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By J. A. Chamberlain

DURING a recent trip across Canada and parts of the northern United States, the. writer examined some forty mine models. Construction -details and the uses to which the models were being put were outlined in a report to Eldorado Mining and Refining, Limited, and a specific model was proposed on the basis of the Company's particular needs at their Beaverlodge operation. It was felt, however, that portions of the report would be of some value to anyone contemplating building a mine model. For this reason, a synopsis of some of the more important aspects of the problem is presented here, together with a suggested model type that appears to have wide application. Thanks are due not only to Eldorado for permission to publish the following material, but also to the many mine personnel across Canada who allowed the writer to examine their models and gave freely of their time in discussion.

Jan 1, 1958

By S. A. Abetel Sabour

In this work, the block theory was applied to determine the safe limit of the angle of face slope at Limestone quarry of Assiut cement company in order to decrease the occurrence of dangerous potential key blocks. Four joint sets were observed and measured at the face. Computer program based on the vector analysis technique was developed to determine the removable block codes. Stereographic projection was also used in this work to determine the removable block codes and to calculate the maximum limit for the angle of dip of the free face, which was found to be 77°.

Jan 1, 1998

By Shail J. Butani

In 1986 the Bureau of Mines conducted a probability sample survey, Mining Industry Population Survey, to measure such employee characteristics as occupation; principal equipment operated; work location at the mine; present job, present company, and total mining experience; job-related training during the last 2 years; age; sex; race; and education. The population estimates are necessary to properly analyze the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) injury (includes illness and fatality data) statistics; that is, to compare and contrast injury rates for various subpopulations in order to identify those groups that are exhibiting higher than average injury rates. This report uses the survey's results to characterize the U.S. stone mining workforce from March through September 1986. Similar reports have been published for the metallic, sand and gravel, and nonmetallic mining industries, as well as for the entire metal and nonmetal mining (includes metallic, stone, sand and gravel, and nonmetallic industries) sector and the coal mining sector.

Jan 1, 1988

By E. H. Griswold

PETROLEUM production engineering is essentially the application of the laws of 'physics and mechanics to the production of oil. A true production engineer is one who can apply the principles of mechanics, hydraulics, thermodynamics, and other physical arts so as to facilitate' the efficient and economical recovery of oil. To this end he must have wide knowledge of practical field operations and a working knowledge of geology, with a thorough understanding of the underground state of the fluids which he seeks to control. Generally speaking, there have been two schools of production engineering, the California development and the Mid-Continent development. In California the preliminary production engineering was done by representatives of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the State Mining Bureau, and was essentially subsurface work in regard to casing patterns, water shut-offs, and completion procedure, inasmuch as these were problems of the utmost immediate importance to the California industry. The oil companies were impressed with the value of such work and placed engineers, or more strictly speaking, engineering geologists on their field staffs. These men, realizing the need of further technical study in the mechanical phases of producing operations, added mechanical and mining engineers, and out of the blend developed what is now known as a production engineer.

Jan 1, 1932

By L. E. Bowman

Efficient filtration of fine kaolin particles plays a crucial role in processing of raw kaolin to a marketable product. Oftentimes, filtration Is the rate controlling step of the whole process. As a consequence, plant production is dependent, to a great extent, on the rates being achieved In filtration. In order to alleviate the bottleneck in production, Nalco Chemical Company initiated a reagent development program to chemically enhance the performance of the filtration units. Filler aids of different classes were synthesized for evaluation. These include reagents whose primary mode of functionality were: coagulation, flocculation, thickening, and combinations of the preceding. All reagents that were synthesized and tested were listed under the appropriate Food and Drug Administration sections of the Code of Federal Regulations. This paper discusses the development and application of a new reagent that Improves the filter production rate with minimal Impact on filter solids. The results of laboratory filter studies along with plant data are presented and discussed. Plant data indicate that this reagent is capable of increasing production rates by as much as 35% on various clays of coarse particles to the finest fractions, as well as clays that are calcined. The reagent's Impact on solids content, re-slurrying characteristics, Brookfield and Hercules viscosity, and drying is within the standards set by plants who have evaluated and now use this product.

Jan 1, 1993

By J P. Sykes, C Gemell, A Trench

The perceived and actual impact of government mineral policy upon the government share from gold mining revenues is assessed for ten key countries in which the gold sector is of relevance in advancing economic growth. Five African and five South American jurisdictions are considered, namely Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, South Africa and Tanzania from Africa; and Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guyana and Peru in South America.Both the headline corporate income tax rate and royalty level are identified as poor indicators for the total government share. In addition, significant differences between industry perception and actual government tax levels are identified by this study. The quantitative financial analysis shows that there is no clear relationship between individual taxation rates, taken in isolation, and the overall average effective tax rate (AETR) paid by the project over its life. Neither companies nor governments should use individual taxation rates, or industry perceptions, in isolation to assess the overall competitiveness or equity of a country’s minerals taxation regime – such analysis can be very misleading.In this study, the perceived impact is determined from the well-established Fraser Institute survey published each year, and in 2014 compared 122 minerals jurisdictions globally. The actual impact is determined from quantitative modelling of the financial performance of a hypothetical gold mining project in each country. The technical parameters of the project are held constant; instead the differing mineral policies in each jurisdiction are applied to determine the resultant impact upon the relative share of the economic rents delivered to both private and public sectors. In the quantitative analysis, the total government share varies from 36.3 per cent in South Africa to 66.5 per cent in Ghana.CITATION:Gemell, C, Sykes, J P and Trench, A, 2016. Is perception reality? Evaluating the fiscal attractiveness of international jurisdictions for gold mining investment, in Proceedings International Mine Management Conference, pp 227-238 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 22, 2016

By N M. Player, R P. Varden, E Jones

"An effective geotechnical design provides an accurate and appropriate assessment, balanced with a mining company’s risk profile. Justifying the cost of slope assessment requires an understanding of the input sensitivities, and resultant risk, to achieve a slope of a required functionality. As a project progresses from Scoping to Feasibility, the geotechnical risk becomes better resolved through increased expenditure on drilling, testing, analysis and modelling as long as the input data is appropriately spatially distributed. Providing accurate and appropriate geotechnical assessments in the early stages provides confidence in all following stages, especially where initial analysis indicates difficult geotechnical conditions. It is also in the early stages of project definition that there is most opportunity to maximise the value of the deposit through investigations into optimal mining methods.This paper examines the advantages of geotechnical engineering input through a project study period. Early geotechnical involvement allows the Scoping and Pre-Feasibility Studies to be more effective. Operational risks can then be better understood and dealt within the Feasibility Study phase, also ensuring that the correct risks and management controls are put in place.With commodity price pressure and cost of resource recovery in a downturned industry, reducing the risk to cash flow, resource recovery and safety should be a primary goal for all mining companies. Reduced risk can be effectively achieved through geotechnical design of slopes to achieve a required performance as part of an integrated study to the Reserve definition and mine design.Citation:Varden, R P, Player, J R, Player, N M and Jones, E, 2016. Justifying Slope Design Risks and Costs, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 185–201 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By Robert L. Stephens

"It can be argued that one of the most important property of any material is cost, since this property detennines the applications for which a material can be considered. Despite growing demand and production for commodity metals such as copper, nickel, zinc, lead, and tin, the cost of these metals has been steadily decreasing in real terms. The only way that metal miners and producers can remain financially viable in the long term is by continuing to lower their cost curve through the implementation of new metals production technologies. This paper reviews technological developments in the production of copper, nickel, zinc, lead, and tin that have or threaten to redefine the cost curves for these metals.DisclaimerThe opinions expressed in this paper the author's, and are not necessarily those held by the author's employer, Cominco Ltd.IntroductionThis meeting will discuss many novel technologies and processes for producing metals and materials with specific properties that will enhance the applications ranges for the material or will allow entirely new applications to be developed. However, in every real-world case, the cost of the new material or process is an important property that determines which applications the material or process can be used in. Other properties that are important depend on the applications.A recent press report (1) discussing the potential replacement of aluminum radiators with copper radiators in pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles provides an interesting example to reinforce the importance of cost in materials selection. In this case, the displacement of aluminum by copper is being considered because of the more favorable heat dissipation characteristics of copper. Heat dissipation has become more important due to the development of hotter-burning V-8 and V-6 engines. For this application, engineers also consider cost, weight, size, durability, and manufacturing process. The report stated that the development by the International Copper Association (ICA) of the ""CuproBraze"" manufacturing process for heat transfer products was an important development. This technology produces 845 radiators that weigh less, are more uniform in quality, and are potentially more compact. They are also expected to cost less in high production quantities than copper units produced in the past, last three to four times longer than soldered copper radiators, and the process also eliminates the use of lead solder from the manufacturing process."

Jan 1, 2000

Palabora Mining Company is operating a copper block cave mine in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The mine was developed in the late nineties with a target ore reserve of 220 million tonnes of carbonatite at 0.69% copper. At 30,000 tonnes per day the operation had an estimated life of mine of approximately 23 years. Cave induced open pit side wall failure occurred in late 2004 with 130 million tonnes of waste reporting to the bottom of the open pit. This failure resulted in potential sterilization and dilution of the ore reserve and subsequent reduction in life of mine. Physical and numerical modelling indicated potential losses of up to 30% of the original ore reserves. Cave Management tools based on throughput principles are utilized to manage the failed waste ingress and ensure an optimum life of mine. Extracting the maximum rate possible, as soon as draw points are commissioned, with the view of achieving the highest production in the short term, is any mining operation?s goal as more money is required sooner. This approach, of course, improves the cash flow but presents a risk in the cave propagation profile as overall draw control is compromised. At Palabora it is evident from a Mineral Resource Throughput Management (MRTM) point of view that maximum production in the short term is not the solution. If high production rates are achieved and the profile of the cave is not manage correctly, this results in failed waste reporting to draw points earlier with adverse effects on grade. This would effectively and significantly shorten Palabora?s Life of Mine. The applications of good MRTM principles are required to assist the value chain for sustained profitability. The process commenced with change management paving the way for a better understanding and a holistic view for all role players.

Jan 1, 2007

By Yousef Ghorbani, Jafar Abdolahi Sharif, Fatemeh Kazemi, Ataallah Bahrami

Kinetic models are the most important tool for predicting and evaluating the performance of flotation circuits. Gilsonite is a natural fossil resource similar to an oil asphalt, high in asphaltenes. Here, in order to determine the kinetic order and flotation rate of a gilsonite sample, flotation experiments were carried out in both rougher and cleaner stages. Experiments were conducted using the combinations of oil–MIBC and gas oil–pine oil, with one test without collector and frother. Five kinetic models were applied to the data obtained from the flotation tests using MATLAB software. Statistical analysis showed that the results of the experiment with oil–MIBC were highly in compliance with all models. Kinetic constants (k) were calculated as 0.1548 (s−1 ) and 0.0450 (s−1 ) for rougher and cleaner stages, respectively. Rougher and cleaner tests without collector and frother also matched all models well (R2 > 0.98), with k values of 0.2163 (s−1 ) and 0.284 (s−1 ), respectively. The relationship between flotation rate constant, maximum combustible recovery, and particle size showed that the maximum flotation combustible recovery and flotation rate were obtained in the size range of −250 + 106 μm in the rougher and cleaner stages. The combustible recovery and flotation rate were higher in the rougher flotation process than in the cleaner stage.

By William Petruk

The concentrator of the Iron Ore Company of Canada consists of spiral circuits, a cone plant and a magnetics plant with regrind. The proportions of liberated and unliberated grains of iron oxides at each point throughout the concentrator were measured by image analysis, and recoveries were calculated for each particle type by the MATBAL materials balancing program. The results show that spirals and cones recover more than 92% of the liberated iron oxide grains in the size range of 848 to 150 um,, but the recovery drops off rapidly for finer grained particles. The tailings from the spirals and cones are reground and low intensity magnetic separators are used to recover liberated magnetite in the -37.5 um size range. The concentrator does not have a unit that efficiently recovers iron oxide grains in the size range of 150 to 37.5 um Consequently about 25% of the iron oxides in the ore are lost to tailings as liberated. grains in the size range of 150 to 37.5 um

Jan 1, 1989

By Russell E. Griffen

With the development of larger mine-haulage trucks in recent years, the visual field of the driver has diminished correspondingly. Specifically, the operator's lack of direct vision in the right front area and directly to the rear constitutes a serious hazard to personnel in nearby small utility vehicles. Recently developed electronic technology has made it possible to supplement the use of mirrors and fresnel lenses to warn the operator of specific collision dangers in the truck's blind areas. This Bureau of Mines report describes the results of a coordinated contract and in-house research program to develop and test in-mine prototype electronic systems to detect the presence of smaller vehicles within the blind areas of large mine-haulage trucks. Each system utilized transmitters installed on the smaller vehicles and receivers installed on the haulage trucks. Transmitting techniques tested included both low-and high-frequency radio waves. On-vehicle testing established the engineering feasibility of each approach. Further private sector product development to improve reliability and reduce system costs is recommended. Mining companies should consider the advantages of each type of system.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. McLean, Q. R. Yang, Y. D. Yang, G. F. Zhang, P. Wu

A considerable amount of waste slag from the pyrite roasting process is discharged every year. Recovery of iron from the waste slag is of great interest for comprehensive use of mineral resource, reduction of environment impact and improvement of economical benefit to related companies. The objectives of the present work are focused on: (1) Compare various procedures for recovery of iron from the waste slag and select a best procedure for industrial trial which is roasting of the waste slag under reducing condition followed by magnetic separation; (2) Investigate the optimum conditions for maximum recovery of iron from the waste slag. The experimental result shows that under the treatment condition found in this work about 36 to 40% of the iron oxide was recovered from the waste slag, where the iron content in the concentrate is 57%. The total recovery ratio of iron, up to 70%, from the waste slag was achieved. After the treatment, sulphur content in the waste slag was reduced significantly and gangue materials, such as SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, were reduced effectively.

Jan 1, 2011

The Technology Transfer Seminar on Mine Communications held on March 21-77, 1973, at the Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center, Bruceton, Pa., presented information about recently developed equipment, instruments, and techniques for use in mine communications systems. All of the basic ideas presented in the fine seminar are operational in the Bureau of Mines Safety Research Mine in Bruceton.

Jan 1, 1974

By N McKay, J Vann, W Ware, P Hodkiewicz, C Morley

"Geometallurgy is now recognised within the mining industry as an approach that can both maximise value and reduce the risks associated with resource development. The process of spatial ore variability testing for metallurgical response and the use of quick, inexpensive metallurgical proxies has been well developed in the past decade in industry and the literature, and via various collaborative research programs and laboratories. Technology continues to advance with new techniques such as hand-held analytical tools and automated hyperspectral core scanning, allowing for even faster, less expensive in situ geometallurgical testing.In the current mining industry downturn, a critical frontier of geometallurgy is in its application in short-term geological modelling (ore control) and mine planning, and the associated decision-making. This is the end game at which the hard-won knowledge of orebody variability can be exploited to add near-term value. In order for spatial block models to be fit-for-purpose for such tactical uses, they must be populated with key geometallurgical information and then have workflows that use this richer model as a basis of material allocation to destinations so that the true value of the resource is realised.We envision geometallurgy (geomet) programs designed to add and sustain value at two levels:‘Strategic geomet’ has a long-term strategic focus that actively uses all relevant data that helps predict processing performance such as bench-scale metallurgical tests, mineralogy, geochemistry, ore texture etc (‘the geometallurgical database’) to model spatial ore variability and metallurgical response throughout the life-of-mine (LOM). This will enable better resource definition, more optimal mine planning and scheduling, improved process design and sustaining capital strategy over the LOM. The value-realisation is gained by basing all these strategic decisions on spatial models that better reflect the actual value of blocks (or aggregates of blocks) in the model.‘Tactical geomet’ has a short- to medium-term tactical focus that, again, actively uses the geometallurgical database, but also includes new data derived during ore control activities (such as drilling and sampling) to inform allocation-to-destination decisions via the ore control process. This will enable improved efficiency (ie less error) in allocation of mining blocks as direct feed, stockpile or waste. Importantly, this efficiency will be measured in terms of value and not grade, which is an incomplete – and typically biased – proxy for value. The key benefit is that ore control will then be planned and executed on the basis of realised value.We therefore propose a twofold systematic and holistic, value-based geometallurgical process. This process needs to be planned and implemented in an integrated manner, noting that strategic and tactical geometallurgy can be worked on by the same professionals, sharing data, methodologies and potentially models. What differs between the two levels is the required granularity, the business context and (critically) the decision-making time horizons.CITATION:McKay, N, Vann, J, Ware, W, Morley, C, Hodkiewicz, P, 2016. Strategic and Tactical Geometallurgy – a Systematic Process to Add and Sustain Resource Value, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 29–36 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

By Kri Inwood

"IntroductionIn 1879, when the Dominion government initiated its controversial program of industrial promotion, iron smelting in Canada was limited to one company producing coke iron on the mainland of Nov a Scotia and three small charcoal blast furnaces in Quebec. There was no steel production. By the eve of the first great war, iron and steel were being produced in very large quantities, the companies active in 1879 had disappeared and new centres of integrated iron and rolled steel production at Hamilton, Sydney and Sault Ste. Marie had come to resemble the industry as we know it today.The most dramatic change was that at Sydney, Nova Scotia, where in the early 1900s, two steelmaking companies established works. The Sydney developments have been explained as the result of resource discovery and technical change. W.J. Donald, in his authoritative account of the Canadian iron and steel industry, observes:""The most rapid growth of the Canadian iron and steel industry has occured since 1897... The remarkable growth has been caused largely by the new conditions of the industry. The discovery and use of Newfoundland ores, together with the availability of Cape Breton coal, has made the Nova Scotia industry not only possible but profitable ... It is a safe conclusion that the Canadian industry would not have been an important one, had it not been for the discovery of the Michipicoten and especially the Wabana (Newfoundland) ores""Donald also argues that metallurgical progress had been necessary to render the ores valuable,""Newfoundland ores ... contain a considerable amount of phosphorus, and were made available for steel-making by recent inventions.""The purpose of this paper is to re-examine Donald's story. It will be argued that the origin of steel -making at Sydney is somewhat more complicated than Donald has indicated. The difficulty with Newfoundland ore extended beyond its phosphorus content and a resolution required more than the basic open hearth furnace identified by Donald. Moreover metallurgical change was only one of several developments necessary to induce industrial investment at Sydney. Surprisingly, however, the discovery of iron ore in the late nineteenth century does not appear to be part of the explanation."

Jan 1, 1983

By I. A. Menshikh, S. A. Kotov, N. L. Shinkarkin

All the cycle for conversion of natural and reprocessed uranium of ROSATOM’s “TVEL” Fuel Company is concentrated at the Siberian Chemical Plant. Conversion capacities are located on two sites, i.e. the Radiochemical Plant, which refines feedstock, and the Conversion Plant, which produces uranium oxides and uranium hexafluoride. Liquid radioactive waste arising in the process, after pretreatment, is transferred to a dedicated national operator for underground disposal. Environmental strategies pursued by the Fuel Company involve the introduction of process solutions intended to eliminate liquid radioactive waste and convert it into a solid phase. In the 5–7 years coming, work will be performed to refurbish and upgrade conversion facilities of the Siberian Chemical Plant that will principally change its radioactive waste management scheme. This paper describes the current waste management scheme and sets out planned schemes for management of natural and reprocessed uranium waste, which will be implemented in the refurbishment of conversion facilities of the Siberian Chemical Plant. The new technologies for the management of liquid radioactive waste from uranium conversion described in the present paper have an undeniable advantage over the current technology mainly due to significantly less environmental harm.

Jan 1, 2020

By Barbara B. Newlin, Emily Rosenberg, Marianne Snedeker

Whose longwalls perform best in Eastern underground mines? What is the latest legislation affecting slurry pipelines? What are the trace element constraints on magma genesis? How can process set points be controlled more economically without affecting product quality? Where can I get a paper presented at the Australian Coal Preparation Conference? If answers to questions like these can help with your management decisions, exploration plans, or market positioning, your firm should know about Information on Demand. Information on Demand, Inc. (IOD) is a research service available to SME members to help them get the facts needed to develop business plans. IOD can function as a research staff and data bank specialist for geologists, planning specialists, production managers, and engineers in all levels of the mining industry. Just dial 415-549-3259 and ask IOD for a copy of an obscure article, a comprehensive literature search, or a background report on a company, a process, or a product. Within a short time, IOD will have the information you need delivered to your office or worksite. Information on Demand has a bank of dial-up terminals that provide access to more than 200 business and technical data bases, including Lockheed's Dialog, CompuServe, InfoLine, The New York Times Information Bank, and other systems. These data banks contain more than 95% of the world's technical literature published in the last 10 years. There is no input required from individuals or companies. The data bases are maintained by publishers and are constantly updated with abstracts of articles, reports and reviews, and other text appearing in more than 5,000 engineering publications, as well as thousands of other trade and technical publications. The data bases are organized by subject and offer a speedy comprehensive survey of world literature. One data base, called Compendex, provides worldwide coverage of engineering publications, meetings, and reports. The Metadex data base abstracts literature on the science and practice of metallurgy, and can be accessed by commercial, compositional, and numerical alloy designations. PatSearch and Claims data bases enable IOD to determine what patents have been filed by a given entity, what international patents are equivalent to a US patent, and other vital patent information. In the non-technical arena, the Commerce Business Daily has daily updates of federal procurement information. The Federal Register is abstracted on-line in a data base, and ABI/Inform is a data base full of marketing and management information for all industries. IOD offers a free pamphlet listing these and other data bases. A typical literature search from IOD will produce 60-200 references with abstracts, and can be printed out off-line and mailed or transmitted directly to an electronic mailbox. Abstracts will often give all the information needed by the reader. At times, when the complete article or technical report is needed for further study, IOD will send a photocopy of the full text for a small additional fee. Patents, books, securities exchange filings, standards, and specifications can also be supplied by means of IOD's network in major libraries, such as Harvard, MIT, and The Library of Congress. A technical translation service is available for foreign

Jan 12, 1983

By Andrew C. Katen

The mining industry faces increasing geopolitical risk in the coming decades. Constraints such as resource nationalism, corruption and social license could grow to outweigh fundamental limitations like geology or supply and demand (Ernst & Young, 2013; Verrastro et al. 2010). Lurking beneath these more immediate and palpable concerns, however, may be more significant risks entrenched in geography and history. Deep-rooted cultural and strategic forces that emerge slowly ? or erupt suddenly and unexpectedly ? can generate momentous and far-reaching political, social and economic changes. While multinational enterprises routinely assess for political risk, the nature of minerals extraction means long-term and systemic geopolitical conditions are especially important for mining companies to identify and understand. Mine development is a decades-long process that binds companies to the land and makes changing course to avert emerging threats a difficult and costly option. Consequently, geopolitical assessment is a pertinent and valuable tool that mining companies can use to more comprehensively evaluate strategic threats and opportunities. Geopolitics is the study of society, politics and strategy through the lens of geography (Gray, 1996). Its emphasis on relatively permanent physical features of the earth makes geopolitics a uniquely valuable tool for assessing political risk. Topography, climate and natural resources have shaped, constrained and motivated peoples and governments throughout history. These influences transcend regimes, policies and borders ? and even states themselves ? which, by contrast, change often and dramatically. Framing politics against mountains, deserts and rivers supports identification of historical patterns and forecasts of emerging trends. In other words, the physical map provides an objective and consistent model for studying a subjective and dynamic subject such as politics (Sloan and Gray, 1999). Consequently, geopolitical assessment can highlight threats and opportunities that go unaddressed by other risk methodologies that emphasize current conditions (Glancy, 2012). Taken together, the permanence of geography, hindsight afforded by centuries of political history, and interconnectedness of world events makes geopolitical assessment a valuable approach for conceptualizing strategic risk.

Mar 1, 2014

By J. W. Thompson

AN ACT prescribing the mode of maintaining and defending possessory actions on lands belonging to the United States. The People, etc. SEC. 1. Any person now occupying and settled upon, or who may hereafter occupy and settle upon any of the public lands belonging to the United States, unoccupied, except upon lands containing mines of any of the precious metals, may commence and maintain any action for interference with, or injuries done to his possession of said land, against any person or persons so interfering with or injuring such land or such possession. SEC. 2. On the trial of any such cause, the possession or possessory right of the plaintiff shall be considered as extending to the boundaries embraced by the claim of such plaintiff, so as to enable him to have and maintain any action as aforesaid, without being compelled to prove an actual inclosure; provided, that such "claim" shall not exceed in any case one hundred and sixty acres of land. SEC. 3. Every such claim, to entitle the holder to maintain any action as aforesaid, shall be marked out, so that the boundaries thereof may be readily traced, and the extent of such "claim" easily known, and no person shall be entitled to maintain any such action for possession of, or injury to, any claim, unless he occupy the same, or shall have made improvements thereon to the value of $100. SEC. 4. A neglect to occupy or cultivate such "claim," for the period of three months, shall be considered such an abandonment as to preclude the claimant from maintaining any action as hereinbefore mentioned. Sec. 5. Any person or persons claiming the right of possession to land under this act shall have the right to defend said possession and the claim thereto, and all the rights and privileges given them by this act.

Jan 1, 1918