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The head loss data for coal slurries over a range of concentrations and velocities and the laboratory screen analysis were selected as areas for investigation in the data analysis performed. The analysis resulted in the following: (1) Size distributions for the coal used in the horizontal pipeline tests were fitted to the Rosin - Rammler distribution function. Each of the fits was significant. Corresponding Rosin - Rammler parameters were obtained which were introduced into the regression analysis. (2) A regression equation was obtained which predicts the slurry head loss of 1-inch by 0 coal slurries ranging in volumetric concentration from 20 to 40 percent and line velocities from 1 to 14 feet per second as a function of the square of velocity. The addition of the term for concentration in the regression equation did not contribute significantly c head loss.

Jan 1, 1972

This report, authorized by a subcontract with the Crouse-Hinds Company per Section 1.1.3b of Contract Number H0220065 Amendment Number Six, and the consent of the Contracting Officer, documents the results of an investigation to develop solid state ballasts for Lucalox high pressure sodium lamps. The ballasts were to be used in the modified and new portable and machine-mounted lighting systems designed by the Crouse-Hinds Company, per Tasks I through IV of Contract No. H0220065.

Jan 1, 1976

By D. C. Sisti

A paper was presented during the 1970 SME Fall Meeting on the Stinson Preparation Facilities by representatives of Beaver Creek Consolidated Cool Company and Heyl & Patterson, Inc. This paper summarized a combined approach to development of a flow diagram and selection of cleaning equipment required to produce a uniform metallurgical coal at maximum recovery with special emphasis on sulphur reduction. These facilities were located in the Elkhorn. Coal Fields of eastern Kentucky and, in particular, the area of Wayland, Knott County, Kentucky, where approximately forty-five- million tons of Elkhorn No. 3 coal could he recovered. The facilities incorporated a Bradford Breaker for reduction of the ROM coal to minus 1-1/2 x 0, 6000 ton-raw coal storage, preparation plant, water clarification and thermal drying facilities, clean coal storage and a 4000 TPH unit train loading facility.

Jan 1, 1973

By Heath B. Fowler

The surface mining operations of the Simplot Fertilizer Co. are on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation approximately 16 miles east of Fort Hall, Idaho (Fig 1). The Phosphoria formation outcrops in sec. 2, 3, 11, 14, 15, 22 and 27, T 4 S, R 37 E, Boise Meridian. The ownership of these phosphate-bearing lands is divided between individual Indians and the Bannock-Shoshone Tribe, and the royalties are paid to the respective owners on a tonnage basis, as the rock is mined. The geology and mineral resources of the Fort Hall Reservation were studied by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1913 and reported on in 1920. † However, it was not until the winter of 1945 that exploratory work was undertaken by private enterprise. Diamond drilling was begun by the Simplot Fertilizer Co. in April 1946, and stripping operations were started in June. A camp was established near

Jan 1, 1950

By P. J. Bethell

Background Increasingly complex geological conditions, with the presence of high ash binders in the mining horizon were encountered at the A.C. I. Dugout Mine near Price, Utah. This led to the production of high ash coal from the Dugout Mine during 2003 and 2004. This material had poor marketability and posed operating issues for the utilities burning the coal. Ash levels increased from typical levels in the 9-12% range to between 15 and 25%. etween 15 and 25%. Reviews of the mine plan and expected geological conditions indicated that further periods of high ash production could be expected. Action Plan Detailed sampling of the mine high ash production was carried out. The majority of the coal from the Dugout Mine is trucked to the Savage Coal Terminal (SCT) at Wellington, Utah where it is stored in multiple piles by quality. Coal at the mine is segregated by a CoalScan 2600, on-line analyzer into high ash, low ash and rock chute (waste material). From these piles, the material is crushed prior to shipment to SCT. The samples obtained from the various high ash piles were subjected to detailed sizing and washability analysis. Once this information was obtained, alternative circuit configurations were evaluated to process this material into a salable product. Water supplies in the arid terrain where the plant is located are scarce. This factor played a part in the final circuit design.

Jan 1, 2008

By Joseph M. Pugliese

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has produced a generic in situ copper mine design manual, which contains a computerized cost model for in situ copper oxide mining. The model specifies (1) site-specific parameters, which must be quantified for mine design, (2) a method for minesite design based on those parameters, and (3) a procedure for assessing economic viability for the mine design. The menu-driven computer program performs calculations for developing commercial mine design specifications, as well as capital and operating costs. The default values are based on 1986 dollars, and indices for updating costs are included. The program also provides discounted-cash-flow rate of return (DCFROR) and allows for sensitivity analyses for an in situ mining operation at any specific undisturbed copper oxide deposit. This report is to be used with the 1990 version of the computer program, which has been made user friendly. It describes the flies, tutorial, input phase, help function, and monitor display of all calculated values and of the DCFROR table. The monitor-displayed discounted initial value of investment and annual operating costs are defined. The dual rate-of-return situation and sensitivity analyses are also briefly discussed. Information is provided on obtaining the computer program on diskette.

Jan 1, 1991

By F. M. Goodwin, John Campbell, G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION In previous reports 5 results were given of a manhole investigation carried out over a period from June 1929 to July 193C in cooperation with the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston. Mass., and during 1931 in cooperation with the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co., to determine the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes and other underground openings owned by the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. and to develop methods of eliminating these hazards. These investigations have demonstrated that the detection, control, and elimination of combustible hazards in manholes can best be obtained by a close cooperation of the interested parties through a systematic and continuous inspection of manholes, under proper supervision.The investigation carried out during 1932 has been along lines similar to those conducted during 1929, 1930, and 1931 test crew consisting of two men, one an employee of the Consolidated Gas Co. and the other an employee of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., was continuously employed during the year in the testing of gases in manholes served by the Edison system. The test crew was under the direct supervision of John Campbell, superintendent of the special service department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., and F. M. Goodwin, vice president of the Consolidated Gas Co.As in the previous investigations, all tests were numbered. The test-data sheets, on which the information regarding the tests was recorded, were prepared in triplicate, ono copy going to the Edison Co., one to the gas company, and the third to the Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh, Pa. These test-data sheets were then filed (1) according to the town, (2) the street location, and (3) the manhole number; in this way a complete record of each manhole tested was immediately available. A typical test-data sheet was given in the 1931 report. These data sheets were found to entirely satisfactory and no changes were made during the 1932 investigation. The procedure of sampling manhole atmospheres, shipment of the samples to Pittsburgh, and method of analysis has been the same as that described in the 1931 report and need not be repeated here. Likewise, there has been no change in the method of calculation of explosibility of the samples analyzed or the use of charcoal filter tests given in appendix A."

Jun 1, 1933

By J. M. Manka

American mining companies operate many drum hoists that hoist from various depths with varying payloads. This paper will review the procedure of selecting optimum wire rope constructions for these existing hoisting installations. Selection for proposed installations along with recommended hoisting parameters will also be presented. To achieve this optimum rope performance, preventative and corrective maintenance procedures will be reviewed along with examples of rope problems and their causes.

Jan 1, 1992

From Sept. 22-24, the Las Vegas Convention Center will be home to MinExpo 2008, the world?s largest mining equipment show that comes along once every four years. Sponsored by the National Mining Association (NMA), this year?s show is on pace to be the largest ever. Nearly 1,300 exhibitors have purchased nearly 55,700 hm2 (600,000 sq ft) of booth space. At the center of it all will be some of the most impressive mining equipment that the industry has to offer. And in the shadows of the massive haul trucks, drill rigs and bulldozers, attendees will be able to see the latest and greatest products including hand tools; the latest in automation and robotics; safety and communications equipment; longwall mining equipment; engines and parts; materials handling and processing equipment and services; pollution control equipment; reclamation equipment and services; computer applications; consulting and financial services and more. While many companies will be on hand to display the tried and true, there will also be plenty of new things to see. ?We anticipate that a whole range of new products will be introduced at the show,? the NMA said of the show that has been called the world?s richest deposit of mining technology, services and products. In addition to the show that will take place in Center Hall and North Hall of the Las Vegas Convention Center, MinExpo 2008 includes a conference program with 20 educational sessions that will tackle the most timely and pressing issues affecting the mining industry. Many of the industry?s top professionals will lead the discussions.

Jan 1, 2008

By Atsushi Shibayama, Toyohisa Fujita, Wan-Tai Yen, Ke-jun Liu

"A gold has been leached with ammonium thiosulfate solution and several leaching conditions have been studied. The leached solution has been recovered by solvent extraction and the optimum conditions have been investigated.SUMMARYIn this investigation, a sponge gold sample (99.92% pure) has been leached with ammonium thiosulfate solution. The effects of CuSO4, (NH4)2S2O3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4OH and retention time on the gold leaching % (extraction %) and thiosulfate oxidation % (consumption %) have been studied. The copper ion acts as a catalyst in gold dissolution. On the other hand, it also accelerates oxidation of thiosulfate (consumption). It was found in this study that the best gold extraction condition was obtained at 43.2 ks with 0.8 – 1.0x103 mol/m3 (NH4)2S2O3, 30 mol/m3 CuSO4, 2.0 – 3.0x103 mol/m3 NH4OH, 0.4 – 0.5x103 mol/m3 (NH4)2SO4, pH 10±0.2 and 150 rpm. The thiosulfate oxidation was about 15% of the initial concentration."

Jan 1, 2003

By D. Harrington

The greatly extended use of the underground trolley-locomotive system for hauling coal without doubt was one of the most important factors in the rapid progress of coal mining and the increased production of coal in American coal mines during the period 1910-20. Much of the superior efficiency of production of our underground coal and metal lines should also be credited to the trolley locomotive system. The trend to mechanization of mines during the past 15 years, mere particularly the past 5 years, with higher production per man employed and greatly accelerated advancement of working places, has required increased use of trolley locomotives, necessitating larger equipment, higher speeds, and more 'frequent turn over of pit cars. This is re¬flected in increased size of locomotives and the use of larger mine ears (some with a capacity up to or over 10 tons); moreover, heavier rails and larger-size trolley wires have boon or ought to have boon installed. Trolley-locomotive haulage has proved to be rapid; economical, efficient, and productive; nevertheless; in spite of these advantages, so-many hazardous features and, unsafe conditions are involved and the price paid in life and property is so high as to justify the statement that the system should be scrapped if it cannot be operated under reasonably safe conditions. Since bare trolloy wires were introduced into underground mines, they have boon responsible for the death of hundreds of diners, property damage totaling millions of dollars, an indeterminate loss of tonnage through the abandonment of mines or parts of mines, and loss of time after disasters caused by fires or explosions originated by the trolley haulage system.

Jan 1, 1945

By Willy Ank de Morais

Pontos estratégicos de solos foram analisados com o objetivo de estudar a possível contaminação de água pluvial, por difusividade, mantidas em reservatórios existentes na Ilha dos Arvoredos, localizada no Guarujá, litoral de São Paulo, Brasil. Iniciou-se o procedimento com a preparação das amostras (homogeneização e quarteamento), seguida das análises físicas (granulometria e umidade). A caracterização foi realizada por espectrometria de fluorescência de Raio-X e por espectrometria de absorção atômica. As concentrações de enxofre foram quantificadas por forno de combustão e as cinzas e matéria volátil por TGA (Analisador Termogravimétrico). As análises realizadas em Raio –X mostraram composição química de solo argiloso com altas concentrações de SiO2 e Al2O3 e as realizadas no equipamento de combustão mostraram concentrações de enxofre menores que 0,03%. Os resultados se apresentaram negativos para metais pesados ou outro tipo de elemento que poderia comprometer a potabilidade das águas contidas nos reservatórios.

Oct 30, 2017

By C. G. Clifton

The Oatman District produced approximately 2.2 x 10 6 ounces of gold and 0.8 x 10 ounces of silver between 1897 and 1942. A total of 3.8 x 10 tons of ore averaging 0.58 O/T gold and 0.17 O/T silver was extracted from eight major orebodies and a number of lesser deposits. Oatman lies at the center of a trachyte-latite-rhyolite volcanic complex which contains at least one resurgent caldera. The orebodies are typical epithermal quartz-calcite + adularia lode deposits which are very deficient in sulfur. Ore deposition has occurred within dilatant zones on faults which radiate from a common point within-the complex. Fischer-Watt Mining approached the Oatman District with an integrated exploration program utilizing four basic procedures to define the characteristics of past productive areas the results of which were applied to unexplored portions of the vein system. These procedures, listed in their order of usefulness, in defining known and prospective mineralized zones are: vein contouring, detailed alteration mapping, fluid inclusion temperature determinations, and geochemical sampling.

Jan 1, 1980

By H. Rees

This paper supplements and brings up to date a report prepared earlier this year and presented at the Eleventh Pan American Railway Congress in Mexico City. Most of the original report is contained in this paper in order to acquaint the reader with the project background. On December 1, 1961, construction of this locomotive was completed. Stationary testing started immediately, and a host of problems in various areas were uncovered. Many of these had no relation to the use of coal in a direct fired gas turbine. All of them emphasized the problems which plagued previous projects of this kind. In 1944 the Locomotive Development Committee of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., was formed to study the problems of combustion, coal handling, and fly ash removal which would have to be solved before coal could be used to fire a gas turbine. By 1947 this committee was composed of the chief executive officers of nine eastern railroads and five eastern coal companies. All of the members of this committee were vitally concerned in a coal fired gas turbine because coal cost only one-fourth as much per heat unit as fuel oil. A number of research projects were started to develop and test components on a small scale. This included work at John Hopkins University, Battelle Memorial Institute, Institute of Gas Technology at Chicago, Purdue University, and Southern Research Institute. By 1946 a pilot plant had been installed at the Dunkirk, New York plant of Alco Products Div. of American Locomotive Co. The U. S. Bureau of Mines made available to the Locomotive Development Committee (hereafter called LDC) a Houdry process gas turbine plant, originally destined for a Russian oil refinery. The full scale pilot plant was used to evaluate the results obtained from the small scale studies under actual gas turbine conditions. Operation of this plant disclosed a number of problems which had not been discovered in the small scale tests. By 1951 four 250 hr tests had been conducted with the Houdry gas turbine to test out a variety of equipment. The major problem concerned the removal of abrasive fly ash from the products of combustion so that wear on turbine blades would not be excessive. The first 250 hr test showed that the original fly ash separating equipment was inadequate. Large ash particles passing through the turbine blading were nicking the leading edges of the first row blades. At the conclusion of the second 250 hr test, erosion was so severe that the first row of stator and the first row of rotor blades were replaced. At the end of the third 250 hr test, it was necessary to replace the first three rows of stator blading. The fourth test was used to test out a new design fly ash separator developed by LDC and named the Dunlab tube. This device gave more encouraging results than any of the others tested. Early enthusiasm for overcoming major difficulties had resulted in placing an order in 1946 with Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. for a 3750 hp regenerative gas turbine. The gas turbine, together with associated combustion and ash removal equipment, coal handling equipment, generators and gear reduction unit was installed at Dunkirk by 1951. A 750 hr test was made in 1952 with the LDC-Allis Chalmers gas turbine power plant. At the end of this test it was necessary to replace the first four rows of both rotor and stator blading. Rows 5 and 6 did not require replacement. In 1953 the American Locomotive Co. joined with LDC and assumed an active role in equipment development and manufacture. During 1954 LDC-Alco operated the rebladed gas turbine 300 hr to determine if a new fly ash separator was adequate. Performance of the improved separator was considerably better, but trouble was experienced with clogged blowdown lines from the Dunlab tubes. When these lines clogged it permitted the passage of abrasive particles. In 1955 a total of 1421 hr was run. This included 243 hr of cycle operation on Union Pacific coal from the D. O. Clark mine at Superior, Wyoming. During the 243 hr a total of 370 tons of coal was consumed. The purpose of this test was to determine if U.P. coal was suitable for use in a coal fired turbine. It was the unofficial opinion that it was as good or better than the eastern coals that had been tested.

Jan 1, 1964

Construction workers may be exposed to hazardous dust containing silica when working in enclosed cabs during construction activities. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) found that equipment operator exposure could be reduced by retrofitting air pressurization and filtration systems on existing cabs, using sweeping compounds on soiled floors, and implementing a dust control program.

Jan 1, 2009

By Charles V. Jude

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report presents a review and evaluation of existing and new backfilling materials and methods for their applicability to the problem of gate road stress reduction in deep retreat longwall coal mines. Candidate backfill materials include pulverized coal combustion fly ash, flue gas desulfurization, and fluidized bed combustion by-products from coal-fired electric power generation plants. Properties of both backfill and its component materials are presented, with particular emphasis on the unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus of backfill mixtures. Hydraulic mix designs discussed in this report include high-water content slurry and low-water content paste fills. Three gate road stress-transfer-modification concepts are proposed to reduce abutment stresses in gate road systems. The first concept, packwalling, involves packwall construction behind the headgate shield inby the face and adjacent to the headgate pillars. The second concept, gob-filling, involves infilling a strip of gob inset from and parallel to the headgate using paste injection methods patterned after a technology recently developed in Europe. In the third concept, entry-filling, slurry fill methods are used to fill abandoned gate roads and crosscut entries inby the face.

Jan 1, 1995

By F. Dehghani, M. Kebe, H. Askari-Sabzkoohi, T. Ghosh

The depletion of bauxite reserves around the world has necessitated the search for viable alternative sources of aluminum. The major non-bauxite source of aluminum is alunite [KAl3 (SO4)2(OH)6]. Lixiviation is the common industrial process to recover aluminum from alunite. Due to the presence of quartz (40%) as the main gangue mineral, this process causes the formation of Sodium aluminosilicate and Potassium aluminosilicate complexes that leads to loss of alunite, and chemical reagents. Thus, pre-concentration of alunite is required to remove the gangue minerals. Because of the low degrees of freedom (DOF) of alunite, froth flotation, as a preconcentration method, is a viable alternative to increase selectivity in downstream processes. In this work, the possibility of Alunite preconcentration with micro flotation and mechanical flotation cells was studied. The influence of type and dosage of collector, pH, solid percent, particles sizes were considered on the flotation. Flotation tests were designed based on Taguchi method, followed by performing based on surface charge differential between alunite and quartz on direct and revers flotation. In the reverse flotation, Ca+ 2 and Ba+ 2 were used to activate the quartz surface. Under optimum conditions of reverse flotation, alunite grade and recovery were 40% and 62.1% respectively. In the direct flotation, the surface of alunite was activated by F- . The grade and recovery were 50 and 89%, respectively.

Mar 2, 2022

By M. G. Lipsett

One challenge in applying information technologies in Mining is building a business case. In Mine Maintenance, there is a complex flow of information that contributes to making informed business decisions. By understanding those information relationships and the cost of wrong decisions, analysts can estimate the value of information flow. Developers can then ensure that systems deliver key information in an accurate and timely way. In this paper, general maintenance decision-making is discussed, with examples of how model-based analysis can improve the information delivered to decision makers.

May 1, 2001

By Frederic Benard

The electrolytic copper refinery at Copper Cliff, Ont., is operated by the Ontario Refining Co., Ltd. The associated companies behind the enterprise are the International Nickel Co. of Canada, Ltd.; The American Metal Co.; The Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd.; and Ventures, Ltd. The plant was the outgrowth of the rapid development of copper resources in the nickel-copper ores of the Frood and other great mines in the Sudbury district, and of the desire to have all primary production units grouped together as closely as possible. The refinery is near the intersection of the Sault Ste. Marie to Sudbury highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is about one mile south of The International Nickel Company's smelter at Copper Cliff. The standard-gage track systems of the refinery and of the smelter are connected by a standard-gage timber railroad trestle that crosses the railway and the highway by means of steel girder spans. The Canadian National Railway has access to the plant by means of this trestle and the nickel company's tracks, so that the refinery has connections with both the Canadian Pacific and the Canadian National railways, as well as a direct connection with The International Nickel Company's smelter, from which the bulk of the copper to be refined is hauled by the latter's electric locomotives. Buildings The refinery (Fig. 1) covers approximately 60 acres, enclosed by an unscalable chain-link fence. The main buildings have a content of 23,000,000 cu. ft., with a total roof area of approximately 600,000 sq. ft. and near them are the substation, cooling pond and main standard-gage track system (Fig. 2). A ladder track for car storage extends 1200 ft. south of the coal-pulverizer tracks and the scale house is on this spur. The intake and pumphouse for fresh water supply are at Kelly Lake, about 3000 ft. south of the plant. Owing to the severity of the winters, when temperatures of from 20" to 40' below zero are to be expected, the building of this refinery involved a number of problems in insulation, layout, ventilation, etc., which were

Jan 1, 1934

By C. D. Keen

IN the latter part of the summer of 1913 the Conservation Commission of the State of Louisiana, under presidency of M. L. Alexander, decided to stop the waste of natural gas going on at the "burning gas-well," located about 3/4 mile southeast of Oil City, La. On several occasions, both in newspapers and in reports, comment had been made on the condition of this well, its harmful effect on the Caddo gas field, and the considerable loss, estimated at several thousand dollars each month, caused by the escape of the valuable fuel. But nothing had been done to bring the well under control and prevent further waste of gas until the State Conservation Commission took the matter in hand. The gas fields of Louisiana are among the greatest in the country. So far most of the gas has been found in the Caddo field proper, although considerable development has been done in and around the city of Shreveport and near the town of Mansfield in DeSoto parish. To extend the life of the gas fields and to prevent the quick exhaustion of the supply of the natural fuel are matters of vital importance for this section of the country. Four gas companies have entered the Caddo field and supply the surrounding towns and cities with gas. The Arkansas Natural Gas Co. has pipe lines to Little Rock, Ark., and supplies gas to the following cities and towns in that State: Texarkana, Hope, Garland, Emmet, Prescott, Boughton, Beirne, Gurdon, Arkadelphia, Gum Springs, Malvern, Donaldson, Gifford, Perla,- Beaton, Beauxite, Mabelvale, Bryant, Sheridan, Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Argenta, Pulaski Heights, and Hot Springs. The Southwestern Gas & Electric Co. transports gas to Mooringsport, Blanchard, Caddo, Rodessa, Oil City, Vivian, Bloomburg, Hosston, Ida, Dixie, Belcher, and Shreveport. The Marshall Gas Co. supplies gas to the town of Marshall, Texas. The Louisiana Co. has a line to Shreveport.

Jan 3, 1914