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Sustainable development is a critical discussion topic in the mining industry today. The topic is necessarily broad and complex, covering an entire spectrum of related areas, from geology to end-use products. The objective of this keynote address is to focus on the chemicals and chemistry aspects - especially research and technology transfer - in sustainable mineral processing. Chemicals came to play a critical role in mineral processing during the last century, and they will play an equally vital role in confronting the sustainability challenges of the 21st century, particularly in the areas of greener chemicals, water efficiency and water resource management; waste reduction and remediation; minimising environmental impact, safety and health risks (meeting and exceeding the requirements of regulations); energy efficiency; and converting mineral resources into reserves. This keynote address argues that the current research framework is no longer adequate to serve the goals of sustainable mineral processing. The problems studied are often too narrowly defined or irrelevant, while the research efforts are fragmented and the methods and approach employed are often too reductionistic to produce useful knowledge. A new framework for research is needed. This address further argues that a new framework based on a holistic or systems approach can best tackle the challenges of sustainable mineral processing. Central tenets of this approach include a recognition that, in complex systems, the behaviour of the whole system is more than the sum of the individual contributions, and that interactions occur in real time, often in subtle and complex ways. The focus is thus on the behaviour of the whole system. Indeed, a comprehensive understanding of the system through large-scale measurements should precede a study of parts or of idealised models of the complex system. The result will be a sound knowledgebase, better solutions to the challenges of sustainable development, and improved technology transfer. Developing such a framework will pose a formidable challenge, requiring significant time and effort as well as a confluence of diverse specialties and strategic collaboration. Fortunately, recent developments in the context of reagent optimisation provide us with a prototype of a holistic approach. We can also draw upon methodological innovations in the biological sciences, where the critical need for a systems approach is well recognised and significant advances have been made.

Sep 13, 2010

By R. U. Seneviratne, B. K. Ahlgren

In this paper we follow various technological discoveries and developments in the purification of minerals and metals in the mining industry by ion exchange. For approximately 100 years, ion exchange has been a known and variously applied purification and separation technology used by scientists and producers. It would seem obvious that the producer’s objectives have always been to achieve the highest quality products and the lowest operation costs, but also with the least amount of technological complexity. As a strategy to reach these goals, much effort has been expended in the quest to improve continuous ion exchange (CIX) systems by reducing utility needs and resin degradation or loss while at the same time improving productivity and reliability. Recent developments from a number of companies have pushed equipment boundaries, resulting in a variety of unique commercial equipment designs each with a varying degree of success. The challenge set forth for all new designs has been a truly continuous process with no sacrifice in the afore mentioned benefits. One very recent equipment design based on system symmetry appears to meet many of these objectives with greater flexibility and less complexity resulting in better economics for the producer.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. A. Drozdiak, W. Tse, P. P. Rosario

"In a recent publication (SAG 2015), we presented a non-conventional high pressure grinding roll (HPGR)-ball mill circuit as a lower capital cost alternative to the “standard” HPGR circuit. The circuit was designed for the treatment of a hard ore and relatively high tonnage (50,000 t/d). That paper provided details such as flowsheets, layouts, and equipment lists for the two options and compared their calculated capital costs demonstrating significant savings for the proposed circuit. This paper extends the analysis to a third option, a traditional semi-autogenous ball crushing circuit, giving the same level of details and now including the operating cost estimates for all three options for a more comprehensive analysis. Moreover, this work also provides information about the strengths and weaknesses of the non-conventional HPGR circuit when compared to the “standard” HPGR option.This study demonstrates that the proposed non-conventional HPGR-based circuit not only provides a lower overall capital costs for the project if compared to a “standard” HPGR circuit but also brings the capital cost to the level of the traditional semi-autogenous grinding (SAG)-ball mill circuits. In addition, the innovative HPGR circuit provides similar operational cost savings of the “standard” HPGR and thus a significant advantage when compared to the SAG option. With the current capital cost sensitivity for most greenfield projects, the proposed alternative circuit should help make HPGR-based circuits more competitive and thus promote the utilization of a technology that enables higher energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. INTRODUCTIONThe application of high pressure grinding roll (HPGR) technology in comminution circuits is well established for the processing of cement, diamonds and iron ore (Broeckmann & Gardula, 2005), and over the past 10–15 years, this technology has slowly been applied to hard ores in high-tonnage precious and base metal operations. Unfortunately, under the current economic climate, the ability to finance large capital projects has become very difficult and companies tend to have an easier time securing funding if the capital expenditures (CAPEX) are low with a proven process method. The traditional semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill / ball mill circuits easily fit into this mould, having been installed in countless plants around the world over the past 30 years with relatively low capital requirements. In contrast, it has been well-documented that HPGR-based circuits are capital intensive with complex material handling systems (Seidel, Logan, LeVier, & Veillette, 2006). Although these circuits benefit from reduced operating costs with the increase in energy efficiency and the elimination of steel grinding media (Rosario, Boyd, & Grundy, 2009), if the company is unable to secure financing to build the plant, these advantages remain out of reach. With the current trend to retrofit existing SAG circuits with a secondary crushing circuit to achieve design throughput, the opportunity to circumvent this gross inefficiency by making HPGR-based circuits more capital friendly would greatly benefit the industry."

Jan 1, 2016

By John P. Turner, Benjamin J. Turner

"This report describes a research project for evaluating the applicability of the widely accepted 80 percent criterion for elongation of ground anchors to anchors with unbonded lengths exceeding 100 feet. This issue is driven by several recent projects involving ground anchors for landslide stabilization in which a significant percentage of the anchors did not meet the criterion that requires measured elongation during proof load testing of at least 80 percent of the theoretical elastic elongation. The projects involved anchor unbonded lengths in the range of 85 to 220 feet, which is outside the range traditionally used in practice, although anchors of this length are being used more frequently for landslide stabilization. The principal objective of this research is to address whether the widely accepted criterion of 80 percent elongation is applicable for such applications, and whether other factors affect the ability of anchors to meet the criterion.Analytical methods for predicting transfer of load along the length of steel strand due to friction loss are used routinely in the prestressed concrete industry. These analytical expressions provide a rational framework for quantifying changes in load due to friction along the length of a ground anchor in terms of a ‘wobble coefficient’ (K) as defined in Aalami (2004). Values of the wobble coefficient for ground anchors can only be determined by back-calculating from load tests, i.e., fit the value of K to the appropriate analytical expression based on the known test load and measured percent elongation. The analytical basis is first developed and shown to provide a tool for evaluating results of anchor load tests to determine the magnitude of expected elongation as a function of unbonded length. Next, a database of anchor load tests is used to back-calculate values of K for anchors with unbonded lengths in the range typically used in geotechnical applications (< 100 feet). These values of K are then used to calculate expected friction loss for anchors with high unbonded lengths (100 to 250 feet) to evaluate whether the 80 percent criterion is reasonable."

Jan 1, 2017

By Irwin H. Cornell

BRIEFLY stated, the history of the St. Joseph Lead Co. is the story of how a group of men, working for ten years as officers without salaries and stockholders without dividends, developed a small mine in Missouri into what became a large and prosperous corporation. Their courage and faith in the scattered surface deposits of lead coupled with the management&apos;s engineering vision and sound financial judgment should prove an inspiration to present-day mining operators and investors. In 1717, John Law&apos;s company, known as "The Company of the West," was formed in France and letters patent were granted, for a period of 25 years by Louis XV, for exploration in the Mississippi River Valley. One of the underlying purposes of the expedition, headed by Mr. Renault and Mr. La Motte, a French metallurgist, was development of the lead mines in the area now known as Southeast Missouri.

Jan 1, 1947

By Biswajit Samanta, Pranjal Pathak

A multimine mineral value chain (MVC) consists of multiple mines in the upstream supplying raw materials to multiple destinations in the downstream. The short-term mine production scheduling problem of a multimine MVC aims to determine the optimal extraction sequence and destination allocation of blocks from all the mines collaboratively to meet the quality and quantity requirements of all the processing plants in each period, subject to all relevant technical and operational constraints of the mining system. It is carried out at shorter scales of days/weeks/months under the purview of long-term production scheduling. An optimal short-term production schedule for MVC involving multiple mines that share the same infrastructure (processing units, stockpiles and waste dumps) requires coordination across the network of mines. Optimizing the short-term production schedules independently at each mine fails to capture the benefit of collaboratively generating schedules for all the mines, resulting in suboptimal schedules. Additionally, in short-term production scheduling, the operations are modeled in greater detail with additional decision variables and constraints to model the more complex multimine MVC situations. This makes the large-scale instances of the problem computationally intractable for standard mixed-integer programming (MIP) solvers. This work presents a customized genetic algorithm (GA)-based heuristic approach to obtain near-optimal solutions to the industrial-scale instances of the short-term production scheduling problem of multimine MVC within a reasonable computation time.

Oct 1, 2022

By A Grigg, L Hackett

Alcoa operates two bauxite mines at Huntly and Willowdale, located within the jarrah forest south-east of Perth in Western Australia. Ore reserves are shallow but extensive, and mining pits averaging around 20 ha in size are distributed across a mining region in a mosaic pattern, linked to a centrally-located crusher by a radiating network of haulroads. A mining or crusher region is defined partly in terms of economic haul distances, and new regions are opened once the current regions’ reserves have been mined. Since commencing in 1973, the Huntly mine has constructed and progressively closed three previous mining regions and is presently in a transition from the fourth and current region of McCoy to the new region of Myara. At present rates of production, approximately 450 ha is cleared, mined and rehabilitated each year.The value of topsoil in returning a diverse mix of native jarrah forest plant species and supplying nutrients, organic matter and soil biota to rehabilitated areas has long been recognised. Managing the topsoil resource is therefore a critical element in the success of rehabilitation outcomes, but the distribution and dynamic nature of mining operations pose significant planning and logistical challenges. The regionalised approach to mining at Huntly also presents a range of issues for what are, in effect, soil management plans for episodic mine closure. The nature of mining and rehabilitation operations are described, together with the planning processes that Alcoa follows to quantify, track and report on soil movement. A case study of the Huntly mine demonstrates that an integrated operational and life-of-mine planning process is essential for successful and cost-effective mine rehabilitation.CITATION:Hackett, L and Grigg, A, 2014. Topsoil management for long-term mine operation and closure – a case study from Alcoa's bauxite mining operations in south-west Australia, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 609–614 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By E. V. Cilento, K. A. DiGregorio, R. C. Lantz

"An electro-optical method was used to quantify superoxide (SO) release from single rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) exposed in vitro to respirable quartz and kaolin dusts and in vivo to quartz. Release was determined by measuring the reduction of nitroblue tdrazolium (NBT) to a diformazan precipitate at 550 nm from video-recorded images of individual cells. In vitro exposure to 0.025 or 0.05 mg/ml kaolin for 40 minutes resulted in no significant differences in either the total diformazan produced (max) or the maximum rate of diformazan production (R)./n vitro exposure to 0.025 mg/ml c1uartz decreased max 38 percent while no significant change was found using 0.05 mg/ml. However, R was decreased 31 percent and 24 percent for the low and high dose, respectively. In contrast, PAM obtained from animals exposed in vivo to quartz dust for two or four weeks in inhalation chambers exhibited increased production of diformazan. However, only PAM analyzed three days post-exposure showed significant increases, while PAM from animals sacrificed ten or 31 days post-exposure were not significantly different from control. The combined in vitro and in vivo quartz results might suggest that there is an initital acute response to exposure that decreases the ability of PAM to produce SO, followed by recruitment of production of PAM with increased SO producing capability. It appears that removal of animals from the source of exposure permits PAM to return to control levels of SO production by31 days. Whether this would be true for chronic exposure remains to be elucidated.IntroductionPulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) protect the lungs by phagocytizing foreign debris and bacteria.(1) This process involves ingestion as well as destruction of foreign matter. Phagocytosis usually is accompanied by a respiratory burst which increases cellular oxygen consumption leading to the release of highly reactive oxygen metabolites.(2) These agents have been implicated in the killing of bacteria by phagocytes, but they have also been shown to be toxic and,have been linked to cancer, emphysema, arthritis, diabetes, and other diseases.(3) Toxic effects may be a result of 1) an abnormally low production of metabolites, resulting in damage to lung tissue by the respired bacteria and/or dusts; or 2) an abnormally high production resulting in direct damage to lung tissue by metabolites themselves."

Mar 1, 1989

By D. E. Traut

A fluidized countercurrent ion-exchange system was developed, operated, and evaluated by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. The system consisted of integrated multiple-compartment absorption and elution columns in which the solution flows were continuous except for short periods when resin increments were withdrawn. The exchange of uranyl carbonate between a simulated in situ uranium leach liquor and a strong-base ion-exchange resin together with the subsequent elution with an ammonium chloride solution was studied. The effects of the number of sections, section height, amount of resin withdrawal, solution flow rate, and column diameter were investigated. The kinetic and equilibrium relationships for the absorption and elution steps were also examined. The experimental data indicate a strong interdependence between variables. Solution retention time appears to be a major limiting variable in the absorption process, while resin residence time is the determining factor in the elution process. The column was efficient over a range of conditions, but close control was needed for optimum operation.

Jan 1, 1978

By R. D. Brown

On November 16, 1978, Finance Minister Chretien delivered his second formal budget in the House of Commons. Over-all, the provisions of the budget should provide moderate stimulus to the Canadian economy. With respect to the mining industry, the budget offers some welcome changes in the form of&apos; improved write-offs for development expenses and social assets; higher investment tax credits; and a reduction in federal sales tax. On the other hand, income bond financing of new mineral ventures may be restricted.

Jan 1, 1979

By E. Szelag

The adsorption and stabilization of mineral dispersed systems by using Pluronic copolymers with different molecular weights and EO content has been studied. The role of sequential adsorption of EO-PO copolymers and cationic surfactant (CTAB) on the carbonate particle properties and in determining the stability of their suspension was studied with particular attention to the conformation of the polymer at the solid-liquid interface. The purpose of this work was to investigate the flocculation phenomena, influence of polymer molecular size on stability of suspensions of magnesite and dolomite and the effect of addition mode of polymer and surfactant. The suspension stability measurements and the determination of sedimentation speed were carried out using an optical analyser (Turbiscan). In most of investigated cases, the biggest floccs and the fastest sedimentation were found for low concentrations of copolymers.

Jan 1, 2014

By Abraham Lindo

Taboguilla is a small island located 10 miles outside the Panama Canal Pacific Entrance. In 2002 a fuel distribution facility was installed in order to supply fuel to vessels passing thru the canal. The current capacity of the tank farm is equivalent to 1,100,000 barrels. The demand for marine diesel at this location still exceeds the current capacity, thus an expansion project is currently underway to increase the available space for diesel tanks. There is a total of 800,000 cubic meters to be excavated in order to create the new space. 400,000 cubic meters of that total is basalt rock which will need to be blasted

Jan 1, 2011

By Gianni Bartolacci, Patrice Nadeau, Szatvanyi. Gerard, Carl Duchesne, Claude Chrétien

"Combustion is used throughout the mineral processing industry to produce steam in boilers, to dry concentrates in rotary dryers, and to apply heat treatments in pyrometallurgical furnaces. Tight combustion control is very important in latter type of furnace since the combustion conditions directly affect final ore quality. However, achieving tight combustion control is not straightforward since most of the flames encountered in industry are turbulent non-premixed flames, they are affected by several unmeasured disturbances and are often produced by burning several types of fuel simultaneously, some of them coming from other parts of the plant. A novel method is proposed in this paper to improve process and product quality control as well as to optimize the combustion conditions based on digital flame color images. Multivariate Image Analysis and Regression is to used extract the flame color characteristics from images to predict the solids discharge temperature of an industrial rotary kiln. It is shown that this method yield extremely good 10 minutes ahead forecast of the temperature and should lead to a substantial reduction in product quality variability as well as in fuel consumption.INTRODUCTIONFuel-fired furnaces are often used in the mineral processing industry for various purposes, such as for the production of steam (utility boiler), in conjunction with rotary dryers to dry mineral concentrates or in pyrometallurgical processes for induration, roasting, and so forth. These furnaces are necessary in the supply chain from the mine to the metals, but their operating costs are constantly rising due to the fluctuations in fuel prices. Moreover, these processes are now targeted by the Kyoto Protocol since they are energy intensive and they produce significant amounts of CO2 and other pollutants such CO, NOx and SO2. To achieve both a reduction in operating costs (i.e. fuel consumption) and in pollutant emissions while maintaining or improving product quality, one needs to have a very good control of the combustion process."

Jan 1, 2005

By D. Nutakor

The ability of computers to create synthetic representations of the real world in virtual reality offers a number of opportunities to enhance training methods used in the mining industry. Unfortunately, the training effectiveness of virtual reality systems currently used in the mining industry has received only limited testing. Miner Simulation (MinerSIM), an augmented reality system with integrated hypermedia suitable for training underground miners in the basics of using a jackleg drill to install rock bolts in a virtual mine environment is in its evaluation process at the University of Missouri-Rolla Experimental Mine. This paper discusses evaluation methodologies of the MinerSIM system, which consists of experimental and control groups with control students learning via traditional lecture and text formats. Preliminary results from usability tests of the first part of MinerSim, which is an online tutorial on underground rock bolting, are presented.

Jan 1, 2008

By Robert R. Abbott

The practice of carbonizing steel for the purpose of case-hardening has assumed great commercial importance within the past 10 years. Formerly, case-hardened steel was held in more or less contempt, since it was considered a cheap substitute for tool-steel. This is no longer the case. The development of the motor-car industry, and coincidentally that of modern alloy-steels, has resulted in overcoming many difficulties formerly experienced in case-hardening. This result has been accomplished by increased knowledge regarding the analysis of the steel which would respond most readily to case-hardening, and by more careful methods of treatment of the carbonized steel. The ordinary method of carbonizing consists in packing the steel with the carbonizing-material in cast-iron boxes and placing them in a furnace at a temperature of from 1,500° to 1,900° F. for a time sufficient to give the required depth of " case." The steel is then either quenched directly from the box, or is allowed to cool without unpacking, and finally given a single hardening-heat, or, for special work, two or three heats. During the year 1911, more than 100,000 tons of carbonizing-material was sold in the United States, at an average price of probably $55 per ton. More than 85 per cent. of this material consisted of granulated bone. Within the past four years, many manufactured compounds have been placed on the market, consisting largely of some form of carbon or carbonaceous material, with or without the addition of chemicals. Steel will absorb carbon placed in contact with it at the temperature of the atmosphere. The reaction is exceedingly slow, but increases rapidly with increasing temperature. Below

Jan 1, 1913

By T M. El Hajj, A C. Chieregati, M T. G C Marques, J M. Braga Jr, H Delboni Jr

"The estimate and control of sampling errors is essential for all mining operations, especially when dealing with strategic materials, such as niobium. This paper is based on a traditional quality assurance and quality control technique used to confirm mineralised intersection zones, and proposes the validation of sampling data using diamond drill twin holes, in order to evaluate and improve the quality of the current data set. The geological model of the niobium mine – located in Araxá, Minas Gerais, Brazil – was built including 77 diamond drill holes of a sampling campaign carried out during the 1970s. There are few records about the collection and preparation procedures of these past samples, making it difficult to estimate the errors associated with their analytical results. Therefore, 11 twin drill holes were drilled to compare their samples against the samples from the 1970s drilling campaign. The new hole locations were chosen as near as possible to the old holes location. The JORC Code, 2012 edition, relates the use of twin holes as a good sampling technique to assess sampling and assay data. Three parameters were considered to validate the 1970s drill hole campaign by the twin drill hole campaign: the difference of the coordinates between the paired holes the difference among the positions of the geological contacts to validate the geologic description the difference between the paired samples grades was calculated to validate the analytical results.The analysis of the grade range variation between sample pairs was based on three techniques: geostatistical interpretation of vertical semivariogram to obtain the nugget effect calculation of the relative difference between duplicates calculation of the error associated with the sampling protocol established according to Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling.The results were satisfactory for hole coordinates; however, the ore content showed a high deviation, although this divergence can be explained by the nugget effect. For the lithological intervals, the new results contributed to an effective identification of variations among lithologies, ie brown weathered ore and saprolite. The twin drill holes campaign successfully validated the geological model data, allowing effective mine planning and higher reliability of the reconciliation results.CITATION:Marques, M T G C, El Hajj, T M, Braga Jr, J M, Chieregati, A C and Delboni Jr, H, 2017. Theory of Sampling and geostatistics for twin drill holes analysis in a niobium mine in Araxá, Brazil, Australia, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending, pp 97–106 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

May 9, 2017

By L. C. Graton

Introduction The Porcupine district of northern Ontario has yielded over $300,000,000 in gold during its twenty-three years of mining operations. It thus ranks among the foremost gold producing areas of the world. Of this $300,000,000 already produced from the District, the Hollinger mine has furnished over 60 per cent and stands as one of the greatest gold mines of all time. In 1929, the Hollinger Directors decided to supplement the current geological and development work by an intensive investigation of the geology of the mine. This special study, begun in June of that year, was completed in October, 1932. An account of the geology of the mine in a degree of detail commensurate with the intensity of the study is in course of preparation. But the widespread interest manifested at the present day in gold occurrence generally, in Canadian gold deposits, and in the specific results of the investigation at Hollinger, appears to justify the immediate presentation of a highly abridged summary of our principal findings, insofar as they relate to the more general and scientific phases of the geological situation. Those conclusions having direct bearing on operating and exploratory policy are not dealt with here. The present preliminary paper, therefore, records chiefly the conclusions reached, with little incorporation of supporting argument or evidence. While intended to give a reasonably balanced perspective of Hollinger geology, the condensed presentation naturally emphasizes those views which are not in complete accord with accounts hitherto published regarding this district.

Jan 1, 1933

By William G. Pariseau, Mark K. Larson, Douglas R. Tesarik, Heather E. Lawson

"This contribution describes development and application of a user-friendly finite element program, UT3PC, to address three important problems in underground coal mine design: (1) safety of main entries, (2) barrier pillar size needed for entry protection, and (3) safety of bleeder entries during the advance of an adjacent longwall panel. While the finite element method is by far the most popular engineering design tool of the digital age, widespread use by the mining community has been impeded by the relatively high cost of and the need for lengthy specialized training in numerical methods. Implementation of UT3PC overcomes these impediments in three easy steps: First, a material properties file is prepared for the considered site. Next, mesh generation is automatic through an interactive process. A third and last step is simply execution of the program. Examples using data from several western coal mines illustrate the ease of using the application for analysis of main entries, barrier pillars, and bleeder entry safety.INTRODUCTIONRational design of safe underground entries and crosscuts, barrier pillars, and bleeder entries begins with a site-specific analysis of stress. An analysis of stress identifies the critical regions of high-stress concentration where yielding is likely and additional or more focused ground control measures are needed. This analysis also identifies regions where stress concentration is low, and risk mitigation is less urgent. Displacements induced by mining, including roof sag, floor heave, and pillar squeeze, are also of importance to stability. The popular finite element method is well-suited for such analysis and has been in use for studying coal mine engineering problems since the late 1960s (Dahl, 1969). The method has been taught in undergraduate engineering curricula for many years and offers an alternative to existing design procedures based mostly on rules of thumb, empirical methods based on mine data, and predigital-age concepts of strata mechanics. However, despite the versatility of the finite element method, usage has been limited, mainly because of the cost of the software and the required training in numerical methods.The program UT3PC (Pariseau, 2017) has evolved from early two-dimensional versions in the era of mainframe computers. These early versions were still quite limited using only a few hundred elements that required overnight turnaround times. Recent versions of UT3PC are convenient and efficient desktop programs that use several million elements. With the advent of personal computers in the mid-1980s and subsequent increase in computer speed, expanded memory, and lower costs, applications for mining increased in three-way cooperative projects among industry, the former U.S. Bureau of Mines, and academia. The Spokane Research Center of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the University of Utah, developed a two-dimensional desktop finite element program, UT2PC, available to the mining community in 1991. This was a short course offered at the 1991 SME Annual Meeting in Denver, CO."

Jan 1, 2017

By V. Yu. Ivanov, A. I. Yuryev, L. S. Lesnikova, M. S. Datsiev

"The Talnakh Concentrator was put into operation in 1981 using a direct selective process to produce copper, nickel and pyrrhotite concentrates.In 2001, a novel selective-bulk-selective (SBS) technology for the concentration of massive sulfide ore was implemented, that allowed to increase the valuable components recovery into target concentrates with feedstock grinding coarser than before. In 2003-2005, the process upgrading included the differentiated processing of nickelpyrrhotite products recovered at the different concentration stages and made it possible to significantly enhance the contrast of the pentlandite and pyrrhotite flotation properties and to simultaneously increase separation of polymineral intergrowths.The next stage of the PD concentration complex development is the Project ""Talnakh Concentrator Reconstruction and Technical Upgrading"" to raise its capacity by half. The project has three Phases.• Phase 1. Pilot startup was carried out in January 2015 following the installation of new OK-100 TC flotation machines, manufactured by Outotec.• Phase 2. The introduction of a new technology developed by the Polar Division specialists launched in mid-2016. The new technology is based on maximization of iron and sulfur removal into tailings and maintenance of non-ferrous and precious metals losses at the same level.After the realization of Phase 3, the annual capacity of the Talnakh Concentrator will raise by another ~ 40% at the expense of processing cuprous and disseminated ores currently being processed by the Norilsk Concentrator.By 2023, due to upgrading of the PD production facilities the emissions to the atmosphere will reduce by 75%.Polar Division of PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel (PD) searches for the ways to solve its environmental issues. Thus, in 2016, the Nickel Plant was shutdown and a new flowsheet was introduced at Talnakh Concentrator. It resulted in the reduction of sulfur specific amount sent to pyrometallurgical processing as a component of the concentrates.The Talnakh Concentrator was put into operation in 1981 using a direct selective process to produce copper, nickel and pyrrhotite concentrates.In 1981, its design capacity for processing of Cu-Ni ores from Oktyabrsky and Taimyrsky Mines did not exceed 3 million tons per year.In 2001, a novel selective-bulk-selective (SBS) technology for the concentration of massive sulfide ore was implemented at the Talnakh Concentrator, that allowed to increase the valuable components recovery into target concentrates with feedstock grinding coarser than before."

Jan 1, 2018

By J. A. Stampe

In connection with its investigations of strategic minerals in the United States, the Bureau of Mines ran magnetic surveys totaling more than 533,000 linear feet at 30 deposits of magnetite in northern New Jersey. These deposits occur in a belt of granitic gneiss and in limited areas of limestone. The ore consists of magnetite accompanied by score of the following minerals: Hornblende, augite, apatite, feldspar, biotite, calcite, garnet and pyrolusite. Results of these investigations are being presented in two reports of which this is the second. The first paper, Certain. Magnetite Deposits in New Jersey, by A. L. Neumann and McHenry Mosier, was issued in April 1948 as Report of Investigations 4225.

Jan 1, 1949