photoelectric receiver. .The shadow is converted by the photoelectric cell into an electric pulse. An electronic circuit amplifies this pulse and commands the operation of a mechanical concentrator. Hp HE crystal laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Massa--*- chusetts lnstitute of Technology, was confronted with the problem of obtaining a supply of optical grade calcium fluoride (CaF,) for use in growing synthetic CaF, crystals. A search of the known fluorspar deposits did not indicate that any quantity of optical spar could be obtained. Even the best material had to be sorted by hand to remove impurities. The process for growing CaF, crystals developed by Professor D. C. Stockbarger of the Dept. of Physics, M.I.T., necessitates very pure feed materials. Exclusion of impurities is required, even in amounts detectable only spectrographically. The impurities occurred as minute inclusions of SiO,, BaSO,, CaCO,, FeS2, water or air. Crystals up to 4 in. in diam and weighing several pounds are made by the Harshaw Chemical Co. in Cleveland. Since the time required to grow a 4-in. crystal is about one week, and since the cost of manufacture is high, removal of impurities by any concentration method appeared practical. The mineral engineering section of the Dept. of Metallurgy undertook to investigate the possibility of concentrating clear optical fluorspar, —4 mesh + 10 mesh, from a feed containing over 99 pct CaF,. Various innovations of the known methods of concentration were considered, but in each case the minute amount of impurities associated with the crystal produced such extremely small differences

Jan 1, 1953

By W. T. Turrall, D. Porter

The paper describes a machine developed for the purpose of concentrating clear optical grade fluorspar crystal from a feed material containing less than 1 pct impurities. The principle of concentration is based on the fact that in a liquid having an index of refraction equal to that of fluorite (n — 1.434) clear crystals are invisible, whereas crystals containing occluded impurities absorb a part of the light. As the crystals pass through a light beam, undesired crystals give themselves away by creating a shadow on a photoelectric receiver. .The shadow is converted by the photoelectric cell into an electric pulse. An electronic circuit amplifies this pulse and commands the operation of a mechanical concentrator. Hp HE crystal laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Massa--*- chusetts lnstitute of Technology, was confronted with the problem of obtaining a supply of optical grade calcium fluoride (CaF,) for use in growing synthetic CaF, crystals. A search of the known fluorspar deposits did not indicate that any quantity of optical spar could be obtained. Even the best material had to be sorted by hand to remove impurities. The process for growing CaF, crystals developed by Professor D. C. Stockbarger of the Dept. of Physics, M.I.T., necessitates very pure feed materials. Exclusion of impurities is required, even in amounts detectable only spectrographically. The impurities occurred as minute inclusions of SiO,, BaSO,, CaCO,, FeS2, water or air. Crystals up to 4 in. in diam and weighing several pounds are made by the Harshaw Chemical Co. in Cleveland. Since the time required to grow a 4-in. crystal is about one week, and since the cost of manufacture is high, removal of impurities by any concentration method appeared practical. The mineral engineering section of the Dept. of Metallurgy undertook to investigate the possibility of concentrating clear optical fluorspar, —4 mesh + 10 mesh, from a feed containing over 99 pct CaF,. Various innovations of the known methods of concentration were considered, but in each case the minute amount of impurities associated with the crystal produced such extremely small differences

Jan 1, 1953

By Gary A. Kordosky, R. Brantley Sudderth

The solvent extraction process as it applies to the recovery of metals from solutions on a comnercial basis is described. The four types of classes of sol vent extraction reagents are explained: 1) solvation, 2) acidic, 3) ion-pair, and 4) chelation, and examples of each type of reagent system are given. The uranium and copper extraction examples, using the ion-pair and the chelate reagent types respectively, are presented in greater detail to illustrate the more subtle aspects of reagent evaluation and selection. Practical experiences in the laboratory and at some operating plants are a1 so discussed.

Jan 1, 1986

By Frederick Laist

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) WHILE remodeling No. 1 section of the concentrator at the Washoe Reduction Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. during the summer of 1912, for the purpose of ascertaining what additional metal recoveries could be made by improvements in concentration practice which had been developed by the staff of the Boston & Montana Reduction Department, at Great Falls, it was deemed advisable to carry on some experiments on the treatment of the regular mill tailings by roasting and leaching, to see whether the losses of metal values might not be still further decreased. In the course of these experiments about 5,000 tons of tailings were roasted, and of the resulting calcine about 200 tons were leached. The results were so satisfactory that it was decided to continue the work on a larger scale, particularly as regards the leaching end of the process, and construction work on an 80-ton roasting and leaching plant was accordingly commenced during the latter part of February, 1913, and is being pushed as rapidly as possible. 80-Ton Leaching Plant. This plant will consist of one 20-ft. roasting furnace of the MacDougall type, specially adapted to the work of roasting for leaching; two leaching tanks, .32 ft. in diameter by 12 ft, deep, together with the necessary solution tanks, air lifts, precipitating launders, etc. It has been decided to precipitate the copper from solution on scrap iron, so as not to hamper the roasting and leaching departments by any weakness that might develop in the precipitating department. It is, however, the intention to experiment with a number of different methods of precipitation ; for example, by electrolysis and by hydrogen sulphide.

Jan 7, 1913

By Frederick Laist

(Butte Meeting, August; 1913.) WHILE remodeling No. 1 section of the concentrator at the Washoe Reduction Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. during the summer of 1912, for the purpose of ascertaining what additional metal recoveries could be made by improvements in concentration practice which had been developed by the staff of the Boston & Montana Reduction Department, at Great Falls, it was deemed advisable to carry on some experiments on the -treatment of the regular mill tailings by roasting and leaching, to see whether the losses of metal values might not be still further decreased. In the course of these experiments about 5,000 tons of tailings were roasted, and of the resulting calcine about 200 tons were leached. The results were so satisfactory that it was, decided to continue the work on a larger scale, particularly as regards the leaching end of the process, and construction work on an 80-ton roasting and leaching plant was accordingly commenced during the latter part of February, 1913, and is being pushed as rapidly as possible. 80-Ton Leaching Plant. This plant will consist of one 20-ft. roasting furnace of the MacDougall type, specially adapted to the work of roasting for leaching; two leaching tanks, 32 ft. in diameter by 12 ft. deep, together with the necessary solution tanks, air lifts, precipitating launders, etc. It has been decided to precipitate the copper from solution on scrap iron, so as not to hamper the roasting and leaching departments by any weakness that might develop in the precipitating department. It is, however, the intention to experiment with a number of different methods of precipitation; for example, by electrolysis and by hydrogen sulphide.

Jan 7, 1913

By Pierre J. Goossens

The coastal Cordillera around the Panama basin is made up of a Cu-rich tholeiitic volcanic belt representing either immature, late Mesozoic, island arc, or oceanic ridge. The same belt is exposed (uplifted) along the western slope of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador and Colombia. Ni-lateritic, Cr-podiform, and Pt-(Au) placer deposits are formed there after or within ultramafic bodies of oceanic association. Younger calc-alkaline igneous activity provided the mechanism for porphyry copper and associated ore formation. This Cu (+Mo) mineralization occurs along a narrow belt exposed by the erosion of the volcanic cap. Ag-Pb-Zn(-Au) and Hg volcanogenic mineralizations occur within the calc-alkaline belt, but slightly eastward and only above the copper belt. To the east and in the Venezuelan Andes, Paleozoic and older sediments, volcanics, and metamorphics contain volcanogenic massive sulfide, Pb-Zn, Au, and Cu sedimentary and vein deposits, and sedimentary iron ore and phosphate. The Cenozoic Cu, Ni-Pt-Cr and a portion of Ag-Pb-Zn, Hg, and Au mineralizations occur within or just above the oceanic basement whereas the eastern- most Cenozoic Ag-Pb-Zn mineralizations occur within and above a pre-Cenozoic sialic basement. This continental crust is the northern extension of the Peru-Chilean Andes where no oceanic crust has been preserved, however. Cenozoic metallogeny and subduction relationships are unclear in the Northern Andes. Yet strong structural volcanogenic ore controls exists apparently due to deep strike-slip movement between two plates.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. R. Przybylek

A fluid bed dryer has been designed for a nonconventional application to upgrade the value of fine anthracite culm and silt recovered from culm banks and anthracite tailings pond beds. This material can be seen as large spoil piles scattered throughout the anthracite coal regions of Eastern Pennsylvania. Engineering of the system commenced in December of 1986 and at this writing start-up is scheduled for late October or early November of 1987. This paper will focus on generalities concerned With system design and operation, and qualify the differences from conventional fluid bed coal drying systems.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. Boisvert, E. Daniels, C. Deutsch

"INTRODUCTION Conventional mine planning is performed on a single resource model at a selective mining unit (SMU) scale deemed appropriate for the deposit and mining method. Estimation methods such as kriging and inverse distance, commonly used to construct a single model, are susceptible to histogram smoothing (Rossi & Deutsch, 2014). This can be mitigated by limiting the number of composites per estimate, therefore correctly reproducing the distribution of estimates (Boisvert & Deutsch, 2012). Search limiting techniques remedy histogram smoothing at the cost of introducing a problematic conditional bias (Isaaks, 1999) and introduces even greater spatial smoothing. Localization is an alternative, offering histogram reproduction through post processing of more robust probabilistic modeling techniques. A single localized model at the SMU scale is desirable. The correct histogram can be reproduced and a single model allows for the use of conventional mine planning and resource evaluation techniques. Despite the advertized benefits of localization, the necessary reliance on a larger panel scale as a middle step in the localization process yields unsightly “edge-effect” artifacts (Boisvert & Deutsch, 2012). Two approaches to artifact reduction are presented here. The first is a straight forward optimization approach designed to minimize an objective function that penalizes artifacts including panel edge discontinuities to generate a model free of panel edge-effects. The second approach redefines a panel in a less conventional fashion as a randomly chosen set of SMUs throughout the domain. This method produces a model void of any regular panel shape resulting in an artifact free model. Artifact reduction minimizes the obvious “edge-effect” issues of localization but local precision issues described by Boisvert & Deutsch (2012) persist. Localization is not a replacement for quantified uncertainty for comprehensive risk analysis and resource evaluation. LOCALIZATION Initially developed with Uniform Conditioning in mind, localization collapses a distribution of local uncertainty at a panel scale to an SMU scale model for mine planning (Abzalov, 2006). This process has been extended to Indicator Kriging (Hardke, 2011), Sequential Gaussian Simulation (Boisvert & Deutsch, 2012) and MultiGaussian Kriging (Daniels and Deutsch, 2014). The localization process is performed in a similar fashion regardless of which technique is chosen to create the prior model of uncertainty. Methodology There are three scales of importance considered in the localization process. The point scale, otherwise known as the data scale, is the smallest and is the scale at which experimental data is collected. The SMU or block scale is the familiar scale at which mine planning and resource evaluation takes place. Lastly, the panel scale is larger and contains a number of SMUs. Each of the three scales is illustrated in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2015

By Sullivan BJK

The 1100 orebody is a massive copper sul- phide orebody which contains a major portion of the Isa Mine copper ore reserves of 130 million tonnes at 3.2%. The underground mining of a deposit as large as the 1100 orebody is technologically a complex operation as extraction strategies have to be evaluated with reference to 1. rock mechanics considerations, 2. safety and environmental standards, 3. production and operating require- ments and 4. metal recovery and costs. The mining philosophy in the orebody has undergone considerable change over the past five years as a result of experience and improved technology. At this stage, primary stopes are extracted by high rise sublevel open stoping and pillars by slot and mass blast drawn either under rock fill or as an open Stope.

Jan 1, 1978

By E. C. Nelson

An equation is derived for calculating approximately the solubility of nitrogen in an alloy steel over a temperature range from 1200" to 1900°C using data on the effects of alloys on the activity coefficient of nitrogen in iron at 1600°C. Calculated values are compared with experimental data. STUDIES involving the solubility of nitrogen in complex iron alloys have been aided by a system devised by Lanenberg for calculating the solubility of nitrogen in ternary and higher alloys of iron at 1600C using available data on the activity coefficient of nitrogen in binary alloys. Calculated nitrogen solubilities agree well with experimental determinations on complex alloys,' and the calculation procedure is useful when experimental data on specific alloys are not required. A method for extending calculations of nitrogen solubilities in alloy steels to temperatures other than 1600°C would be useful because of the paucity of experimental data in this area. Assumptions which must be made to permit this calculation introduce an element of approximation; however, the calculation is useful in cases where a large number of alloys and temperatures are under consideration, and the precision of experimental measurements is not required. The activity coefficient can be freed from the isothermal restriction of Langenberg's calculation if it is assumed that the solution is "regular". This is a reasonably good assumption for solutions of nitrogen in iron alloys, because usually they are dilute and the heat of solution is relatively small. The presence of large amounts of certain alloying elements would make this assumption less tenable.3 One of the properties of a regular solution is: when "f" is the activity coefficient of a solute and "T" is the temperature in OK. If the activity coefficients at temperatures T and T2 are denoted by subscripts 1 and 2 respectively: The activity coefficient of nitrogen in a complex alloy then can be calculated at any temperature from the sum of the effects of the other solutes on the activity coefficient of nitrogen at 1600°C. It will be convenient to incorporate this expression into an equation which will give directly the logarithm of the solubility of nitrogen at any temperature in the presence of alloys. Two constants, the solubility of nitrogen in pure iron at 1600 "C and the partial molar heat of solution of nitrogen in iron are required. The heat of solution value of 1400 cal at 1600 °C quoted by Kubaschewski and vans will be used. The accuracy of the calculation will suffer if the heat of solution should change materially with temperature. In the absence of experimental data on the temperature dependence of this quantity, it will be expedient to restrict the application of the calcula-

Jan 1, 1963

By Pawel Strzalkowski, Marta Baszczynska, Urszula Kazmierczak

The paper presents issues related to interference of mining activities with the environment. Exploitation of mineral resources causes primarily a modification of the landscape. All of the negative impacts on environment are short-lived and last as much as it takes to exploit the raw material. After the mine closure reclamation is necessary during which all aspects that reduce harmful effects of the mining activities on the environment must be taken into account. Current ways of reclamation allow recreating natural environment, which is different from the original and enriched in diverse new values. This requires propositions of new forms of converted land development through a detailed analysis of technical, natural, planning, economic and social sphere requirements. Before making final decisions regarding selection of direction of reclamation, a thorough analysis of the key factors has to be carried out. All steps related to the implementation of the reclamation project are shown in the paper using Limestone Mine "Górazdze" located in the south-western part of Poland as an example. This paper also presents an analysis of current ways of post-mining reclamation towards agricultural and forestry landscape, along with our own suggestion for their extension in order to preserve biodiversity. For choosing optimal solutions the most relevant criteria were considered: existing natural values and possibility of their protection. Taking into account the economic and social aspects, supported by natural potentials, implementation of tourism and recreation in this area were proposed. It was shown that this proposition would not interfere with the current trends of the natural landscaping. Finally, after completion of reclamation and land development in the considered mine area, creation of a geo-park was proposed along with appearance of geotourism in the area. To illustrate the proposed forms of post-mining land development in the form of maps, an ArcGIS(ESRI) software was used.

Jan 1, 2014

By Wayne E. Glenn

A centennial meeting should be a time to take stock, to evaluate performance, to plan ahead. It is like a line in a televised commercial that goes, "You've come a long way to get where you've got to today." And no less should be said of the mining and energy industries. We have come a long way. A hundred years ago when AIME was founded, this country produced 23 million tons of bituminous coal and 5.2 million bbl of oil. The figures in 1970 were about 580 million tons of coal and 4.1 billion bbl of oil. In spite of such accomplishments, serious and compelling voices are heard in the land - doubting sincerity, questioning corporate structures, and challenging ethics. Those doubts are raised in one part of Washington at the same time that other sections of the Capitol are asking us to produce more energy in order to keep up with population growth, emerging nations, and new technologies. Those of us in the fuel or energy business frequently talk about the race for energy. The question is, can we develop enough energy fast enough to outdistance our present and increasing demands? Recently I heard of an incident that - in an odd way - caused me to think of the energy race. The incident involved a sky-diver who jumped from an airplane without a parachute. He was handed a chute in mid-air by a sky-diving companion. He put it on, opened it, and landed safely. In a way, it seems to me that our society is hurtling through space and that it needs some help from the energy industries to land safely. We're doing our best, but under some rather difficult conditions. Because of illegal strikes and work stoppages the coal parachute is snarled a bit. The cut in percentage depletion and other tax changes have put some holes in the oil parachute. And the gas ´'chute has been in trouble for some time because of unrealistic controls on producer prices. The irony of the situation is that some of the very people who have been taking potshots at the energy parachutes for a long time are the ones who are complaining loudest now because the 'chutes are not functioning the way they could. The safety of the entire nation can depend on the energy industries.

Jan 1, 1971