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By L. E. Beverage, K. L. Johnston

This paper will address methods for minimizing liability and protecting materials from disclosure as result of self- evaluative audits and internal investigations. Specifically, the paper will cover the role of counsel in the investigative process and how best to design and conduct internal investigations to minimize the development of problematic material and disclosure of information. The paper will also address the extent of privileges that may be relied upon to protect materials and information from disclosure. These include the attorney-client privilege, the self-critical analysis privilege, and the attorney work product privilege. These privileges are qualified and understanding the limits of their coverage is essential to minimizing liability.

Jan 1, 2001

G. A. Moore—The tin-fusion method has been a very favorable possibility for many years. The authors apparently have settled the question that delayed the method for a long time by showing that no hydrogen is absorbed in the tin. This, of course, is very important. I want to make a few remarks concerning the absolute accuracy of analysis, which must be the final basis for deciding among the various methods. From the figures in the paper, there seems to be some re-maining slight discrepancy on the actual amount of hydrogen present in various samples which may be presumed essentially identical. (This is of the order of the precision of individual analyses but appears in averaged results.) From the analyst's viewpoint, the tally of hydrogen content can be regarded as occurring in three portions. First is a large portion which comes off easily and automatically during sample storage and later on heating in the apparatus. This is fairly easily analyzed. Second is an item which may be either positive or negative in the tally sheet. In warm or hot evolution, this is a portion which, in practice, can never be re-

Jan 1, 1951

By John Peperakis, James Quigley

IN 1950 Kaiser Steel Corp. acquired control of the Utah Fuel Co., a pioneer Utah coal concern owning large reserves of high volatile coking coal near Sunnyside, Utah, and large reserves of coal elsewhere in Utah and Colorado. Kaiser Steel later disposed of the noncoking quality reserves included in the property and over the past six years has developed a group of three fully modernized mines and a central preparation plant at Sunnyside. This plant is geared to furnish 1.6 million tons per year of low ash coking coal to the byproduct coke ovens at its steel plant at Fontana, Calif., and to its beehive oven coking plant at Sunnyside. General Problems: Topographic and physical conditions under which Utah coals are found differ from those in most bituminous coal districts of the eastern and central states. Utah coal seams lie under deeper cover, generally at steeper pitches; consider- able distances are burned along the outcrop and back from the surface of the outcrop. Usually the coal seams lie high up on escarpments, accessible only through deep narrow canyons or long rock tunnels and tramways. The topography at Sunnyside is particularly rough, with great changes in cover over the coal in relatively short horizontal distances. This is due to the cliff-making sandstones of the cretaceous Mesa Verde group, the coal-bearing measures being in the Blackhawk formation. The thick massive Castle Gate sandstone of the Prince River formation overlies the coal-bearing rocks and is suspected to be the chief cause of roof control problems.

Jan 10, 1957

By J. Eric Nylund

"Intensive mechanization and automation in the LKAB, Kiruna Mine in Sweden have resulted in substantial rise in productivity and decrease in production cost. Capital investment in a modern mine today averages a considerable amount per miner and costs increase with requirements for more efficient methods and equipment. Equipment reliability becomes more and more important. Equipment maintenance requirements are directly proportional to equipment reliability and grade of availability. Weaknesses in the equipment result in unnecessary costs with regard to maintenance which can add up considerably per year, but of more importance are the costs caused by equipment breakdown. These breakdowns disturb or interrupt the production and often cause damage to other parts of the system. This paper discusses the important parameters involved in mine car wheel wear and the design principles of wheels, axle suspension and track.IntroductionTrains operating in an underground mine do not follow the same standard of performance as trains operating on surface railways. The differences in speed, curve radius and environment require different methods of calculation for underground train systems, and when judging the parameters involved one must keep in mind these differences at all times.While surface railway technology was given all possible attention over the last century no one was seriously looking into underground rail haulage in the sense of rail vehicles performance on the track until LKAB in 1975 started to question the methods of calculations used. Even though LKAB by then attained mine car maintenance cost that was 1/6 to 1/10 of other mining companies they were not pleased with the situation. The objective for the ensuing engineering work was to derive the reasons for wear and breakdowns. Once those reasons were established, the design of a completely new generation of mine cars could start. The result of these efforts were beyond all expectations. The maintenance cost on mine cars had been reduced to 1/15 of prior car generation which already had comparatively low cost.The most significant cost savings were made on wheel maintenance, which earlier represented 50% to 55% of car maintenance. Wheel life was increased from an average of 3 to 30 years or more.The LKAB theories around wheel wear are described in the following report."

Jan 1, 1987

By Normand Bédard

This presentation highlights Cambior?s initial approach for recruiting and retaining its international employees, the importance of proper preparation and the support needed to ensure a competent and stable workforce. In general, most of the training and information available for human resources personnel prepares the specialist for handling various aspects of labour relations, recruitment and hiring, benefits administration, employee relocation, etc. This is usually done in a Canadian context. Only recently, has more specialized training been developed to prepare human resources practitioners for the complex issues related to expatriate employees and dealing with human resources issues in other countries.

May 1, 2003

By C Agreda

The Cushion Blasting Technique applied to solve the high risk case history represented by a 10,704 TM rock locate at 120 M from the hydroelectrical plants of 350 KV each, is described, analyzed and discussed. The generation and distribution of 700 KV produced by two hydroelectrical plants must not be interrupted by any reason, because the 26 district of the province of cajatambo, of the Lima department; would not have electrical power. The search of the best alternative and methodology, the drilling and blasting pattern calculations, charge design and loading, connections and initiations of the 50 blasts are described, analyzed and discussed. Finally, the excellent results from a technical, economical, enviromental and safety point of view of the 50 primary blasts are discussed and emphasized.

Jan 1, 2005

By Fitter JF

Drilling and blasting practices at Groote Eylandt are undergoing a period of rapid change. Practices over the last ten years are reviewed and some specific blasting problems currently being faced are described. A move from percussion to rotary drilling is outlined, together with the reasoning behind a proposed return to ANFO from watergel explosives. A brief outline of the various firing patterns used is given, together with a description of the drilling and blasting recording procedures currently in use. Current and planned developments in drilling and blasting at Groote Eylandt are also outlined, emphasizing the success of wide patterns, fired in line with long inter-row delays.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. L. Barr

THE following report covers the history of the development of the mine, present equipment, methods and costs of mining and milling. In addition, a description of the ore deposit is given with emphasis on the origin of the fractures, mode and types of ore occurrence, and mechanics of granite emplacement. An endeavor has been made to present a complete and accurate statement of the San Mauricio mine, the highest grade gold mine in the Philippine Islands. Credit is gratefully acknowledged to the mine staff for descriptions and details regarding their particular field of work. All analyses were made by Mr. T. A. DeVore, head chemist, San Mauricio Mining Co. Messrs. Edward Wisser, J. E. Fyfe, A. F. Skerl and W. B. Meek, geol-ogists, have contributed geologic information and ideas, for which thanks are extended. The Executive Committee of Marsman and Co., Inc., Managers of the Company, has kindly given permission for publication. Mr. J. B. Stapler, Division Manager, Marsman and Co., has had the courtesy to read the manuscript and to give critical and helpful suggestions.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. R. Samis

The great variability of mineral and energy prices has motivated some governments to incorporate a windfall profits tax into their mineral taxation regimes. Windfall profits taxes are a means for governments to capture additional mineral revenue when mineral prices are considered higher than some historic level. Governments need to be aware of the effects of such contingent taxes on the exploration, development and operating decisions of mining companies. Mining companies need to be able to calculate the full impact of windfall profits taxes on the economics of their projects. This paper examines the valuation of a multi-phase copper-gold project in the presence of a windfall profits tax. Real options Monte Carlo simulation is used to characterise the different exposures of the mine owner and of the government to the risky cash flow streams that they receive from the project. The results highlight that Monte Carlo simulation paired with the real option valuation method is able to account appropriately for the differing risk exposures, while the traditional discounted cash flow valuation model is not. Our key conclusion for governments and mining companies is that the impact of contingent tax and royalty terms can and should be assessed using advanced valuation techniques, and the results used to improve contract designs under the constraint of actual and perceived fiscal system stability.

Jan 1, 2007

This paper discusses the potential role of underground space and tunnelling in urban planning in Australia. The paper gives examples of the infrastructure and commercial applications of underground space which have been effectively used overseas but have been slow to be considered as a part of urban planning in Australia. In particular, the paper looks at underground quarrying and underground commercial development and their potential use in the urban environment. Existing sites and potential sites for quarrying and/or commercial use have been classified using a system developed by the author. Underground quarrying may provide some solutions for planning problems involving sand and aggregate supplies, waste disposal and other uses. Commercial development involving underground excavation may be accepted if the cost of underground commercial development can be shown to be equivalent to the cost of above ground development. The paper concludes that one role of the underground construction industry is to promote tunnelling and underground space amongst architects, town planners and planning decision-makers. The Australian Underground Construction and Tunnelling Association (AUCTA) and the Australian Society for Trenchless Technology (ASTT) should be instrumental in actively promoting the use of underground space in society.

Jan 1, 1999

By A. D. Dalvi

Economics, Resources, Environment and Technology are the major driving forces in the base metals industry. However, these factors are intertwined and together will propel the industry in the future. The demand for metals has grown with economic expansion, between 2 to 4 % p.a. The current growth cycle has been driven by economic expansion in China where the demand for base metals has risen from - 7 % of the world demand in the 90's to - 25 % of world demand today, and rising. Base metals are commodities and their demand and price are cyclical. Historically metal prices have declined in constant dollars, forcing the industry to reduce costs, increase productivity and increase the scale of operation for economies of scale. Due to resource depletion and capacity expansion the industry is driven to expand its reserve and resource base. However, in the case of sulphide deposits of copper and nickel it appears to be a losing battle. For nickel the laterites represent a vast source at this time. Their development requires development of new technologies to make these resources economic. Emission reduction is being increasingly mandated in most jurisdictions with all governments enacting progressively more stringent regulations. The industry has been responding with technological innovation. With the Kyoto protocol there is a push to reduce energy intensity in metal production. Technological innovation is driven by all the other factors and is leading to novel ways of doing exploration, mining and processing, that would maximize resource delineation and utilization, reduce costs, increase productivity, reduce energy consumption, maximize asset utilization and reduce environmental affects. Development of alternative technologies such as Pressure Acid Leach of laterite for nickel, bio-leaching, heap leaching, SX-EW etc are being adopted to achieve the aims of the industry.

Jan 1, 2005

By Konstantinos Modis

According to recently established theoretical analysis and under certain conditions, a critical sampling density can be determined for an earth-related space-distributed natural variable. Sampling above this critical limit adds little to the mapping results. The objective of this paper is the application of the above theory to the Sesklo clay quarry in Greece, where Heracles General Cement Company had conducted a sampling campaign to estimate its reserves. The structural analysis of Al2O3 values generated a variogram model, from which the critical sampling density was identified. This critical number was by far lower than the existing sampling density. Clay reserves were then estimated using geostatistics and inverse distance squares in different data schemes with variable densities. The results of the comparisons between the various models revealed that, when the sampling density was greater than its critical value, geostatistics and deterministic interpolation gave similar estimations, which is also in agreement to the theory. The optimal sampling grid finally proposed here, will result to significant cost savings in the next drilling program which is now in plan by the company.

Oct 1, 2009

When it comes to structuring major mining contracts, the two most widely adopted formats are æmeasure and valueÆ and æcost-plusÆ. A problem with both of these formats is the difficultly of aligning the objectives of the mining company with those of the contractor to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. An alternative contractual arrangement is for the mining company to enter into an Alliance arrangement with the contractor, linking remuneration to mine performance across a range of targets. These targets can change over time as operational requirements change.   The aims of this paper are to: +        outline alternative types of mining contracts, as well as their strengths and pitfalls; +        describe the philosophy behind the Alliance contract at Newmont Waihi GoldÆs Favona underground mine; and +        identify some of the keys to success and pitfalls to avoid when implementing an Alliance.

Jan 1, 2007

By O. H. Banes

The electrolytic zinc plant of the American Zinc Company located at Sauget, Illinois started operations in April 1941. The plant had a designed capacity of 45(T) per day. The original flow sheet was quite simple, incorporating the low density process. Through the years the capacity of the plant has been increased to the current design of 214(T) cathodes per day. This paper describes the current operation along with typical metallurgical data.

Jan 1, 1970

By Ira Joralemon

THE Ajo copper district is in the heart of the Arizona desert, near the western boundary of Pima county. Gila Bend, the nearest railroad point, is 43 miles north of the camp, and the little Mexican border town of Sonoita is 30 miles south. Between Gila Bend and Sonoita, Ajo is the only settlement save for one or two small cattle ranches and the uncertain villages of nomadic Papago families. The Little Ajo mountains rise a few hundred feet above wide desert valleys, beyond which are lava mesas. The camp itself lies at an elevation of about 1,900 ft. above sea level, in a little basin on the east side of the range, separated from the open desert by low hills. In the center of the basin the brilliantly iron and copper stained rocks of Copper mountain rise 150 ft. above -the village. Many varieties of cactus and low desert bushes cover the hills, while in the large valleys there are clusters of mesquite paloverde, and ironwood trees which furnish limited amounts of fairly good fuel. A scanty supply of water is obtained from wells in the desert and from prospect pits in the camp. The nearest abundant source of water is the Gila river, 50 miles north of Ajo. (See Fig. 1.) HISTORY OF THE AJO DISTRICT The Ajo, next to Santa Rita, New Mexico, is claimed to have been the first copper district in the Southwest worked by Americans. In the '60's or even earlier high-grade native copper and cuprite Ore was mined from shallow surface workings and hauled by bull team 400 miles across the desert to San Diego. From there it was carried in sailing ships to Swansea, Wales. Later, the ore was hauled to Yuma, floated down the Colorado river to the Gulf Of California, and shipped to Swansea. Bat-infested old workings and the massive axles of the bull carts are shown to prove the truth of the stories.

Jan 8, 1914

By L. M. English

In the past 30 years, the research arena has changed significantly in all fields, mining included. The relative representation of the topics of research, how the research is performed, and who has performed the research have all changed significantly over these decades. Although there are a lot of subjective ideas concerning these changes, and there is a fair amount of anecdotal "analysis," there has been no actual study of these trends to verify the facts. The period studied is divided into six five-year periods for the purposes of comparison. Some of the trends analyzed are as follows: ? Co-authorship ? Research areas ? Research sponsors ? Cooperative efforts

Jan 1, 1995

By I. Ocak

Initial investment for mechanical boring of tunnels is found to be high in most cases. Conventional drilling and blasting is not the possible especially in urban area. In these conditions impact hammer offers many advantages over conventional drill and blast techniques and boring tunnels. These include improved safety, minimal ground disturbances, elimination of blast vibration, reduced ventilation requirements, reduced cost etc. Therefore, hydraulic impact hammers have been used widely in metro tunnelling projects in Istanbul since 1992. Accumulated and published data from various tunnelling projects serve to improve predicting the machine performance and scheduling of job duration. This paper is prepared under this objective. Machine utilization time of impact hammer was evaluated in this study. The main rock formation named Kartal formation arepaleozoic aged sedimentary rocks, shale, sandstone, siltstone, andesite dykes and sediment fillings. The first stage of the project is commissioned to Yapi Merkezi- Yuksel- Dogus- Yenigun- Belen consortium.

Jan 1, 2011

Several years ago, Hudco Industrial Products began experimenting with the idea of levitating a conveyor belt with a film of air, much like the puck on an air-hockey table. While conducting its research, the company found out that some Russian and Dutch companies attempted the concept during the 1970s. After studying those conveyors, Hudco determined that its design was better. The Hudco advanced air-supported conveyor consists of an air-tight plenum, or chamber, that runs the length of the belt. The topside of the plenum has a formed trough. It corresponds to the profile of conventional troughing rollers. Low-pressure air is provided to the sealed plenum from a low horsepower blower. This pressurized air is metered and released through the central portion of the trough and reacts against the underside of the belt. The differential pressure between the top and bottom surfaces creates the lift to support the loaded belt. Airtight covers are installed to seal the transported materials in the plenum trough.

Jan 1, 2002

A stronger U.S. economy stimulated the domestic mineral sector in 1994. Metals demand was spurred by robust U.S. motor vehicle sales, while demand for major industrial minerals rose in response to highway and building construction. Domestic mineral and material demand is expected to increase in 1995, particularly if interest rates do not restrain the building industry and international monetary exchange rates remain advantageous to U.S. automobile manufacturers. Additional information on events, trends, and issues in the mineral and material sector is presented below and in the commodity sections that follow. Overall Performance Processed materials of mineral origin produced in the United States during 1994 increased to an estimated value of $360 billion. Domestic output of raw nonfuel minerals in 1994 was estimated at $34 billion, about 6% more than that of 1993. The value of U.S. minerals production has increased in 29 of the last 34 years.

Jan 1, 1995

By A. Dale Wunderlich

Since Sept. 11, 2001, the author has been asked by several mining companies and mining publications to share some of his insights on how the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) and Pentagon might affect the mining industry globally. Until now, the author has been reluctant to express his thoughts in a publication that could possibly fall into the hands of terrorists and give them some ideas that they may not have been previously considering. However, the author discussed the contents of this article with several friends and acquaintances in the international intelligence community. They said that nothing commented on here is new to the terrorists. Potential terrorist targets Sources within the worldwide intelligence gathering community have told the author that current intelligence data indicates that it is likely that the Islamic fundamentalist groups responsible for the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001will likely be directing their effort at foreign business entities. Any overseas or any domestic businesses of highly visible companies that are part of the anti-terrorism alliance should consider themselves a potential target.

Jan 1, 2002