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By William R. Webster

In view of the good results which have followed the wide discussion of the rail-specifications of the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials, I now offer for discussion its specifications for steel forgings and steel castings. It is not necessary to emphasize the importance of reaching definite conclusions on these subjects. Engineers, consumers and manufacturers are alike interested in securing good, reliable, uniform steel. In this connection, I would call particular attention to the important paper read by Mr. C. H. Ridsdale, last September, before the Iron and Steel Institute, as bearing on them; and, for convenience of reference in the discussion, I append the Table in Section VI. of his paper, on a Manifestations, Classified mider Heads of Faults of Different Types. appearing after Treatment by the User, for Tracing their Probable Source."* The discussion of these specifications will be practically a continuation of our former discussions on "The Physics of Steel." We have passed through a period in which the chemical composition of steel has received the greatest prominence; but failures of steel forgings and castings of the best chemical composition have shown that we could not control the quality of the finished product by the chemical composition alone. It must be admitted that differences in the physical properties of the steel, greater than those due to small variations in composition,are produced by heat-treatment, both in connection with the mechanical work of forging and otherwise. The present result is a strong tendency to deem the heat-treatment more important than the chemical composition. I think the mean course is the safer. We should give them equal importance; for we know that to produce the best results me must start with a good

Jan 1, 1903

By M P. Cipold, J F. Bachmann, C C. Bachmann, J Ha, H B. Wurst

In washability, the objective is to establish the set of maximum possible separation performance criteria for a given mineral feed. The method of choice for this has been the conventional sink–?float analysis. Using traditional sink–float method it is not possible to sample and automatically measure. This fact, as well as time, cost and safety aspects, as well as required and manageable sample size of the sink–float method have prompted the search for a new approach for establishing separation performance criteria. This is especially important as performance levels of separator plants can be maximised if reliable information based on an analysis of washability in conjunction with particle size distribution, elemental constituency becomes available in time. The new method to establish washability and associated performance information utilises at least two measurement technologies concurrently: single energy X-ray transmission and image processing. For porous or very inhomogeneous materials the results can be refined further by using dual energy X-ray transmission and image processing.If used as a standard laboratory device the continuous build-up of the washability curve allows to evaluate the statistical significance of the sample size during measurement.The measuring method can even be improved if it is combined with an automatic sampling system that feeds a continuous and representative particle stream to the analyser. Then the value of the collected data increases considerably since the washability data are additionally available in time to be considered in the control of the process plant. The washability curve can be derived and is continuously updated based on the particles measured during the past time interval. Older curves and results are stored in a database and can be retrieved for later reference. This technology now enables automated sampling and integrated automated measurement, which was previously not possible.This incorporation of an automated washability monitor at a representative sample gives near real-time data that would impinge positively on the profitability of the plant operation. The method was extensively tested using a range of samples with different densities, varying from 1 g/cm3 (coal) to 5 g/cm3 (iron ore).CITATION:Bachmann, C C, Bachmann, J F, Cipold, M P, Wurst, H B and Ha, J, 2017. Inline analysis of washability parameters for process control, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 213–218 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By M. F. Dunn

A handbook to provide a quick reference guide for selecting and using jet fans in a variety of conditions was prepared. The document is intended for use by front-line supervision, ventilation engineers, and mine planners. Included are discussions of jet fan characteristics, selection and use critieria, and do's and don't's for easier operation, safety, and performance. The handbook is based on research at three underground metal/nonmetal mines having cross-sectional areas of 900 to 2,000 ft2.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. H. Platt

Gypsum and gypsite, used in the manufacture of plaster and plaster products, have been mined from deposits near Acme, Hardeman County, Tex., for more than 30 years. The Certain-toed Products Corp., 120 East Lancaster St., Ardmore, Pa., operates the Acme, Tex., mine. Underground hauling was done with storage-battery and Diesel-electric-powered shuttle cars. Many mining companies and individuals have manifested interest in all types of equipment powered by Diesel or Diesel-electric units, as attested by the recent increase in use of Diesel-powered equipment in underground metal and nonmetal mines. The purpose of this paper is to describe the manner in which a storage battery-powered Joy Model 60D2 shuttle car was converted to Diesel-electric power. The conversion was made, at the instance of the operating company, by Stewart & Stevens on Services, 4801 Lemon Ave., Dallas, Tex. This is believed to be the only such converted shuttle car in use.

Jan 1, 1950

By Rolf R. von Oppenfeld

Onsite hazardous waste processors often find obtaining a Treatment Storage and Disposal (TSD) permit one of their first major challenges. Some processors may spend the time and money required by the permitting process, only to find out later that a permit was not necessary. This paper will present and analyze four strategies that processors may use to avoid obtaining a TSD permit. Some facilities will be able to remove their waste streams from RCRA's oversight by ensuring the material is not "hazardous" waste. Parties that treat waste while it is in process may be able to avoid generating "waste" altogether. Certain treatment facilities have been specifically exempted by EPA. Finally, treatment of waste while it is in generator storage tanks may be allowed without a RCRA TSD permit. Hazardous waste point of generation, an important determination relating to these strategies, will also be discussed. Generators and processors will find this paper useful when evaluating their permit exemption potential

Jan 1, 1996

By Tamas Kekesi

Anion exchange in HCl media is considered an efficient alternative to the combination of the conventional purification methods. Anion-exchange distribution functions have been determined for cobalt and the main impurity elements by the technique of batch equilibration. Results were confirmed by spectrophotometric investigations and elution tests. Based on the new and the available distribution functions, combined with the assessment of thermodynamic stability, a procedure of anion exchange separation has been devised to eliminate virtually all the impurities from the cobalt-chloride solution. Separation of copper has been enhanced by the introduction of a preliminary step under reduced conditions. The rest of the impurities are eliminated in a second anion-exchange step applying rinsing and elution stages under oxidized conditions. The optimum parameters of the procedure have been determined according to performance characteristics (purification ratios, yields and volume efficiencies) derived from the analysis of elution curves obtained with laboratory scale ion-exchange columns. Special computer programs have been developed to facilitate thermodynamic simulation, analytical correction and data processing.

Jan 1, 2003

By A. Krause

Shovel-truck systems for loading and hauling material in open pit mines are now routinely analysed using simulation models or off-the-shelf simulation software packages, which can be very expensive for once-off or occasional use. The simulation models invariably produce different estimations of fleet sizes due to their differing estimations of cycle time. No single model or package can accurately estimate the required fleet size because the fleet operating parameters are characteristically random and dynamic. In order to improve confidence in sizing the fleet for a mining project, at least two estimation models should be used. This paper demonstrates that the Machine Repair Model can be modified and used as a model for estimating truck fleet size in an open pit shovel-truck system. The modified Machine Repair Model is first applied to a virtual open pit mine case study. The results compare favourably to output from other estimation models using the same input parameters for the virtual mine. The modified Machine Repair Model is further applied to an existing open pit coal operation, the Kwagga Section of Optimum Colliery as a case study. Again the results confirm those obtained from the virtual mine case study. It is concluded that the Machine Repair Model can be an affordable model compared to off-the-shelf generic software because it is easily modelled in Microsoft Excel, a software platform that most mines already use. This paper reports part of the work of a MSc research study submitted to the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Keywords: simulation, bunching, probability distributions, cycle time, queuing, matching, shovel-truck, OEM.

Jan 1, 2007

Whether you are an employee, contractor or consultant working in the mineral industry, there are pressures to deliver the best possible performance. Technical professionals are usually driven by an internal desire to perform to a high standard because of personal pride in their profession, but there are an increasing number of external requirements to demonstrate that the actions taken were based upon reasonable grounds and that the work conformed to current best practice. People expect these best practice procedures to be followed and governments are now requiring those tendering for contracts to be registered in some way and to be participants in quality assurance schemes. One is not immune to these pressures just because you are working in a less legislatively sophisticated developing country in the circum-Pacific rim (Pacrim) region.

Jan 1, 1995

By E. W. Enqelmann

INCREASED metal consumption throughout the world in the past three years has brought greater activity in the concentrators and mills that treat the ores.' Comparatively low prices have made greater economies necessary, with a continuing search for more efficient flow sheets, equipment, processes, and reagents. Comminution GRINDING has long been too ex- pensive and even any small increment of saving has been eagerly sought. Although not recently new the use of rod mills to cover the gap between intermediate crushing and coarse grinding has made further headway. They eliminate dusting and the closed- circuit operation of fine crushers, either roll or Symons cone, and the rod-mill product is suitable for secondary mills which can be operated with smaller balls and iron liners instead of coarse balls and steel liners. The newer practice is radically different from the older application of rod mills where they at- tempted to use them instead of ball mills for fine grinders. For that purpose they were not well adapted, as they do not have sufficient grinding surface available per cubic foot of mill volume.

Jan 1, 1940

By Joe Silvestri, James Carroll, Steve Rondinelli, Raelene Shelly, Jason Miller

"The I-70 Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel (EJMT) Fixed Fire Suppression System (FFSS) will help protect the traveling public as well as the entire tunnel itself, which is a critical asset of the Colorado highway system. This project is part of an effort to avoid any closure or long-term damage to these tunnels after a fire event. Historically, the EJMT complex has experienced two to three fires a year. While CDOT has firefighting capability at the EJMT complex, the fixed fire suppression system will provide first responders the critical time needed to safely approach the scene and take action, and is a necessary tool in combating tunnel fires, keeping the public safe, protecting the tunnel structure, and minimizing disruptions to traffic. This paper provides a case history of the first-of-a-kind design and construction of the EJMT FFSS. Major project elements include; water-only deluge fire suppression system, fiber optic linear heat detection system, updated fire alarm system and new drainage system. PROJECT BACKGROUND The I-70 EJMT FFSS was awarded to the Design Build Team lead by Barnard Construction, supported by Rondinelli Life Safety, BCER Engineering, ILF Consulting, Western States Fire Protection and Systems Group. The team conducted successful live fire tests at the Boulder Regional Fire Training Facility in November 2014, with the final design of the FFSS and other supporting infrastructure completed in the spring of 2015. Construction began in early summer of 2015 and the project was completed in December 2015. While CDOT currently has firefighting capability at the EJMT complex, this project features an intelligent linear heat detection system that can accurately identify a fire within feet of its location and subsequently activate the corresponding water-only FFSS deluge zone, bringing water in from an existing supply system on the west side of Loveland Pass. The detection system also activates cameras so the EJMT onsite control room personnel can view and better assess a fire event. The uniqueness of this design is that the majority of the installation occurred above the traffic lanes in the tunnel, which resulted in minimal impacts to motorists below. The fire suppression system will help protect the traveling public as well as the tunnel structure, a critical asset to the highway system. This project is intended to reduce damage and avoid long-term closures of the tunnel due to fires. A long-term closure could cost Colorado billions of dollars and negatively impact tourism along the I-70 mountain corridor."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. R. Sayers, W. J. McConnell

"The health, comfort, and efficiency of men engaged in the mining industry may be impaired, in some instances very seriously, by abnormal physical conditions of the mine air or by variations in its composition. This is true in some of sheet metal mines of the West where high temperatures with varying humidities are encountered. Physiological studies have been made in some of these mines showing the effects of various temperatures end humidities. As it is difficult to carry out studies on many controlled temperatures, it was thought best to make the experiments in a laboratory and apply the results to the industry insofar as practicableThe effects of moderately high temperatures and humidities are more difficult to measure perhaps than the extreme conditions, but may be predisposing causes of fatigue, discomfort and disease, A cooperative study of the physioloical effects of heat and humidity is being conducted by the Bureau of Mines and the U. S. Public Health Service cooperative with the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, in the Research Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh, Pa."

Mar 1, 1924

By S. Leong

This paper reports on research examining disclosures from mining companies regarding their water usage in the Macquarie and Lachlan catchment areas, both parts of the Murray-Darling Basin in New South Wales, Australia. The objective of the research was to assess whether this disclosure is sufficient to allow communities to determine whether mining companies are complying with mining conditions of consent and abiding by the requirements of their water licencing agreements. These requirements are then compared to the water reporting requirements of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Water Accounting Framework for the Minerals Industry (WAFMI). Communities are concerned about whether the mining industry?s use of water will have impacts on their livelihoods and lifestyle and thus require information concerning the quantity of water that will be extracted, how much water will be left for other stakeholders and whether the mining will affect water quality. This is an archival study. It has involved examining relevant publically available information released by mining companies and government regulators and determining if this is sufficient to meet the needs of the local communities. Additionally, it has involved looking at information indirectly provided by mining companies, via the use of intermediaries. Further, information availability concerning basic water accounting and regulatory breeches and whether such information is available at the mine site level has been considered. It is found that while NSW legislation places very little reporting requirements on mining companies, the development consent conditions for new projects and extensions to existing projects are quite significant and should be sufficient to meet the needs of local catchment residents though such information is not always easily accessible for the layperson.

Aug 1, 2013

By Hans Lundberq

WHEN geophysical methods were first employed in the search for ore deposits and oil accumulations, it was hoped that they would provide a direct means of locating such concentrations. Magnetized needles were used long ago in prospecting for magnetic iron ore, and soon after the discovery of galvanism in about 1790 attempts were made to find concentrations of valuable minerals electrically. Evidence indicating that the early geophyeical instruments were regarded merely as improved divining or dowsing rods is to be seen in the names "mineral finders," "ore finders," etc., that were applied to them. Today, appellations of this kind raise serious doubts in informed minds as to the intelligence and integrity of individuals advocating the use of such euphemistically named methods or instruments, for experience and research have shown that, geophysical, it is never a question of directly locating a given mineral but merely of delimiting its possible occurrence.

Jan 1, 1939

By A. Haxhiaj, E. Haxhiaj

"The paper has as a studying object the issue of effective management of gasses’ heating and dusts in reductive melting process in lead (Pb) metallurgy. It also analyses the issue related to the usage and recycling of dusts and gasses in all pyro-metallurgical processes of technical lead production. The paper contains the analysis of technological process of separation of humidity, gasses, and dusts of valuable remainders in “Trepça” plant. Paper has the results of theoreticalexperimental studying, analytical and graphical of gasses thermal balance depending on height and composition of load, and the coke quantity on load for reductive melt in “Water-Jacket” furnaces. With thermal balance, having into consideration all parameters of heat in entry and exit depending on aforementioned factors we aimed to optimize the parameters of the process, keeping the attention to the minimization of energy consumption, and the overall influence on environment.1. IntroductionThe upper part of the furnace which is the study point of this paper lies from the reactions zone of Water-Jacket furnace and it also includes the furnace neck. In this zone has been elaborated the zonal material balance referenced third in the row. The separation of humidity, dusts, gases and lead with gases depends on many parameters like temperature, load composition, and height of load inserted in the furnace, and also the height of preheating zone in Water-jacket furnace. Lead oxidizes in reaction zone of the furnace and exhales with gases like dusts and small particles after which falls in worthy storage of Trepça plant and has negative effects in environment, and economic stability of reductive melting process of Water-jacket furnace. Thermal balance of gases in this zone depends on many factors; height and load composition, coke quantity in a load. The calculation has been done as the standard methodology of thermal calculation is done; moreover, by using a computer for mathematical models which enables very accurate results. We must emphasize that acquired and used heat in reaction zone and melted materials is calculated in others studies, so their influence in preheating zone is assumed."

Jan 1, 2010

By R. S. Dean

In an earlier paper Dean and Hersberger5/ gave preliminary results a d discussed briefly the use in flotation of organic reagents of the type known in the textile industry as "wetting agents.? These reagents are those with a molecular structure comprising a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a. highly molar or hydrophile group in such manner that ionization is nearly complete in dilute solution and the resultant ionic grouping has a very considerable hydrophile-lipophile unbalance in the structure. As a result of this characteristic structure these reagents are more or less powerful frothers and emulsifiers. Ten the degree of bydrophile-lipaphile unbalance is sufficiently great and specific chemical factors are absent these compounds behave in flotation as noncollecting frothers insensitive to reasonable changes of pH.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. B. Mawdsley

Introduction The writer was instructed to visit the Chibougamau region during the field season of 1927 and report on the mineral discoveries that had been made there since 1911. lt was deemed advisable to obtain detailed information regarding the rocks underlying the area in the vicinity of these recent discoveries. Accordingly an area 60 square miles in extent was mapped. The outcrops were studied along the water courses and along bush traverses spaced at half-mile intervals between these water courses. The completion of the rest of the summer's programme allowed only three weeks for this work. lt is from this small, mapped area, and this necessarily cursory survey, that the material for this paper was obtained. Location And Means Of Access The name Chibougamau district is applied loosely to an ill-defined area of about 1,000 square miles lying mostly north and west of Chibougamau lake in the Province of Quebec. The lake is approximately half way between lake St. John and James bay. It lies 150 miles north of the Canadian National railway and 40 miles south of Mistassini?lake.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. S. Dean

In an earlier paper Dean and Hersberger5/ gave preliminary results a d discussed briefly the use in flotation of organic reagents of the type known in the textile industry as "wetting agents.? These reagents are those with a molecular structure comprising a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a. highly molar or hydrorhile group in such manner that ionization is nearly complete in dilute solution and the resultant ionic grouping has a very considerable hydrophile-lipophile unbalance in the structure. As a result of this characteristic structure these reagents are more or less powerful frothers and emulsifiers. Ten the degree of hydrophile-lipaphile unbalance is sufficiently great and specific chemical factors are absent these compounds behave in flotation as noncollecting frothers insensitive to reason¬able changes of pH.

Jan 1, 1937

By L. Rintala, P. Latostenmaa, T. Kalliomäki, O. Forsén, I. Lehtiniemi, M. Lundström, J. Aromaa

Conductivity is a typical physico-chemical property that has a substantial effect on electrical energy consumption in the electrorefining process. The objective of this study was to examine the validity of regression models predicting the conductivity of industrial copper electrorefining electrolytes. The models were based on data measured with synthetic solutions on a laboratory scale. The variables included in the models were temperature and the concentrations of copper, nickel, arsenic and sulfuric acid. Both first-order and combined effects of the variables were investigated. The measured data were analyzed using MODDE 8.0 modeling and design software. The validity of the models was investigated by comparing the predicted values with tankhouse conductivity measurements taken at the Boliden Harjavalta Copper Refinery in Pori in Finland. During the tankhouse tests, the conductivity and temperature of the industrial electrolyte were measured, and the composition of the electrolyte was analyzed. The measured conductivity values were compared with the predicted conductivities calculated using the developed models. The conductivity model developed in this paper was shown to be more accurate than previous models and suitable for industrial use.

By Ihor Kunasz

The high lithium demand forecasted for some high tech applications and batteries for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, in particular, has sparked increased exploration for lithium, particularly for lithium- and potassium-bearing brine deposits. The latter have generally followed the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) NI 43-101 guidelines on resource reporting, formulated for hard rock deposits (metals and industrial minerals). While a number of the requirements can be appropriately applied to brines, brines are fluids and require a specific analysis leading to a distinct set of reporting requirements. Brines cannot be considered industrial minerals because the various elements occur as ions in a dynamic fluid, rather than being chemically bonded in a solid. Although chemicals are produced from brines, brines have no relation to industrial mineral deposits. This article analyzes the recently released (Nov. 1, 2012) document CIM Best Practice Guidelines for Resource and Reserve Estimation for Lithium Brines, in light of the practical knowledge available from existing brine operations. It recommends modifications to the guidelines, which, if applied in their present format, will result in overstating resources and reserves and mislead potential investors. The CIM Best Practice Guidelines for Resource and Reserve Estimation for Lithium Brines document is generally descriptive and does not fully address the methodology for brine resource or reserve definition. Lithium and other elements (potassium, magnesium) are contained in a fluid, the hydrologic characterization of which should be the principal focus of a brine exploration program. The fundamental requirement in defining lithium brine resources and reserves in a salar is the identification and definition of those formations ? the aquifers ? that will yield brine in a usable quantity to a well, because brines can only be extracted by pumping wells. Fine-grained sediments will never, as required in the summary Table 1, have ?reasonable prospects of economic extraction,? cannot be considered and, therefore, need not be tested. However, the guidelines recommend the collection of solid samples and a high-core recovery for laboratory testing of various sediments instead of focusing on the brine.

Oct 1, 2013

By H. Z. Kuyumcu

Associated with the development of a novel microbiological oxidation process for the conditioning of iron hydroxide slurries from ferrous mine waters, there is a realistic chance to make the contained iron available for a material utilization. The transformation of ferrous into ferric compounds is coupled with the precipitation of iron hydroxisulphate mostly in terms of the mineral Schwert-mannite. The further treatment of the iron hydroxisulphate has to be aimed on the processing for product recovery and product refinement. For many potential applications, e.g. in the ceramic industry, the pigment industry or for metallurgical applications, the removal of sulphate is essential. For the dehydration of the iron hydroxisulphate and the sulphate removal, microwave heating technology is a beneficial method. In contrast to conventional thermal heating processes the supply of energy in microwave application takes place directly within the material through the dissipation of electromagnetic energy, i.e. no heating medium is needed. It is a volumetric heating process regardless of the surface of the material. The rapid and targeted energy supply and the good controllability of microwave heating systems are advantages which have led to a wide variety of applications in industrial processes. Among the diverse use for heating of temperature-sensitive, chemical and pharmaceutical products as well as foodstuffs the number of applications also in mineral and solid processing increases. At the Department for Mechanical Process Engineering and Solids Processing of the Technical University Berlin the use of microwave technology for the treatment of iron hydroxisulphates has been investigated systematically within the framework of a cooperative research project. The paper at hand shows results from material conversion tests subject to a variation of the relevant process parameters. The reaction products are characterized and the process is compared with the conventional heating in a rotary kiln.

Jan 1, 2014