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By Sakshi Hazuria Anderson, Angela Binder, Oscar Jaime Restrepo Baena, Simit Raval, Sandra Nowosad

As the mining industry faces times of change, new challenges arise to ensure raw material supply for future generations. Different scenarios are currently shaping the way we mine and teach mining engineering. Led by an increasing demand for raw materials, net-zero requirements for improving long-term operation performance, technological advancements such as automation and digitalization, safety improvements, environmental considerations and a need for social acceptance, mining is pursuing to change and adapt to these requirements at a faster pace. Such changing times raise new concerns, one of the most relevant is the lower number of students interested or enrolling in mining engineering and related fields, leaving mining engineering as one of the less preferred career options for students. Nonetheless, it is essential to continue addressing and supplying the skill sets that are suited to the contemporary and future mining industry. To this end, globally, academia is currently undergoing several initiatives such as curricula updates and adaptation, upskilling, improving teaching practices and techniques, including e-learning techniques, enhancing industry-academia and inter-university collaboration, and much more. In countries like Australia, where mining plays a crucial role in the economy, the need for curriculum updates is more pressing than ever. As the mining industry evolves with new technologies and sustainable practices, there is a growing demand for a workforce skilled in these modern approaches. Recognizing this necessity, universities such as the University of New South Wales and Curtin University have taken significant steps to revamp their educational programs. By updating their academic offerings, both universities aim to equip graduates with the necessary skills to drive innovation and sustainability in mining, supporting Australia’s development as a leader in this critical sector. Moreover, the selection of topics that drive curricula update and the focus of the research institutions in mining engineering must extend beyond mere technological and technical aspects to include social and ethical dimensions. In this context, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, in association with the Colorado School of Mines, has introduced the topic of humanitarian engineering (HE) in 2020. HE is a sociotechnical approach that focuses on developing engineering solutions that promote the sustainable development of communities addressing their basic needs and aiming to improve their quality of life (Menéndez-Aguado et al., 2023; Smith et al., 2023). By focusing on sustainable development, community engagement and equitable resource distribution, HE helps the industry build positive relationships with stakeholders, reduce conflicts and foster social license to operate. As the mining industry seeks sustainable and socially responsible practices, future engineers require training in this area to understand the broader impacts of their work, fostering a mindset that prioritizes community well-being and environmental stewardship alongside technical proficiency. However, developing skills toward humanitarian engineering and sustainable mining among new generations of mining professionals remains a complex task. Integrating the necessary content to prepare future engineers for the multifaceted demands of the industry into a single study program poses significant challenges. To address these complexities, modern educational approaches such as the ones integrated in the mining engineering programs at Clausthal University of Technology can be leveraged to enhance both teaching and learning experiences (Binder, 2024b; Bothe-Fiekert et al., 2023; Nowosad et al., 2024). Innovative teaching methods, such as blended-learning, project-based learning, case studies, scenario simulations and interdisciplinary collaborations, can help bridge gaps by fostering critical thinking, creativity and empathy among students. By embracing modern pedagogical strategies, institutions can better equip future engineers to navigate the evolving landscape of the mining industry responsibly and effectively.

Dec 1, 2025

By W. C. Joughin

The science of soil mechanics is 100 years old, and rock mechanics is about 80 years old. While methods of analysis and design have been developed and have evolved over time, these are relatively young sciences. The rapid increases in computing power and new technologies have enabled more sophisticated modelling and monitoring. However, there are still many aspects of soil and rock mechanics that are not well understood. Geotechnical failures, which have major consequences, still occur. These consequences may include environmental damage, major production holdups and associated loss of revenue, damage to infrastructure, and loss of life. High-consequence events, which are rare, are more difficult to anticipate and to design for, because by their nature they involve extraordinary circumstances or conditions, often geological in nature. The risks are usually mitigated by conservative designs and monitoring. Detailed geotechnical investigations help us to understand the natural variability of soil and rock masses and identify unusual or unexpected conditions. Investigating and researching major geotechnical failures is essential to enable these unusual circumstances to be anticipated. In the past, severe unanticipated events may have been treated as natural events or ‘acts of God’. However, society now has much greater expectations and it is essential to have policies and procedures in place that enable appropriate management of these rare, high-consequence risks. A good example is the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM), which was introduced after the catastrophic dam collapse at Vale’s Corrego de Feijao mine in Brumadinho, Brazil. The address will explain the concepts of uncertainty and variability, and how they should be taken into account in geotechnical design. The challenges facing geotechnical engineers, mine owners, and managers will be discussed. referencing a number of real case studies.

Sep 6, 2023

By F. V. Meriwether

The Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Federal, State, and local health services, and the mining companies, and miners? organizations, has for several years been carrying on sanitary surveys of mining districts in various states, with the purpose of collecting information on good and poor practices in mine sanitation, construction of approved wash-houses and change houses, the measures being taken to combat preventable diseases, the essential features of good houses for mining towns, and other conditions affecting the health and efficiency of miners and their families. The knowledge thus gained is disseminated for the common benefit of the mining industry. The sanitary conditions in the coal-mining districts of Alabama, as found by a recent survey made by the writer, are presented in this report. In addition to the towns on which this report is chiefly based, at least twice as many were visited where no details :were taken, but their general conditions are taken into consideration in summing conditions in the coal districts.

Jan 1, 1926

By Erika Moonin, Jim Nickerson, Marcus Jensen

"This paper will explain how the Contractor and Owner avoided a contractual dispute involving characterization, impacts, and final remedy for challenging ground conditions encountered during drill and blast excavation of the starter tunnel required for launch of the tunnel boring machine (TBM). During excavation more than 600 feet underground, the Contractor encountered a large complex fault zone subject to more than 14 bar of water pressure. Successive ground inflows from the fault complex over a six-month period presented significant technical and partnership challenges for the team and ultimately delayed the project by nearly one year. This paper will discuss how the Contractor, Owner, and their respective consultants worked together to address these challenges, make decisions, and ultimately move the project to successful completion. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND NEED Seven states of the western United States of America rely heavily on the Colorado River and its tributaries for their water supply. The primary source of water for the Colorado River is winter snow that falls in the mountains ringing the Colorado River basin, including the Rocky Mountains, the Wind River Mountains, and the Uinta Mountains. Flows in the Colorado River vary significantly from year to year, depending on the amount of snow and rain deposited in the basin. During the 1980s and 1990s, snowfall was relatively abundant and Colorado River flows were high on average. Beginning in the year 2000 and continuing to the present day, snowfall has been well below documented historical averages and Colorado River flows have diminished. In fact, a trend toward diminishing flows is evident during the period of the historical record. This variability in Colorado River flows and the trend to lower flows is represented in the following Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2016

By Guocheng Pan

"Although many factors play roles in the estimation of recoverable reserves, smoothing effect and conditional bias are considered major geostatistical issues in the estimation. This paper introduces measures for smoothing effect and conditional bias, and provides insights into their relation to the estimation of recoverable reserves. Both smoothing effect and conditional bias are intrinsic to the information effect and kriging estimators. For a given level of drilling information, however, it is possible to identify the optimal search radius that minimizes conditional bias. Furthermore, it is also feasible to define variance correction factor for reduction of the smoothing effect from exploration block models. Both of these components are key to the accurate estimation of recoverable reserves. IntroductionThe accurate estimation of recoverable reserves is critical to decision making in different phases of feasibility study and mine planning. Much attention for improving the methodology of estimation has been focussed on the effect of the change-of-support (Parker, 1980; Dagdelen, 1996). For example, it is essential to make a volume- variance correction to the estimate of multiple indicator kriging (Hoerger, 1992). When the size of block, b, in the geostatistical model differs from that of selective mining unit (SMU), v, a volume-variance correction is warranted for the prediction of recoverable reserves.Most mining plans and decisions are made prior to the availability of high density blast-hole samples. In most mining operations, the true SMU grade Zv is unknown at the time of selection. Instead, the selection is based on the estimate Z v**derived from high density blast-hole samples within the deposit G. Nevertheless, the estimate Z v * of recoverable reserves in the stage of mine planning is derived from exploration data. At the end, the production result must be reconciled to the estimate Z v * . In other words, the selection is based on Z v** from blast-hole samples, while the final production figures are reconciled to Z v * from exploration drilling. For a given preselected cutoff grade z0, the actual mining panels will consist of the units having the estimated grade Z v** =z0 rather than the true grade Zv =z0. The difference between Z v** and Zv is usually of less concern."

Jan 1, 1998

By Venugopal Tammishetti

One of the important technological challenges facing the iron ore industry in India is to find commercially viable technologies to process alumina rich iron ore fines and slimes. The key to solving this problem lies in developing selective reagents for the separation of iron oxide minerals from associated gangue minerals like quartz, gibbsite, kaolinite and montmorillonite. We present in this paper our successful results on the dispersion-flocculation of three different natural iron ore slime samples from mines in India using the reagent combination of PVP dispersant and corn starch flocculent. All the three samples contained hematite, goethite, kaolinite and gibbsite minerals as confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The effect of various process parameters such as pH, dosage of reagents, settling time and pulp density was studied. We were able to produce a concentrate assaying 66.2% Fe and <2% Al with a yield of 67.4% by weight (with a recovery of 77% of iron values) using PVP (1 ppm dosage) and corn starch (20 ppm) for one of the slime sample (Sample I) assaying 58.2% iron (Fe) and 3.8% aluminium (Al). The XRD analysis of settled and dispersed fractions revealed that alumina-containing minerals like clay and gibbsite mostly remain in the dispersed phase while iron-bearing minerals tend to concentrate in the flocculated fraction. Keywords: iron ore, slime, flocculation, dispersion, beneficiation, starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone

Sep 1, 2012

By A Teen

An open cast mine on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand proposes to remove up to 30 m of overburden to access an ore body neighbouring National Reserve land. Part of the conditions of the mining permit is that no material above natural discharge levels may be released over the Mining Lease boundary onto the adjacent land. In order to meet this requirement, the client has contracted the design and installation of over 2.6 km of high energy dynamic rockfall control barriers. This paper describes how the rockfall hazards were assessed and the rockfall barriers dimensioned. The design involved 2D modelling of over 3000 simulations. &nbsp; Modelling parameters were calibrated during field trials at a purpose built section of barrier. The resultant energies ranged from 500 to 3000 kJ. The construction phase of the project involved the drilling, anchoring, and installation of certified barriers up to 7 m high in a remote and inhospitable climate with limited machinery access. By exploring best practice in this specialized field of engineering, a novel rockfall hazard mitigation solution was identified.

Jan 1, 2007

By B E. Hall, D B. Kahler

"'Optimisation' has become a catchcry among many mining companies looking to tell the market how mining businesses will be improved and shareholder value increased. Consequently, the term 'optimisation' has been adopted by many service providers as they look to assist mining companies in achieving their objectives. But the explosion of services and products being offered with the label 'optimisation' has created some confusion. Mining companies ask for help in 'optimising' and service providers offer their assistance because they have a product that has the word 'optimisation' in its title. This is of course an over-simplification, but not by much! The authors' discussions in recent years with both mining companies and service providers have uncovered a number of very different definitions of optimisation.This paper provides a framework for identifying the scope and approach of different mining optimisation products and services, particularly the distinction between optimisation of components of the operation and the business as a whole. The different types of business optimisation are discussed, highlighting the failings of the mining industry's typical approach of strategy selection (as opposed to strategy optimisation). Mining business optimisation is discussed as a wicked problem, with the implication of this on how strategy optimisation models should be used and what the objectives of a business optimisation study should be.Case studies are also included to illustrate how fully flexible strategy optimisation models have been applied to assist decision-makers understand the impacts of changes in one part of the operation on the whole mining and treatment process, from geological models to the sale of product to customers.CITATION:Kahler, D B and Hall, B E, 2016. Strategic decision-making in mining – business optimisation using flexible evaluation models, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2016, pp 215–225 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 8, 2016

By A. K. Raina

Blast induced damage to the final wall of rockmass in any civil or engineering application is a major concern to the rock excavation engineers. There are at least four distinct techniques practised by blasting engineers to minimise the damage to the parent rock during blasting that are classified as contour blasting. One of the methods to achieve a smooth wall or rock surface in blasting is pre-splitting, where blastholes in the final row are mildly loaded with explosives and fired first in sequence before the rest of the holes in a round of blast to achieve a split in rockmass. Since blasting is one of the most adopted methods for achieving a final wall in a desired shape, while maintaining the rockmass integrity, the design of pre-split blast assumes importance. There are several variables that determine the final shape of the pre-split face including the rock type, the drill diameter, the explosive characteristics, the orientation of major joints with respect to drill hole, the linear charge density, the spacing of drill holes and inclination of the drill holes. This study attempts to determine the importance and sensitivity of variables in pre-split blasting using historical data from open excavations of a hydroelectric project in India. Keeping in view the multitude of variables, low correlation of independent variables with responses and high level of interactions between the variables that define the blast results, it was found suitable to use ANN to determine the importance and sensitivity of the variables involved. A new method to determine the blast induced damage to rockmass, namely, undamaged area (AUD%), is introduced. Half Cast Factor (HCF%) and AUD%were calculated for a high wall and trenches by digital image analysis technique using the Fragalyst software. Joint spacing and linear charge density emerged as most controlling variables in determining the final result of pre-blast. The relative importance of other variables assuming significance in the case of both the designed outputs is also discussed. A comparative analysis of HCF%and AUD%on the basis of results obtained from ANN analysis is also presented. A futuristic approach concept has also been introduced.

May 30, 2021

By James J. Dowd

The investigation to evaluate the reserves of coking coal in the United States suitable for the manufacture of metallurgical coke is being made by the Bureau of Mines in three parts: (1) To estimate known (measured plus indicated) recoverable reserves of all coking coal; (2) to upgrade marginal coals through effective preparation; and (3) to study the carbonizing properties of coals and coal blends not now widely used for metallurgical coke making. This is the sixth of a series of reports giving the results of studies by counties under part (1) of the investigation. (See appendix.) This report covers Fayette County, Pa., which comprises the Uniontown and parts of the Brownsville, Connellsville, Donegal, Waynesburg, Masontown, and Confluence, Pa., Morgantown and Bruceton, W. Va., and Accident, Md., quadrangles. (See fig. 1.) A short resume of the chemical and carbonizing properties of the coals ar.9 included. Data on the coal beds in this county were obtained from mining companies, land companies, individual landowners, and other sources of authentic information.

Jan 1, 1951

By FRANCIS FEEHAN

Safety first is no longer merely a motto ; in some industries and in some parts of the mining industry it is an accomplished fact . In connection with the National Safety Competition of 1928 in which 284 mines and quarries participated , 42 plants were operated without a single lost - time accident . The winning company in the bituminous group had an accident severity rate of 0.053 per thousand man hours of exposure . Excellent safety records of various kinds are becoming more and more frequent , and the indication is that in reality safety is first in many mines and qquuaarrrriieess .. The safety achievements in the Stewart mine of W. J. Rainey , Inc. , are unusual even among mines winning awards in the competition .

Apr 1, 1930

By Harley Cheema, Brandon Fryman, John Tatom

A new magazine propagation model has been proposed by the IMESAFR Science Panel for eventual implementation into the IMESAFR QRA program. Initial results from this QRA propagation model are now available.

Feb 1, 2020

By William W. Adams

The stone-quarrying and related industries of the United States made large gains in employment in 1936 over 1935, according to reports furnished by operating companies to the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior. Not only were more men employed, but also increases were made in the number of man-days of labor performed and in the number of man-hours worked in 1936. The increase in employment, however, was accompanied by an increase in the number of accidental deaths and injuries among the workers and by a slight increase in the accident-frequency rate per million man-hours worked. The fact that the larger number of accidents resulted in only a slight increase in the accident rate is explained by the large gain made in the number of man-hours worked during 1936. The accident rate in 1936, although higher than in 1935, was the lowest and therefore the best that the industry has experienced in any previous year except 1932 since complete and comparable figures first became available in 1916, a period of 21 years. Operators&apos; reports to the Bureau of Mines showed that the industry as a whole employed an average of 80,022 men in 1936 and that the men worked a total of 18,874,254 man-days or 147,064,448 man-hours. Accidents in and about the plants caused 91 deaths and 5,717 nonfatal lost-time injuries among the workers. The number of injuries and deaths represented an accident-frequency rate of 39.5 per million man-hours worked, compared with a rate of 38.2 in 1935.

Jan 1, 1938

By Clifford J. Lewis

The control of sulfur dioxide and fly ash in the emissions from coal-fired boilers is a significant segment of the national environ- mental protection program. Developing technologies to accomplish this objective presently emphasize aqueous scrubbing techniques. Should circumstances require aqueous scrubbing for fly ash control only, provision must nevertheless be made to counteract the presence of sulfur dioxide which can create an acidic and potentially corrosive environment. Major technologies for sulfur dioxide control by aqueous scrubbing include, l), recovery processes yielding sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur and 2), throw-away processes which produce a sludge consisting essentially of calcium sulfite or varying amounts of calcium sulfate.1/ Recovery processes are more sophisticated and best suited for locations where there are markets for sulfuric acid or sulfur, or where sludge disposal is an overriding consideration. Throw-away processes are generally less sophisticated but have a problem in that gas scrubbing systems may not operate for practical time periods without failures due to corrosion and to plugging by particulates and precipitates. To overcome this difficulty, some throw-away systems employ an aqueous solution of caustic in the gas scrubbing device to assure maximum water solubility of sulfur compounds, followed by the addition of lime to the scrubbing medium in a system external to the scrubber to produce the throw-away sludge and regenerate the caustic for recycle. Such systems are referred to as double alkali systems.2/

Jan 1, 1975

By Robert J. Uffen

YOU will likely recall the accomplishments of the International Geophysical Year of 1957, with its polar expeditions, the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts and the spectacular launchings of the first artificial earth satellites. Our know ledge of the exterior of the earth was greatly increased by this international, friendly, cooperative scientific investigation. The Inter-national Union of Geodesy and Geo-physics has now been joined by the new International Union of Geological Sciences in sponsoring a similar study of the earth's interior. The program will extend from January, 1962 until December. 1964, and is known as the International Upper Mantle Project. During the T.G.Y studies of the interior of the earth were relatively neglected, even though the same international •Cooperation in obtaining simultaneous world-wide observations, by similar instruments, is required to locate and study earth-quakes, for example, as it is to study the earth's upper atmosphere. The upper mantle is 1•emote from man, as it extends from a depth of about 10 km. to perhaps 1000 km., but its practical importance is great.

Jan 1, 1962

By T. J. Durbin

At some surface and underground mines, control of ground-water inflow involves significant costs. These costs include the capital costs for installing a dewatering system, power and other costs to operate and maintain the system, and costs to treat and dispose of the water that is collected. To minimize these costs, design of a dewatering system utilizing wells has been formulated in terms of a nonlinear operations research problem using quadratic programming. Using this formulation, the locations, depths, pumping rates, and pumping schedules of wells are selected so as to minimize the total costs of the dewatering system.

Jan 1, 1993

By J Zhao, C E. Loo

The flame front is a narrow region in the iron ore sintering bed where coke particles combust. The maximum flame front temperature is as high as 1400&#176;C. At high temperatures, the sinter mix components react to form melts, which facilitates material coalescence and the formation of dense sinter particles. It is well-established that flame front speed is an important factor influencing sinter productivity, sinter quality and fuel rate. In this work, the effect of suction, coke addition and mix moisture on flame front speed was studied in a pilot-scale sinter pot and also using the outputs of a recently developed theoretical model, which takes into account most of the significant physicochemical processes in sintering. Airflow through the bed has a large influence on flame front speed. A power law relationship between these two parameters means that increasing sintering airflow rate will lead to increased flame front speed, but the increases become smaller at higher airflow rates. Sinter pot test results showed that increasing coke addition decreased green bed permeability and increased flame front temperature, which resulted in increased flame front resistance and decreased flame front speed. Studies also showed that green bed properties are sensitive to sinter mix moisture level. The changes in green bed properties further influence the flame front speed and temperature.CITATION:Zhao, J and Loo, C E, 2015. Dependence of flame front speed on iron ore sintering conditions, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 83–90 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By W. W. Adams, T. D. Lawrence

"The National Safety Competition of 1938, the fourteenth of its kind conducted by the Bureau of Mines in which bronze trophies known as Sentinels of Safety are awarded to winning companies, has just been completed and the results are presented here.With 345 mines and quarries competing, more than in any previous year except 1931, the contest revealed low accident rates at many of the enrolled plants and, which is even more remarkable, it revealed 113 mines and quarries at which no lost-time accidents occurred during the contest year.The Sentinels of Safety trophies, provided by The Explosives Engineer magazine, were awarded to four underground mines, one open-pit mine, and one quarry. Each employee of the winning plant was awarded a Certificate of Honor by the Bureau of Mines in recognition of the employee's part in helping his company to win the trophy. In addition to the award of trophies, a Certificate of Honorable Mention was awarded to each of the mines and quarries in second, third, fourth, and fifth places in their respective contest groups and also to each mine and quarry that worked 30,000 or more man-hours without a lost-time accident. Ninety-two such certificates were awarded for 1938. Twenty-three other mines and quarries also operated without an accident but worked less than 30,000 man-hours, the minimum required by the contest rules for award of Certificates of Honorable Mention.Previous to 1938, five trophies were awarded annually in the National Safety Competition. For the 1938 contest a sixth trophy was provided by The Explosives Engineer so that open-pit mines and quarries, two classes of operations that previously had been included in one group in the competition, might have separate awards."

Aug 1, 1939

By V. K. Gupta

A detailed experimental study of the variations in grinding rate with particle size, particle load, ball diameter, ball load, mill diameter, and mill speed was carried out for a soft cement clinker and a hard cement clinker. The effects of the ball diameter, ball load and particle load were observed to be material (hardness) independent, and those of the particle size, mill diameter and mill speed to be material dependent. A sharp change in the grinding behavior was observed for both the clinkers at about 150 µm size. Below this critical size: (i) the hardness difference between the two clinkers became insignificant, (ii) variation in the grinding rate with particle size became markedly more pronounced, and (iii) mill speed had little or no effect on grinding rate. The importance of these results in the context of process optimization and control is discussed.

Jan 1, 1987

By M. S. Enders

The McDonald deposit is a volcanic-hosted epithermal gold resource that is estimated to contain 251,000 kg of gold in 375 Mt of ore at an average grade of 0.7 g/t gold. Phelps Dodge exploration geologists, working for the Seven-Up Pete Joint Venture, discovered the deposit in 1989. By the end of 1992, 494 drill holes for over 113,000 m of drilling, bulk sampling, soil geochemistry, geophysics, metallurgical testing, engineering, and environmental studies had been completed to support feasibility studies. The discovery of McDonald required vision, persistence, and commitment of everyone from the geologist on the drill rig to the senior management of the company.

Jan 1, 1995