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Your assessment of the minerals business. The global mining industry is strong. I am convinced it will continue meeting the mineral needs of the world population for the foreseeable future. Two developments have greatly enhanced the industry’s ability to produce low-cost minerals. Technological innovations have resulted in increased productivity. And there has also been a dramatic expansion of the number of favorable countries in which to explore and mine. Capital expenditures have flowed to the low-production-cost mines and development projects as well as to the exploration projects and stable countries having the best potential for valuable mineral discoveries.

Jan 1, 2000

By Shenghui Guo, Ying Lei, Hao Niu, Huilong Luo, Jinhui Peng, Libo Zhang, Yu Li

"In this work, the combination of microwave drying (MWD) and heat pump drying (HPD) drying experiments were designed by response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) using design expert software (Version 7.15), and the process parameters were optimized. The conditions given by software are: the MWD time is 4.6 or 4.4 min; the HPD time is 9.0 or 8.6 min; and the sample mass is 620 or 600 g. Under those conditions the moisture content is 1.0 10-2kg water/kg wet basis, and the effectiveness ratio is 0.70 kg water/kwh. The results of confirmatory experiments conducted under the optimized conditions show the combined drying have superiority of decrease of energy consumption and increase of handling capacity over the single MWD or HPD.1 IntroductionSilica sand is one of a silicate mineral with properties as hard, anti-friction and less reactive, commonly used as raw material for foundry and construction. The silica sand obtained from mineral dressing processes such as scrubbing, magnetic separation and flotation. Its moisture content is approximately 0.08~0.12 kg water/kg wet basis. The most common methods used for drying are solar drying and hot air drying. But these methods have some shortcomings: for example, the solar drying has longer process time due to low energy yield, [1] hot air drying has low-energy efficiency and a lengthy drying time. [2]Microwave is electromagnetic waves with frequency are 300MHz to 300GHz. The outstanding features of microwave heating are rapidity and selectivity. The water specific inductive capacity of 60~78 is much bigger than common materials, the moisture always quickly absorb electromagnetic wave and rapidly transfer to vapors. So, it can significant reduce the drying time. [3] Heat pumps (HPs) are devices for raising the temperature of low grade heat energy to a more useful level using a relatively small amount of high grade energy."

Jan 1, 2011

By M. C. Harris

"Excess Gibbs energy is a thermodynamic parameter which quantifies the difference between the value of the Gibbs energy for a real mixture and that for an ideal mixture. More specifically the partial molar excess Gibbs energy of a species (i) in a mixture is indicated by the change in the overall excess Gibbs energy of the solution as the number of moles of species (i) changes while keeping temperature, pressure and the number of moles of all other species in the solution constant. Generally it is obtained from the activity coefficient which in turn can be obtained for a species in a mixture using a variety of models. The most widely used method is to use UNIFAC. Flotation is probably the most important process in the concentration of minerals and requires the use of reagents such as collectors and frothers. There is abundant experimental data which illustrates that collectors of different alkyl chain lengths will change the contact angle and that frothers of different structures and molecular weights will result in changes in key flotation properties such as froth behavior, surface tension and critical coalescence concentration. In this paper it is shown that there is a strong linear relationship between measured parameters such as froth volume/height, surface tension, critical coalescence concentration and contact angle and the partial molar excess Gibbs energy of the molecules used. Proposals are made to explain these correlations.INTRODUCTIONAs is well known froth flotation is arguably the most widely used process in the separation of minerals. In broad terms the process relies on the use of reagents known as collectors to adsorb onto a mineral surface and thus render the mineral particle hydrophobic. Alkyl thiolates are very commonly used for this purpose. The hydrophobicity is induced as a result of the alkyl group’s molecular structural properties which results in it forming a non-ideal mixture with the process water. Surfactants (or frothers) are typically alcohols and are known to lower the surface tension of the system and also inhibit bubble coalescence and reduce bubble size. Since alcohols are polar they will also form a non-ideal mixture with water. The hydrophobic mineral attaches to the bubble and rises to the froth phase where the valuable mineral is recovered as a concentrate. Frothers have often been characterized using the so-called HLB (hydrophobic-lipophilic balance) number but recently it was shown that the use of activity coefficients (?) or excess Gibbs energy (G ex ), which is calculated using equation (1) is a much more appropriate way to describe the behavior of these reagents in non-ideal mixtures with water (Corin and O’Connor, 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By B. W. Frazier

Jan 1, 1882

By R. J. Hickson

From 1993 through 1999, Cyprus Amax Minerals successfully completed eight major construction projects around the world. Six greenfield mines were brought into production, an ongoing operation was completely modernized and an environmental issue was appropriately remediated. The projects stretched over three continents: from arctic Russia to the Atacama Desert, from sea level to an elevation of 4,900 m (16,00Oft), from city suburbs to remote wilderness and from a low of US$130 million to more than US$ 1billion. The operations included open-pit and underground mines, mill and leach facilities and involved gold, copper, molybdenum and coal. The diversity of these projects inspired Cyprus Amax to create a "best-practices” project-management protocol to steer corporate expansion in the new millennium. This paper summarizes these best practices, while highlighting the project-management pirfalls to avoid.

Jan 1, 2000

By Józef Czemecki

Polish copper concentrates are characterized by high levels of impurities, particularly Pb and As. Two technologies are being used for copper concentrate smelting at KGHM Polska Meidz S.A., namely the shaft furnace process (Legnica Copper Smelter, Glogów I Copper Smelter) and a single-stage process for direct to blister concentrate smelting in a flash furnace (Glogów II Copper Smelter). Both technologies are used at different physical and chemical conditions which results, in different impurities behavior. The paper presents flow sheets for copper production in a plant using the shaft furnace process and in another in which a single stage flash process is used. The metals distribution in particular semi-products is given as well as a method for elimination of impurities from the copper production cycle. Methods are also discussed for alloy and matte converting and copper refining to obtain low Pb and As concentrations in anode copper (0.3% Pb and 1500 ppm As maximum) that are being used in the KGHM Polska Meidz plants. Useful co-operation between the plants using different technologies, aimed at the limiting the effect of undesired impurities on the quality of blister copper produced, is also described.

Jan 1, 1998

By Paul Billingsley

THE development of the North Lily ground, which lies in the East Tintic district, Utah,. about half a mile northwest of the famous Tintic Standard mine, was undertaken by the International Smelting Co. on purely geological reasoning. The geologic theory on which this work was based resulted from several years' intensive study of the East Tintic district by the geological department of the International Smelt-ing Co., who were, during this period, indebted to many for valuable suggestions that were adopted and became part, of the gradually maturing concept. For example, E. J. Raddatz, president of the Tintic Standard Mining Co., first called attention to the significance of rhyolite alteration; J. W. Wade, assistant manager, contributed greatly to our knowledge of the great Tintic Standard orebodies; and so on all along. the line. In short, the ultimate theory embodies the aggregate experience and thought of all those most familiar with the area in question. The problem in brief was this: is the Tintic Standard deposit an isolated occurrence of ore, or are other ore deposits to be found in the vicinity? If the latter is the case, where can these others be looked for? The difficulty of the problem lay in the fact that most of the area is covered by rhyolite; beneath which lies the limestone in which the orebodies occur; so that the available evidence as to the structure of the formations, and, their mineralization; is of the slightest. The sav-ing features of the case, by means of which it proved possible to solve the problem, are three in number first, the rhyolite is pre-mineral and hence has been exposed to alteration by the mineralizing agencies; second, certain persistent dikes and fissures are con-tinuous through the rhyolite into the limestone below; and third, the extensive underground workings of the Tintic Standard gave a good basis for study of the sub-rhyolite structure and the occurrence of ore. The rhyolite overlies the Tintic Standard orebodies, and over them shows a large patch of brownish altera-tion. This patch proves to be due to chloritization and sericitization, which has spread out from certain zones of dikes, pebble-dikes and fissures. The dikes are com-posed of a light fine-grained rock which has been altered to an aggregate of quartz, alunite, and magnetite. They can be traced southwest to a common center in Big Hill, the entire mass of which is composed of the same material. The pebble-dikes, which consist of a mass of rounded pebbles, mainly quartzite, in a matrix ranging from the same quartz-alunite-magnetite rock as above to almost pure vein quartz, are closely asso-ciated with these light dikes, but in general extend farther northeast. They thus represent a specialized phase of the intrusive action of which Big Hill is the center. The brown chloritized rhyolite, then, is an alteration product due, in all. probability, to emana-tions closely associated with this phase. Since it coin-cides geographically with the Tintic Standard area of highly altered limestone, with its many great ore-bodies, it has been concluded, that it is the expression in the rhyolite of activities which have also altered and mineralized' the underlying limestone.

Jan 4, 1927

By J. Roth

The increasing demand of the filler industry regarding fineness and better delaminated products led to the development of a series of different grinding machines, which differentiate basically by the grinding mechanism as well as the kind of classification. Spiral jetmills grind, as it is well known preferably by delamination, therefore a spiral jetmill with integrated dynamic classifier has been developed. Especially the enhancement of the functional properties of the used industrial mineral fillers is a factor of highly increasing importance. These properties are very often bound to the platy shape of the minerals expressed by the aspect ratio. The developed Spiral Jetmill shows sufficient ability for such delamination and therefore increases in aspect ratio. In a series of comparative tests the suitability and advantages of this system regarding achievable fineness down to the submicron range as well as the conservation or even improvement of the aspect ratio of different minerals has been studied. As an emphasis on the results application tests with certain materials in the plastics field have been conducted. Due to the fact that in this range the required specific energy for achieving the necessary fineness increases exponentially another target is to optimize the grinding efficiency. A special feed control system provides on one hand a sufficient load inside the mill to obtain maximum utilization of the applied energy and on the other hand to prevent the mill from overfilling and coming with this a poor classification. The integrated classifier is a combination of a high speed motor with directly attached classifier wheels. This unit on one hand grants the necessary high circumferential speed of up to 190 m/s for providing an exact top cut of the ultrafine products and on the other hand gives the required operational reliability for continuous operation. Hard grindable impurities, which enrich inside the mill chamber, can be rejected from the process leading to an even cleaner product. Comparative tests on a talc product with certain free quartz impurities showed a significant improvement of the final product with respectively low loss on rejected material. This effect again had a beneficiary impact on the suitability of the final product when used in plastics application.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ho-Sung Yoon, Jyothi Rajesh Kumar, Jin-Young Lee

"Global population is a key factor in future energy requirements, especially considering the important elements of global energy resources, electricity production, the accessibility/non-accessibility of electricity, greenhouse gas emissions and the states of nuclear reactors. Everyday human requirements depend on industrial products, and industries need a considerable amount of electricity to run. Nuclear fuel is inexpensive and bolsters industrial growth. As uranium reserves are being consumed rapidly, an alternative source of energy in the nuclear industry is thorium. Here, primary energy supplies by various sources from 1993 to 2011 as well as estimates of future needs to 2020 are discussed. This study finds that primary energy sources are mainly fossil fuels, renewables sources, and nuclear and hydro energy. In addition, growth depends on increases mainly in renewable sources.Recovery of thorium from its ores by using hydrometallurgical routes were described and discussed. The final part of this paper was presented a case study of the thorium extraction from Korean monazite ore leach liquors by using Prieme JM-T diluted in A150 diluent as an extractant system. And possible separation of the thorium from rare earths (REs) and base metals were calculated by measuring of separation factors and finally, the recovery of thorium from loaded organic of Prieme JM-T was established.THORIUM IS FUTURE NUCLEAR FUEL?Global energy consumption is increasing everyday with the high population growth, high industrialization of numerous countries and the higher level of good and services consumption that follows it. If we look at specific sectors of the economy, oil consumption grew by 0.8 million barrels per day, globally, whereas the increase was 0.4 % for natural gas and coal 1.8 % for nuclear power and just under 2.0 % for hydroelectric power (Asheley 2009). Use of renewable sources of energy for power generation and transportation increased by 3% in 2014 (BP 2015)). Thus alternative source of energy must be identified and developed to meet this increasing demand. Thorium is a potential one for the nuclear industry."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. von Röpenack

A forecast of the consequences of our techniques and goods produced, at least a technical assessment will be demanded from us as an industry. The hydrometallurgical winning of zinc is therefore at a crossroads. New processes promise not only better economics, better maintenance of resources and simpler operation, but also more harmony with nature. Pressure leaching promises to eliminate roasting and thus one complete process step. The hematite process solves a difficult and always costly iron problem. HOA opens a possible road to a totally new ,generation of electrolysis. Zinc has a long tradition behind it. Its? importance is as great as ever-. There is still room for new production developments. In my estimation there are good chances for successful new techniques? which will benefit our whole industry. Zinc is a modern and forward-looking metal.

Jan 1, 1990

By F. O. Shuck, F. E. Butler

A diaphragm diffusion cell suitable for use with liquid metals was designed and tested by measuring the diffusion coefficients for a Hg-10 pct In alloy at 25°C. The binary diffusion coefficient and the coefficients for In and Hg tracers were measured at this composition. The measured coefficients for both tracers were less than the binary diffusion coefficient. When these coefficients were combined with the activity correction term of Darken, the predicted binary coefficient was somewhat higher than the experimental value. In recent years a number of investigators have been studying diffusion of liquid metals in order to gain a better understanding of the liquid state and to examine possible applications to liquid metal processing. The bulk of this work has involved either self-diffusion or diffusion of low concentrations of solute metals in an essentially pure solvent metal. The most common experimental technique employed has been the capillary-reservoir method of Anderson and saddington1 since it is well-suited to measurements involving low concentrations of solutes. As an expansion of previous studies, an investigation of the variation of diffusion coefficient over large composition ranges has been undertaken in this laboratory. Although it is possible to modify the capillary-reservoir method for such measurements, the technique loses its principal advantage of requiring only small quantities of solutes. Therefore, it was felt desirable to investigate other possible experimental techniques applicable to measurements over large composition ranges. A technique which has been used widely in measurements of other liquid systems and seemed potentially applicable to studies of liquid metals was the diaphragm cell. This method has been found to combine relative simplicity of operation with accurate and reproducible results. In use with normal liquids, the tyiical diaphragm cell utilizes a porous glass disk. However, because of the high surface tension, it is not possible to use a diaphragm of such fine pore structure with liquid metals. Furthermore. projected use at high temperatures makes the use of glass undesirable. Consequently, the first problem was the search for an appropriate cell design. EXPERLMENTAL Diaphragm Cell. A number of possible cell designs were examined. Prototypes of several were constructed and tested. The final design is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 1. The cell consists of two identical chambers, one on either side of a 0.20-in.-thick partition. The chambers are 0.15 in. deep and have a volume of 3.45 cu cm. Each chamber is provided with two small threaded holes for filling and emptying. The filling holes may be sealed with stainless-steel screws. Drilled lengthwise through the center partition is a 0.250-in.-diam hole. Inserted into this hole is a rod having seven 0.059-in.-diam holes drilled radially through it. The total "hole" volume is 0.078 cu cm. When the rod is properly aligned, the holes in it constitute the "diaphragm" through which diffusion occurs. The center section was of Teflon and the rod and face plates were of Plexiglas. Four such cells were constructed and used in this study. Subsequent to this investigation, a similar cell constructed entirely of iron was fabricated and tested at higher temperatures. Several considerations led to this final design. It is desirable to minimize the volume of the cell chambers to decrease the time required for a measurement. However, the total volume of metal in the diaphragm must be small in comparison with that in the chambers. To facilitate filling and emptying it is desirable to have a diaphragm which may be closed.

Jan 1, 1970

By John A. M. E. Church

AT the last meeting of the Institute, a discussion arose upon the question, " Is them pressure in coke ovens ?" and many of the members seemed to think that the superiority of the Belgian furnace might be due to the fact that it is a completely closed chamber, in which the gases given off by the coal are, or may be, at more than the atmospheric pressure. It seems to me that this position is untenable, and that an examination of one of these ovens in operation will show, not only that there is no excess of pressure in the coke chamber, but that the contrary is true, and a partial vacuum exists. The Belgian or François oven consists of a rectangular chamber closed at the ends by sliding doors, and furnished with flues in the side walls and floor. The new charge is introduced at a time when the furnace is so hot as to cause immediate and copious discharge of the volatile constituents of the coal. The gases pass downwards through the side flues giving out their heat to the walls and thus to the coal. Underneath the floor air is introduced and the gases burn, producing intense heat. Heat is also reflected from the arched roof upon the coal which is therefore heated from all sides. The especial advantage which this construction was designed to secure is that no air is admitted to the coke-chamber. All the heat is produced by the combustion of the uncokeable gases, and the yield ought to be a maximum. It is so in fact, allowing for the imperfections inseparable from furnace construction and management. Sometimes the yield is in excess of the percentage indicated by assay, showing that

Jan 1, 1873

By John A. Church

AT the last meeting of the Institute, a discussion arose upon the question, Is there pressure in coke ovens?" and many of the members seemed to think that the superiority of the Belgian furnace might be due to the fact that it is a completely closed chamber, in which the gases given off by the coal are, or may be, at more than the atmospheric reassure. It seems to me that this position is untenable, 'and that an examination of one of these ovens in operation will show, not only that there is no excess of pressure in the coke chamber, but that the contrary is true, and a partial vacuum exists. The Belgian or Francoise oven consists of a rectangular chamber closed at the ends by sliding doors, and furnished with flues in the side walls and floor. The new charge is introduced at a time when the furnace is so hot as to cause immediate and copious discharge of the volatile constituents of the coal. The gases pass downwards through the side flues giving out their heat to the walls and thus to the coal. Underneath the floor air is introduced and the gases burn, producing intense heat. Heat is also reflected from the arched roof upon the coal which is therefore heated from all sides. The especial advantage which this construction was designed to secure is that no air is admitted to the coke-chamber. All the heat is produced by the combustion of the unsociable gases, and the yield ought to be a maximum. I t is so in fact, allowing for the imperfections inseparable from furnace construction and management. Sometimes the yield is in excess of the percentage indicated by assay, showing that

By Andrzej M. Wala

A prototype expert system for planning and designing an underground coal mine has been developed in a doctoral study at the University of Kentucky. This prototype expert system for underground coal mine planning and designing consists of a number of knowledge bases concerning different elements of design (e.g., ground control, excavation and bulk materials handling, ventilation, etc.). The objective of this paper is to present the development process of the ventilation design knowledge base for this prototype. This expert system prototype is intended for building an instructional expert system for underground coal mine design. Therefore, the undergraduate course on mine design has been used as the basis, for its development. Because of the availability of knowledge and expertise, this research study has been limited to development of a knowledge model for the Appalachian coal mining region.

Jan 1, 1993

By D. A. Stokes

"In October of 1980, Fording's 15 000-ton capacity clean coal silo was put into operation. The silo was unique in that it was designed to allow the mass flow of material, coupled with a sophisticated computer-controlled dynamic loadout/weighing system.On May 1, 1982, an explosion, attributed to a methane buildup, devastated the top of the silo. .As a contingent plan to minimize the effect of the production loss the conveyance to the silo top was reconstructed and the silo' was back in operation by mid-June 1982, although the silo top was left open to prevent further methane buildup. As dust emissions occurred during loading ofthe silo, an extensive study was undertaken to establish dust control for the silo, while at the same time providing methane detection and control.The study, conducted for Fording by the Cambrian Engineering Group of Calgary, involved an extensive search and investigation of existing coal silos. The study concluded that there IS no universally accepted method of controlling methane emissions in coal silos.The study also produced a unique conceptual design for handling methane, while at the same time, protecting the environment . Fording's Clean Coal SiloThe silo, located at Fording Coal's Fording River metallurgical coal operation, is utilized for the storage and load out of cleaned thermally-dried metallurgical coal.The silo was constructed in 1979 and 1980 to reduce unit train loadout times and to facilitate the handling of “special shipments"" of coal. The silo went into operation in October 1980, under manual control and utilized computerized, automated loading by February 198I.The silo is 21 m in diameter and 76 m high, with a nominal capacity of IS 000 live tonnes. The coal storage portion of the silo is 21 m in diameter and 48 m high, utilizing 2 steep-angled hopper outlets allowing mass flow of the stored coal during train loading. Each hopper has a control gate and a discharge chute, one chute for bulk loading, the other for trim loading of coal into the rail cars."

Jan 1, 1986

By R. H. Harrington

The definition of precipitation-hardening1 is well understood and its principles have been subjected to study for some time. However, the variation of properties with double aging, combined with strain-hardening, gives promise of new and useful phenomena. Properly to understand these distinctions, definitions of these terms are necessary. Precipitation-hardening1.—This reaction usually depends upon an alloy having such a composition that it consists only, or in major part, of but one phase, a solid solution, at a high temperature, so that, upon slow cooling, this solution breaks down into two phases, the solid solution and a compound. By heating the alloy to the temperature for maximum solution of the compound, quenching, and reheating to a suitable lower temperature for critical dispersion precipitation of the compound, useful properties of the alloy may be developed to a maximum. Double Aging.—Dougle aging in part is similar to the process for precipitation-hardening, consisting of heating a precipitation-hardening alloy to the solution temperature, quenching, reheating to the suitable dispersion precipitation temperature, strain-hardening, and again reheating to a suitable temperature to develop certain useful properties to a maximum. The strain-hardening may be induced by two methods: (I) a rate of cooling from the first reheat may suffice to strain the solid solution lattice of the alloy; or (2) the alloy may be cold-worked to a suitable degree between the two reheats. Pkecipitation-hardening of Copper-cobalt-beryllium Alloys1.2 The composition of principal interest is that of 2.6 per cent Co, 0.4 per cent Be, 97 per cent Cu. The alloy has been developed commercially and, with certain reasonable precautions, ordinary brass-foundry practice suffices to produce an alloy of high quality. Preliminary Precipitation-hardening Study.—Samples were cut from a I-in. round rod cast in a graphite mold. These samples were then

Jan 1, 1937

By C. R. Dale

The need for instruments to measure the movement of fluids and gas in wells has been recognized by engineers for many years. Information regarding flow in the producing interval has a direct bearing on completion practices in new wells and also provides information on the production characteristics of the well. Many hours of engineering time are spent in planning and completing wells but knowledge as to whether or not the original planning has produced the desired results has not always been complete. Many questions such as the following often arise: Why is it that two wells are completed under supposedly identical conditions, yet one well is a good one and the other is a poor one? Are the sands that look the best on the electric log contributing to the production? These and many other conditions in the producing well need to be under- stood in order to develop more efficient production practices and to improve on methods of completing new wells. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly describe one type of instrument, outline the methods of running the equipment and show the results of surveys made under various conditions. With an understanding of the use of this type of survey its importance can be evaluated in relation to the problems encountered by the operator. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT The instrument is a velocity recorder employing a clock-controlled 16mm film for recording the rpm of an extremely sensitive rotor which is rotated by the flow of fluids or gas in a well. The helical-vaned rotor and shaft, weighing one-half of one ounce are an integral unit exposed to the well fluids and are the only moving parts not enclosed in the fluid-tight housing. No packing or fluid seal of these parts is necessary and the shaft is mounted top and bottom on special jeweled bearings. Fig. A is the lower part of the instrument showing rotor and shaft with the protecting housing sleeve removed. The rpm of the rotor is recorded on the moving film by a combination electrical and optical system. The record is a series of dashes on the film, each dash and space representing twenty (20) revolutions of the rotor. (Film record of survey made in California well showing station recordings at various depths.) As the movement of the film is controlled by the clock the number of dashes and spaces in one minute of film travel represents the rpm of the rotor. The range of the instrument is from 0 to 2,500 rprn. The barrel or housing is 1-11/16 in. OD and seven feet long. Various types of expanding fluid traps are attached to the lower end of the instrument to direct the flow through the 1 in. orifice containing the rotor. The fluid trap for upward flow is shown in Figs. B and C. This assembly consists of eight arms with light spring

Jan 1, 1949

By C. R. Dale

The need for instruments to measure the movement of fluids and gas in wells has been recognized by engineers for many years. Information regarding flow in the producing interval has a direct bearing on completion practices in new wells and also provides information on the production characteristics of the well. Many hours of engineering time are spent in planning and completing wells but knowledge as to whether or not the original planning has produced the desired results has not always been complete. Many questions such as the following often arise: Why is it that two wells are completed under supposedly identical conditions, yet one well is a good one and the other is a poor one? Are the sands that look the best on the electric log contributing to the production? These and many other conditions in the producing well need to be under- stood in order to develop more efficient production practices and to improve on methods of completing new wells. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly describe one type of instrument, outline the methods of running the equipment and show the results of surveys made under various conditions. With an understanding of the use of this type of survey its importance can be evaluated in relation to the problems encountered by the operator. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT The instrument is a velocity recorder employing a clock-controlled 16mm film for recording the rpm of an extremely sensitive rotor which is rotated by the flow of fluids or gas in a well. The helical-vaned rotor and shaft, weighing one-half of one ounce are an integral unit exposed to the well fluids and are the only moving parts not enclosed in the fluid-tight housing. No packing or fluid seal of these parts is necessary and the shaft is mounted top and bottom on special jeweled bearings. Fig. A is the lower part of the instrument showing rotor and shaft with the protecting housing sleeve removed. The rpm of the rotor is recorded on the moving film by a combination electrical and optical system. The record is a series of dashes on the film, each dash and space representing twenty (20) revolutions of the rotor. (Film record of survey made in California well showing station recordings at various depths.) As the movement of the film is controlled by the clock the number of dashes and spaces in one minute of film travel represents the rpm of the rotor. The range of the instrument is from 0 to 2,500 rprn. The barrel or housing is 1-11/16 in. OD and seven feet long. Various types of expanding fluid traps are attached to the lower end of the instrument to direct the flow through the 1 in. orifice containing the rotor. The fluid trap for upward flow is shown in Figs. B and C. This assembly consists of eight arms with light spring

Jan 1, 1949

By Tim O’Neil

ISO 9000 is a system of quality standards that originated in Europe in the 1980s and has since been widely adopted by manufacturing companies throughout the world. The ISO 9000 standards have received less attention in the minerals industry. But, in part as a result of customer pressure, a trend is beginning to emerge for minerals producers to seek ISO certification. This is especially true among producers of industrial minerals. In early October 1994, SME's Industrial Minerals Division held a conference "ISO 9000 - uniting industrial mineral producers and consumers into quality partnerships," in Nashville, TN to bring people from the industry together to talk about their experiences with ISO 9000. William J. Miles, of Bentonite Corp. Inc., and A. Frank Alsobrook, of Alsobrook and Co., were cochairmen of the meeting. In his introductory remarks, Miles noted, "ISO 9000 is more than a quality program. It is a quality philosophy. Appropriately imple-mented, it is a contract between the supplier and the customer. It leads to continuous quality improvement and reduced manufacturing costs."

Jan 1, 1995

By Shihan Zhang, Qingguo Xue, Jingsong Wang, Yaxing Du, Guang Wang

The rotary hearth furnace iron nugget process is in line with China’s energy and resource condition. It has the advantages of short reaction time and high quality iron nugget. The fundamental study on the novel ironmaking process is meaningful. Based on CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FeO quaternary slag system, the effects of slag basicity and Al2O3 content on the melting of slag were studied. Using the iron concentrate as raw material, the effects of different slag basicity and Al2O3 content on the reduction and melting separation behaviors of carbon composite pellets, such as the starting temperature of melting separation and the morphology of melting separation were studied. Then, the relationship between the properties of slag and melting separation quality was established, which could provide standard for the selection of iron ore for the rotary hearth furnace iron nugget process.

Mar 1, 2018