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By J. Don Scott

Analytical predictions of the rate and magnitude of settlement of deposited oil sands tailings slurries generally overestimate how fast pore pressures will dissipate. Field deposits of nonsegregating tailings to mature fine tailings show continued high pore pressures near the surface which impede surface reclamation. In geotechnical analyses which predict the consolidation behavior of soft soils a finite strain theory is used. Effective stress-void ratio and void ratio-hydraulic conductivity relationships determined from laboratory large strain consolidation tests, are used in the finite strain predictions. This theory, however, cannot predict the full range of sedimentation, consolidation and pore pressure dissipation which occurs in large scale deposits of thixotropic tailings slurries. A new large strain consolidation model which assumes that the creep rate of the slurry exceeds the pore pressure dissipation rate is being investigated. This model is relevant for rapidly deposited, low permeability thixotropic slurries where the upwards drainage path increases by several meters a year, such as, in oil sand fine tailings ponds and nonsegregating tailings deposits. The model will be verified by analyzing the 10m high column of fine tailings at the University of Alberta which has been monitored for over 20 years and in which the excess pore pressures are still very high.

May 1, 2004

By S. Moodley

In the chloride process for Ti02 pigment production, various titania feedstocks (i.e. rutile, synthetic rutile, slag, and upgraded titania slag (UGS)) are chlorinated in a fluidized bed reactor with petroleum coke at temperatures between 1000°C and 1100°C to yield gaseous metal chlorides. Although feedstock preference is largely based on Ti02 content, feedstock physical properties (i.e. density, sphericity, size distribution, and porosity) differ; these differences will affect fluidization behaviour and can inadvertently affect conversion efficiency. For example, a high carryover from the reactor reduces particle residence time and decreases conversion rates. Owing to dwindling rutile reserves in the world, most chloride producers are forced to feed blends of feedstocks to their chlori¬nators; and so it becomes important to understand whether blends have an effect on the hydrodynamic properties of the bed. This paper describes the physical characterization of different feeds and the determination of the elutriation constants for slag, rutile, synthetic rutile, and a blend (i.e. 50 wt% rutile, 50 wt% slag). A common feature of the tests was that particles finer than 75 Km tended more than any other size to be elutriated. The tested rutile, classified as a Geldart Group B material, had the lowest carryover, whereas the slags had the highest. Interestingly, the elutriation constant (ki) of the blend is lower than those of either of its individual components.

Jan 1, 2012

By S. Moodley

In the chloride process for TiO2 pigment production, various titania feedstocks (i.e. rutile, synthetic rutile, slag, and upgraded titania slag (UGS)) are chlorinated in a fluidized bed reactor with petroleum coke at temperatures between 1000°C and 1100ºC to yield gaseous metal chlorides. Although feedstock preference is largely based on TiO2 content, feedstock physical properties (i.e. density, sphericity, size distribution, and porosity) differ; these differences will affect fluidization behaviour and can inadvertently affect conversion efficiency. For example, a high carryover from the reactor reduces particle residence time and decreases conversion rates. Owing to dwindling rutile reserves in the world, most chloride producers are forced to feed blends of feedstocks to their chlorinators; and so it becomes important to understand whether blends have an effect on the hydrodynamic properties of the bed. This paper describes the physical characterization of different feeds and the determination of the elutriation constants for slag, rutile, synthetic rutile, and a blend (i.e. 50 wt% rutile, 50 wt% slag).A common feature of the tests was that particles finer than 75 µm tended more than any other size to be elutriated. The tested rutile, classified as a Geldart Group B material, had the lowest carryover, whereas the slags had the highest. Interestingly, the elutriation constant ([ki]) of the blend is lower than those of either of its individual components.

Jan 1, 2012

By G. Pienaar

The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy held a Colloquium on High-strength Low-alloy Steels on 27th October, 1983, at the Vaal Triangle Technikon, Vanderbijlpark. The Colloquium was attended by some 170 delegates.

Jan 1, 1984

By Juliana Cecília Costa Ribeiro Vieira

As operações de amostragem de qualquer atividade que necessite de controle de qualidade são fundamentais tanto para fins de garantia da qualidade quanto para efeito comercial dos produtos. Na mineração de ferro não é diferente. Uma amostragem que carregue um vício de 0,20% no teor de Fe (%) pode representar uma perda de faturamento de aproximadamente US$226 mil para cada milhão de toneladas comercializadas aos preços atuais. Para fazer um bom plano de amostragem é necessário conhecer o grau de heterogeneidade ou variação de qualidade (sW) do minério a ser amostrado. Segundo Pierre Maurice Gy, um dos mais renomados especialistas em amostragem de minérios em geral, a forma mais indicada para estimar a sW é o método do variograma. Neste trabalho usamos a metodologia do variograma, com base na Norma Técnica ABNT ISO 3084:2003, para estimar a sW do minério tipo Sinter Feed produzido na Mina de Serra Azul da ArcelorMittal.

Oct 30, 2017

By J. F. Myers, R. J. Tower

"THERE is nothing new under the sun." All over the world, mineral-dressing engineers are working at their problems, no two of which are alike. Each encounters equipment and process problems. Many devise simple ways and means of overcoming their difficulties. Many of these problems are quite common in the industry, yet, since no one human being seems capable of thinking of everything, these problems at some plants often are looked upon as necessary evils. The purpose of this symposium is to gather together, from competent engineers, devices and practices that have been useful to them. Most of the ideas contributed are not new, yet there is no plant operator, old timer or youngster, who will not find some idea herein that will give him a suggestion for improving his operation. Space does not permit a complete elaboration on all of the contributions offered. Each item is summarized, but this will be ample for those skilled in the art of mineral dressing. A list of contributors appears at the end of the paper, and the superior number at the end of each item identifies its source. GENERAL EQUIPMENT A signal light to show that a steel bin, containing relatively fine, moist ore, is full, can be made by suspending a copper rod in the bin to a sufficient depth to ensure ample contact with the ore. One wire of a 32-volt circuit should be attached to the rod and one to the side of the bin. Sufficient current will flow to make the signal light burn. A 110-volt circuit could be used, but 32 volts ensures safety.10 Fig I shows a circular bin for crushed ore. It is a concrete structure footed on the ground, using no supporting columns. Tailing from the sink-float was used for aggregate. Cross conveyors for discharging ore are not required, nor is a tripper for filling. Segregation is minimized by drawing from different gates. An exhaust fan on top of the bin eliminates condensation due to temperature of the ore.21 A beam with an adjustable point of suspension near the center permits rigging rolls for removal in a very few minutes. This makes unnecessary the lacing of the cable through the hub bolts on one side, around the shaft on the other, and the trouble of balancing the load.8 The ratchet handle on a Symons crusher may be replaced by a drum with a cable wound on it. When the cable is pulled by a crane or hoist it causes the drum to revolve and thus screws or unscrews the bowl. This reduces handwork and materially shortens the time required for the job.3 To spread ore feed from an apron feeder over a belt conveyor, place a heavy steel bar about midway between the top

Jan 1, 1947

By J. F. Myers, R. J. Tower

"There is nothing new under the sun." All over the world, mineral-dressing engineers are working at their problems, no two of which are alike. Each encounters equipment and process problems. Many devise simple ways and means of overcoming their difficulties. Many of these problems are quite common in the industry, yet, since no one human being seems capable of thinking of everything, these problems at some plants often are looked upon as necessary evils. The purpose of this symposium is to gather together, from competent engineers, devices and practices that have been useful to them. Most of the ideas contributed are not new, yet there is no plant operator, old timer or youngster, who will not find some idea herein that will give him a suggestion for improving his operation. Space does not permit a complete elaboration on all of the contributions offered. Each item is summarized, but this will be ample for those skilled in the art of mineral dressing. A list of contributors appears at the end of the paper, and the superior number at the end of each item identifies its source. General Equipment A signal light to show that a steel bin, containing relatively line, moist ore, is full, can be made by suspending a copper rod in the bin to a sufficient depth to ensure ample contact with the ore. One wire of a 32-volt circuit should be attached to the rod and one to the side of the bin. Sufficient current will flow to make the signal light burn. A 110-volt circuit could be used, but 32 volts ensures safety.10 Fig I shows a circular bin for crushed ore. It is a concrete structure footed on the ground, using no supporting columns. Tailing from the sink-float was used for aggregate. Cross conveyors for discharging ore are not required, nor is a tripper for filling. Segregation is minimized by drawing from different gates. An exhaust fan on top of the bin eliminates condensation due to temperature of the ore.21 A beam with an adjustable point of suspension near the center permits rigging rolls for removal in a very few minutes. This makes unnecessary the lacing of the cable through the hub bolts on one side, around the shaft on the other, and the trouble of balancing the load.8 The ratchet handle on a Symons crusher may be replaced by a drum with a cable wound on it. When the cable is pulled by a crane or hoist it causes the drum to revolve and thus screws or unscrews the bowl. This reduces handwork and materially shortens the time required for the job.' TO Spread ore feed from an apron feeder over a belt conveyor, place a heavy steel bar about midway between the top

Jan 1, 1949

By Dif A. E N, Abdalla MH

The effect of multiple tunnels /cavities on the stress and deformation field of the soil media was investigated by using a two dimen- sional plane strain boundary element model. The soil was considered as an elastic, isot- ropic and homogenous media. The interaction of two circular and parallel tunnels/cavities was investigated. Depth of burial, tunnel spacing and surface load width were the system variables considered. The results of this study indicated that the vertical displacements of the soil media increases by decreasing the distance between the adjacent openings, the interaction between the two tunnels/cavities can be neglected for K/D > 5, while the load width has a minor effect except in the dis- tance of D from the center line of the load and for a depth of 2D.

Jan 1, 1987

By Paul Stothart

Context ? Industry is active in urban, rural, and remote regions ? Faces a range of environmental challenges and ?social license? issues ? There are also Aboriginal and northern issues ? Also very active internationally, with associated challenges ? Environmental/social groups often target the industry ? The important contribution of the industry should not be overlooked Useful Minerals and Metals Minerals are intrinsic to the residential, municipal, communications, and transportation infrastructure of modern life. Examples: Hybrid motors - nickel hydride batteries Water purification systems ? nickel, rare earth elements Catalytic converters - cerium Screens and monitors - several rare earth elements Clean electricity - uranium Circuitry - gold, copper, aluminium, lithium, titanium, silver, cobalt, zinc Instruments - copper, silver, nickel, cobalt, copper, brass Protective products ? zinc, calcium carbonate, sulphur

May 1, 2008

By Carl E. Swartz

Although a number of articles appeared during the war advocating the use of cadmium in lead-tin solders, very little information of value can be found in the literature regarding the properties of solders containing cadmium. In most of the published articles the cadmium seems to have been considered merely as a partial substitute for tin in a tin-lead alloy rather than as an essential constituent of a ternary alloy. The primary object of the substitution of cadmium for tin was to lessen the amount of tin required, at a time when the latter was scarce and high-priced, and thus to produce a cheaper solder. While this object was accomplished, the new properties resulting from a change from a binary lead-tin alloy to a ternary lead-tin-cadmium alloy were not given proper consideration in many cases. For the past few years, the American Smelting & Refining Co. has been marketing a very considerable amount of cadmium in the form of lead-tin-cadmium alloys for use as solders for certain special purposes, and the successful use of these solders suggested that if more extensive knowledge were available concerning the properties of lead-tin-cadmium alloys of various compositions their field of usefulness might be materially extended. The investigation described in the present paper was undertaken to obtain this information and, by means of tests under conditions approaching those of practical use, to determine the suitability of cadmium solders for various purposes. Characteristics and Requirements of Solders in General General Physical Properties.—When cast into bars, solder should present a smooth and bright appearance free from oxide inclusions and bubbles. Ductility should be as great as possible without sacrificing tensile strength, and vice versa. Hardness and specific gravity are not of any great importance. Melting Characteristics.—The melting or solidification range is important. This statement applies both to the extent of the range and to the actual temperature at which complete solidification occurs. A rather narrow solidification range is desirable in soft solders in order that solidification may take place quickly. The solder should have high fluidity at temperatures only slightly above its melting range. For a

By Y. C. Liu

Both the habit plane of martensite and the orientation relationship between the matrix and martensite platelets of different habit planes have been investigated in binary titanium alloys with molybdenum, chromium, and iron. The effect of the mode of deformation on the martensite habit plane was studied. A micrograph of an exposed mar-tensite platelet is presented. IN the study of martensitic transformation in Ti-Mn alloys,' two martensite habit planes—{334), and {344)8—were reported. The {334), habit was also observed in unalloyed titanium upon transformation,' although there is disagreement with respect to the exact indices. The other habit plane, {344),, has not been reported in martensitic transformation in any other alloys. The present investigation was made to determine whether other binary titanium alloys with P-stabil-izing elements would exhibit a crystallography of transformation similar to that of Ti-Mn alloys. Furthermore, since martensite platelets can be induced by deformation under certain conditions, it was of interest to investigate whether the mode of deformation, compressive or tensile, would influence the formation of martensite platelets on a specific plane in an alloy system which possesses two martensite habit planes. Experimental Procedure The material used for the preparation of the binary alloys of iodide titanium with molybdenum, chromium, and iron had the following purities: 99.99 pct iodide titanium, 99.9 pct molybdenum, 99.423 pct chromium, and 99.9 pct iron. The compositions of alloys listed in this paper are in nominal weight percentage. All specimens used were prepared and treated according to the procedure described in reference 1, unless stated. For the subzero temperature treat,ment the following experimental schedule was followed. After specimens had undergone the grain-growth treatment, they were quenched into an ice-water bath and were then metallographically examined. In specimens of higher alloy content, no martensitic transformation was observed. In those in which mar-tensitic transformation did occur, only specimens in which the martensite platelets existed as fine needles in localized regions were used. All specimens were reannealed 17 hr at 1200°C, quenched into ice water. and the capsule was broken. They were held in the ice water for from 5 to 10 sec, then transferred to a liquid-argon bath. This stepped quenching procedure was found to be more efficient than direct quenching into liquid argon. In the latter case, as soon as the hot specimen was immersed in the liquid argon, a protective, insulating layer of argon gas formed, and the specimen continued to glow vividly in the bath for some time. In the study of the habit behavior of martensite produced by deformation, specimens were deformed at room temperature either by compression, tension, or rolling. Martensite habit planes were determined by the two-surface analysis procedure described in reference 1. A stereographic net of 153/4 in. diam was used throughout the investigation. The method for determining the orlentation relationship between martensite and the matrix follows that used by Greninger and Troiano.' A diamond-polishing table with its auxiliaries was used in order

Jan 1, 1957

By T. P. Papazoglou, N. A. D. Parlee, W. C. Phelps

HE high vapor pressures of metals such as lead, calcium, lithium, bismuth, and magnesium at steel-making temperatures present experimental problems which have thus far rendered it almost impossible to obtain really reliable data for their solubilities in liquid iron. Many investigators have attempted to equilibrate liquid iron in the same crucible with the undissolved liquid phase of such volatile metals. The published results,l-6 although useful, are often questionable on the grounds of not being obtained under true equilibrium conditions. Such information is not always of practical value in any case since the equilibrium vapor pressure is often several atmospheres and steel is not currently made at these pressures. Solubility measurements at lower partial pressures (< 1 atm) appeared to be more practical and easier to make. These data could be used to calculate solubilities at other pressures where Henry&apos;s Law is obeyed, and to estimate solubilities under other conditions of temperature and pressure with useful accuracy. This note outlines the development of a general technique for the measurement of solubilities in systems of this kind. The method involves equilibration of the high-boiling metal at known temperatures with the vapors of a low-boiling metal at known partial pressures. Analyses of quenched samples provide vapor pressure-solubility data and make calculations of alloy thermodynamics possible. The principle involved is similar to the closed-system diffusion-transport method which is difficult to apply with most high-melting liquid metals like iron, due to closure problems. A two-zone horizontal (molybdenum wire element) tube furnace, Fig. 1, provides two constant-temperature zones in a reaction tuve (3/4 in. ID by 1 in. OD by 36 in.). A high-boiling metal sample, 9, introduced in the higher-temperature zone, is maintained at temperature T1, and a volatile metal sample, 7, in the lower-temperature zone, is held at T2. A stream of argon with 10 pct hydrogen is passed via flowmeters, 1, and mixing-drying towers, 2 and 3. through the reaction tube at a favorable flowrate and acts as a carrier gas which entrains vapor from the volatile liquid metal at a specific constant partial pressure. The gas mixture passes through a system of constrictions, 6 and 8, to the higher-temperature zone, establishes intimate contact with the high-boiling liquid sample, 9, and exits through a small condenser tube. The entire system is at (nearly) atmospheric pressure and the volume of carrier gas passed is measured with a wet gas meter. When the high-boiling sample attains equilibrium with the vapor phase, both samples are removed and quenched. Analysis of the high-boiling sample for solute content reveals its solubility for the low-boiling metal at a vapor pressure calculated from carrier-gas volume and either a) weight loss of volatile metal or 6) weight gain of high-boiling sample plus condenser (which collects the undissolved vapors). To test the capabilities of the method, liquid silver at 1403&apos;C was equilibrated with lead vapor at various partial pressures. The relatively simple Pb-Ag system was particularly suitable for uncovering experimental problems and providing the first step toward investigations with more volatile metals and more difficult combinations.

Jan 1, 1965

By James C. Fowler

The design and field testing of a seismic miner detection and location system arc described. This work was carried out over a period of three years. The first two and one-half years were sponsored by Continental Oil Company, while the last period of tests were done as the first part of a one-year contract with the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Laboratory and field experimentation in three different nines under simulated emergency conditions have led to three important results: (1) Taps on roof bolts with normally available objects can usually be detected up to horizontal distances of 1,000 ft. (2) The origin of the tans can be located by on-site processing with a small computer. (3) Some predetermination of the approximate location is necessary for a quick and successful rescue. This report also includes preliminary specifications an,d cost guidelines for construction of a transportable field system capable of matching the performance characteristics of the one used during the field tests.

Jan 1, 1973

One Data Set for the Lifecycle Complete data captured at the logging stage benefits the entire life cycle Exploration Technical Studies Production and Milling Visible Light Spectrum Hyperspectral, put simply, is the interaction of light with matter based on the nature and chemical structure of the specimen. SpectrumWe develop the library to match the liberation size fraction Analyses every 1mm2 1 meter of NQ core = 35 000 analysis data Crystal size detection : 0.1 micron

May 1, 2013

By Y. Gonzalez

The reaction kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching of brass foundry flue dusts were studied. As received flue dusts were separated into two size fractions, a coarse fraction (median size 103.5 microns) and a fine fraction (median size 3.4 microns). Experiments were performed on both fractions al-though most results are reported for the coarse fraction. Leaching experiments were conducted in a stirred reactor to determine those factors which govern the kinetic response of the sys-tem. The kinetics were followed by determining the increase in the concentration of dissolved copper with time. The effects of temperature, concentration and oxygen partial pressure on the rate of copper dissolution were examined. In addition, reaction residues were examined by SEM, EDAX and X-ray analysis. An activation energy of 4.8 kcal/mole (20.08 kJ/mole) was calculated. The rate was found to be significantly dependent on oxygen partial pressure and acid concentration. The order of the reaction with respect to oxygen partial pressure and hydrogen ion concentration was approximately 1.50 and 0.37, respectively. Results indicate that the dissolution reaction is limited by diffusion and can be described by the following mathematical expression where ~ is fraction of copper extracted in time t

Jan 1, 1988

By Robert Hall

The Lynch Creek beryllium-tungsten prospect was investigated as part of the domestic beryllium resource studies by the Bureau of Mines. This prospect is in the Birch Creek mining district, Lander County, Nev., 9 airline miles south of Austin. A tungsten mine was operated intermittently from 1952 to 1957. Beryl was identified in the pegmatite dikes in 1960, and the lode claims were relocated. No beryl has been produced. Rocks in the area are Paleozoic sediments2 cut by pegmatite and aplite dikes and quartz stringers. Beryl occurs in random pockets, as disseminations throughout the dikes, and in occasional pockets in the quartz stringers.

Jan 1, 1962

By E. J. Schmitz

The mining of the Triassic coals of the Richmond basin has been carried on, upon a larger or smaller scale, for more than a hundred years. Notwithstanding the close proximity of the field to a large city and to tide-water, assuring both a good home-market and cheap transportation, and notwithstanding the good quality of the fuel and the great thickness of the principal bed developed and worked, operations in this field have been conducted with but limited success. The basin comprises about 189 square miles, being from 24 to 31½ miles in length by 5½ to 10 miles in width. Not much more than one-tenth of this area has been explored in a practical and efficient way, and not over 1200 acres have been worked near and along the outcrops or edges of the coal. The practical mistakes which have been committed undoubtedly in a number of the mine-operations of the past, do not alone explain the unsatisfactory success and progress of the industry of this field ; nor can it be ascribed to the lack of local enterprise. Other reasons have to be looked for; and, as a principal one, the irregularity and the faulted conditions of the coal deposits must be pointed out. As a second cause, the indifference of the State government, which leaves the development of the field entirely to private enterprise, instead of aiding it by systematical and practical geological investigations, deserves to be mentioned. Nothing has been done by the State since the excellent work done more than fifty years ago by Professor Rogers, who could not at that time enter into the details of such

Jan 1, 1895

By V. Galla

Waste rock facilities (WRF) generally have a large footprint depending on the strip ratio the mine plan provides. Considerable planning is involved during the initial phase of the mine plan regarding the location of the WRF. As the mining operations are commenced the locations of the WRF change accordingly with the variations in the mine plan involving feedback and support from local communities and stakeholders. Waste rock facilities management becomes challenging when the area available for placement is limited due to terrain topography, environmental and permitting constraints. Risks associated in the design of waste rock facilities constitute particle size of rock, chemistry associated with the rock for reactivity and stability of the over all facility. This paper will provide some insights on designing, scheduling and managing a WRF. Emphasis on geotechnical, geophysics and geochemistry aspects of waste rock with reference to design, construction process and scheduling of WRF are also presented. Design improvements in the reclamation slope of WRF for erosion control will be discussed. Continuous improvement (CI) methodology will be introduced in the process of WRF operations. Current practices and future recommendations towards sustainability and consistency in operating WRF will be discussed in conclusion.

Jan 1, 2011

By P Hatherly, A Melkumyan, D Wyman

Chemical species distributions in rock sequences can be modelled using Gaussian processes (GPs) to predict the weight percentage between known data points. This method can be improved by dividing the modelled area into regions of different mineralogy. In the context of many iron ore deposits, marker shales give the initial guidance of where these regions may lie. These shales give rise to distinctive peaks in the natural gamma downhole logs, which are conventionally identified by hand. A GP method has been developed to automate this task.Once the appropriate boundary has been located on the basis of shale occurrences, chemical assays from exploration drill holes are used to find the exact boundaries of interest. These boundaries divide the drill hole stratigraphy into regions of different mineralogy, each of which display their own distinct correlations between the main elements and oxides (Fe, SiO2 and Al2O3). Iron ore shows a negative correlation between Fe and Al2O3, but in banded iron formation (BIF) there is a positive correlation between these species. Similarly, SiO2 and Al2O3 have a positive correlation in the shales and ore but a negative correlation in the BIF. Correlations obtained within ore-, BIF- and shale-dominated regions are therefore better than those obtained using the entire log and can be used to improve the results obtained when modelling.

Sep 26, 2011

By R L. Koenig

Previous papers at Metplant conferences have covered the options for crushing and grinding circuit selection. High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) may have considerable advantages over autogenous milling circuits but test work and evaluating different grinding circuits must be done to establish which circuit provides the best option. The Hawsons low grade magnetite project provides a specific example in using thorough test work, careful simulations and detail in design to allow the evaluation of grinding circuit performance. Fortunately tools are available for this evaluation and the test work for the Hawsons iron ore is detailed in this paper. The results of the test work and simulation indicates that although the Hawsons iron ore is competent in terms of autogenous milling given the medium hardness of the ore in the Drop Tests, the HPGR testing indicates that the use of HPGR is likely to use half the energy requirement. This is a characteristic of the Hawsons iron ore and is likely to be valid for other iron ores in the Braemer Iron Formation which stretches from the Hawsons lease in New South Wales to Razor Back and South Dam in South Australia. The Hawsons magnetite iron ore resource has been known from the early 1960s when CRA explored the area. However, the Pilbara region was discovered in this era and this led to development of high grade direct shipping grade hematite ores. Carpentaria Exploration (Capex) rediscovered the magnetite whilst undertaking multi-commodity exploration in the Broken Hill district during 2009. The magnetite grade was found to be low at around 16% Davis Tube mass recovery (DTR) but despite this, the project provides a positive business case as a result of the following key factors:• The mineralisation is particularly soft for crushing and grinding with a Bond Work Index of 6.3.• The mineralised rock fractures easily preferentially along grain boundaries.• The location is close to mining infrastructure and a skilled workforce in Broken Hill, 60km to the North East.• It is close to road and rail infrastructure for access to the resource.• The only contaminant in concentrate is silica.• The resource contains many billions of tonnes of magnetite mineralisation.The low Bond Work index is a key characteristic of the Hawsons iron ore and the use of autogenous milling and HPGR circuits is compared to other iron ores indicating why the plant energy requirement may be just as important as iron ore grades.

Aug 8, 2011