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By Vernon Helm, John S. Ball, Welton J. Wenger, William E. Haines

"INTRODUCTION Although the presence of sulfur causes many petroleum’s to be classified as ""low-grade"" because of the difficulties encountered in manufacturing products to meet rigid specifications, the petroleum industry is finding it necessary to use such crude oils to satisfy present needs. As the demand for petroleum products increases, and available reserves diminish, this utilization of high-sulfur crude oils will be accentuated. Programs designed to supplement the supplies of fuel available from petroleum by the manufacture of synthetic fuel from natural gas, shale oil, and coal are in progress. Such fuels, especially shale oil and, less so, oil from the hydrogenation of coal, also contain sulfur compounds which must be effectively removed. Thus, the need for fundamental research on the sulfur compounds that may be expected in petroleum and allied products is becoming greater as the industry is forced to call upon all available resources to meet the demand for petroleum products. In recognition of this need, the Bureau of Mines has inaugurated a long-range program assigned to furnish fundamental data concerning the presence, characteristics, and effects of sulfur compounds in petroleum and its products."

Dec 1, 1946

By Sidney Speil

In the study of clays and related minerals, the analytical techniques commonly employed in mineral analysis are not always applicable. The X-ray examination of a clay sample usually will show the major constituents, but often minor· clay impurities will not be detected because of line broadening and the similarity of the main lines of clay· mineral diffraction patterns, The petrographic analysis of clay minerals with clay particles as small as a few microns is usually difficult. With still smaller particles, a gross effect often is noted in which a mixture of several constituents gives the appearance of a single constituent with the mean optical-characteristics of the mixture. 3/ The electron microscope has recently been used to study clay particle shapes of various aluminosilicates. 4/ However, this method has not yet been sufficiently explored. The Chemical method in which a mineralogical analysis is calculated from the oxide chemical analysis has been discussed by Wilson 5/ and others, and many of the shortcomings have been pointed out. It should also be recognized that the variable alkali and alkaline earth content of bentonites makes it inaccurate to assign these basic elements arbitrarily to feldspar or mica in any clay that contains appreciable bentonite.

Jul 1, 1944

By John Durkin

This report discusses the configuration and system deployment for the postdisaster surface seismic system for detecting and locating trapped miners. It analyzes the results of 15 field tests to define a signal model, background noise levels, and subarray performance. A waveform modeling procedure is described and compared with observed waveforms. The resulting similarity indicates that the major factors affecting the signal amplitude, waveform, and spectral character are understood. A model is presented which gives the sig-nal amplitude as a function of source type, source depth, and horizontal off-set between source and receiver. Using this model a curve is presented which gives the range at which a signal will be detected for different signal and noise levels. Finally, and most important relative to the mission of the system, the ability of the system to detect signals on one or more subarrays is put into a probabilistic framework. For a strong source it is almost certain that a subarray directly over the source will detect the signal. After signal processing, it is highly likely that signals will be detected on sufficient subarrays to locate the trapped miner. Location errors have been found to be less than 100 ft in the majority of cases. Techniques have been used that can reduce the location errors to this level even when soil layer variation between subarrays is severe.

Jan 1, 1981

By John T. Cumberlidge, Frederic M. Chace

Nickel-bearing saprolite developed during the early Tertiary over a northeast trending ultramafic body of Jurassic age near Riddle in southwestern Oregon. The principal nickel mineral is garnierite, but other complex nickel minerals may be present. There are two main ore bodies, an upper (older) one associated with the Klamath peneplain, and a lower (younger) one on the Sherwood peneplain. Saprolite constitutes the bulk of the ore and was probably derived from peridotite and dunite through chemical decomposition by downward percolating meteoric groundwater. Decomposition took place by net loss of MgO, SiO2, and Fe without a change in volume. Faults and joints provided permeable zones which localized saprolite development, and faulting may have helped preserve some ore from loss by erosion. Garnierite-chalcedony boxwork ore was deposited by meteoric groundwater along faults, joints, and at the level of former water tables. Boxwork ore is entirely supergene, the chemical constituents having been derived from higher in the soil profile. The saprolites show evidence of both supergene and residual enrichment in nickel. Red and yellow soil occurs as a capping over saprolite and boxwork, and was derived from them by chemical and mechanical decomposition. The present deposits are probably truncated remnants of a formerly thicker and much more extensive deposit which probably included laterite at the surface. The deposits started to form in the early Tertiary due to deep chemical weathering under sub-tropical to warmtemperature conditions. Early Tertiary ero~ion surfaces of low relief probably contributed to the predominance of chemical weathering over mechanical erosion. Alteration under present climatic conditions favors the formation of soil from saprolite rather than the formation of new saprolite from peridotite.

Jan 1, 1968

By R. J. Kuczynski

The U.S. Bureau of Mines Reno Research Center investigated, developed, and patented a high-temperature cyanide leaching process for recovering platinum-group metals (PGM) from automobile catalysts. A batch pilot plant was constructed at the center and operated to demonstrate this technology to industry. Approximately 1,600 kg of used pellet, monolith, and metal support catalysts containing 1,700 g (54 tr oz) of PGM was processed. Forty-five-kilogram batches of used catalysts were leached with sodium cyanide solution at 160°C for 1 h in a countercurrent processing sequence. This selectively dissolved the PGM. Average extractions from the used pellet catalyst were 96 pet Pt, 95 pct Pd, and 73 pct Rh. Average extractions from the used monolith catalyst were 84 pct Pt, 81 pct Pd, and 66 pet Rh. Heating the pregnant leach solutions to 275°C for 4 h destroyed the PGM-cyanide complexes, causing over 99.7 pct of the PGM to precipitate from solution. The PGM precipitate was predominantly a metallic powder concentrate, typically analyzing greater than 50 pct PGM. Heating destroyed the cyanide to less than 0.2 mg/L free and total cyanide. Both the pellet and monolith residues were evaluated for disposal using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Jan 1, 2010

By Henry Kreisinger, WALTER T. RAY

In its investigation of more efficient methods for utilizing the coals and lignites in the United States, to the end that waste might be avoided, the value of low-grade coals increased, and the life of the nation's fuel resources prolonged, the technologic branch of the United States Geological Survey carried on a study of the factors involved in the manufacture and use of briquets, including the suitability of various coals for briquetting, the cheapest and most satisfactory binders, and the furnace behavior and evaporative efficiency of briquetted fuel. The investigations had their beginning in the work done at the coaltesting plant at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, and were continued at St. Louis and later at Norfolk, Va. Accounts of various tests and statements of the conclusions to be drawn from them have appeared in a number of bulletins. a In connection with the work at Norfolk, comparative steaming tests were made in stationary, marine, and locomotive boilers with run-ofmine coal and the same coal formed into briquets of two sizes. The tests in a locomotive boiler that are described in detail in this bulletin were undertaken to add cumulative evidence to work done at other places. They were made possible through the courtesy of the Seaboard Air Line Railway Company in supplying both the locomotive and the coal used. During the trials the locomotive stood on a side track in the shop yards of the railway company at Portsmonth, Va. No running tests were made.

Jan 1, 1911

By Weiguo Xie, MARK LAPUTKA

The pyrometallurgical industry plays a vital role in producing metals for our modern life. With growing demand of metals and declining grade of mineable ore, innovations become critical for many mining companies. It is necessary to conduct a review of recent improvements to the pyrometallurgical industry on analytical measurement techniques, process and equipment improvements, and computer-based modeling/simulations. Many of those innovations tend to be applied to wider metals, and not be restricted by a specific metal. Therefore, we tried to cover the wide applications of many improvements to wider range of metals to reflect this trend. The challenge of a lack of robust measurement techniques under high-temperature conditions within a furnace hinders optimization of a pyrometallurgical process. Some future opportunities in the pyrometallurgical industry on analytical measurement techniques, computer modeling, and processes and equipment have also been outlined and discussed.

Jan 26, 2021

The intent of this manual is to provide guidelines for inspectors of drilled shaft construction otherwise referred to as drilled piers, caissons or bored piles. It should also be helpful to train beginning geotechnical engineers with limited first hand experience or for geotechnical engineers who are training inspectors. It is expected that the general guidelines and procedures described here will be supplemented by local geotechnical engineers working in a particular region based on local practice and experience. Since drilled shaft construction procedures vary widely based on local geology and size of project, an all-inclusive manual is not considered practical. This manual focuses on traditional topside inspection for routine drilled shaft construction. Other inspection and evaluation methods that rely on electronic equipment are available, but these methods require extensive training and experience in the interpretation of results. These more sophisticated methods of drilled shaft inspection and evaluation are common in construction, but they are usually provided by specialty subconsultants. The subconsultant will typically submit a report for each shaft, which will be reviewed by the geotechnical engineer. Other manuals are available to describe the electronic methods of drilled shaft inspection.

Jan 1, 2004

By Elio Ferreira

This report describes the design, and development work performed to reduce the volume and weight of the miners caplamp battery, as well as a headpiece with a swivel mechanism containing a halogen bulb with two filaments. Work was also conducted in the development of a maintenance free battery. The design concept is based on non-sintered Ni-Cd technology, with an energy density of 22 Wh/lb. The cap lamp system developed has been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and can be manufactured for mine use.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. McLean, M. Barati

In this paper, examples are presented of pyrometallurgical research and associated teaching activities during the past century within the Department of Metallurgical Engineering, now the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, at the University of Toronto. Throughout these years, pyrometallurgical research has been characterized by recognition of the importance of the interdependence of measurements and models as well as the development and application of sensors, for the generation, validation and practical implementation of new knowledge. The important role played in the delivery of lectures and participation in joint research by Adjunct Professors with strong backgrounds in the pyrometallurgical industry is described. Projects conducted in close collaboration with the industrial sector and opportunities for students to obtain practical experience working as teams on a "round-the clock" shift basis within an industrial pilot plant environment are outlined. These activities, together with the involvement of students in poster competitions and the presentation of papers at society conferences and technical meetings, are still vital elements in the development of pyrometallurgists equipped with the appropriate professional skills for subsequent employment within academia, government laboratories or the industrial sector.

Jan 1, 2015

By C. A. Meissner

THE following is a further discussion of the paper of James Gayley, " The Application of Dry-Air Blast to the Manufacture of Iron " (Trans., xxxv., 746), with special reference to his sup-plementary paper (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 4, July, 1905, pp. 797 to 819), and. to the paper of J. E. Johnson, Jr., "Notes on the Physical Action of the Blast Furnace " (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 5, September, 1905, pp. 1111 to 1146). Mr. Gayley's paper has been discussed also by E. Windsor Richards, R. W. Raymond, E. H. Saniter, W. J. Foster, H. M. Howe, V. Pendred, B. H. Thwaite, James Gayley and Alexander Pourcel (Trans., xxxv., pp. 1022 to 1042), Joseph W. Richards (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 4, July, 1905, pp. 703 to 718); T. W. Robinson (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 4, July, 1905, pp. 788 to 796) ; C. B. Dudley, R. W. Raymond, J. E. Johnson, Jr., W. F. Mattes, James Gayley, David Baker, John Birkinbine and F. E. Bachman (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 5, September, 1905, pp. 1147 to 1152);.E. de Mille Campbell (Bi-Monthly Bulletin., No. 1, January, 1906, pp. 25 to 50) ; John Birkinbine (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 1, January, 1906, pp. 137, 138). At the Washington meeting of the Institute, May, 1905, a very instructive and interesting paper was presented by Mr. J. E. Johnson, Jr., entitled " Notes on the Physical Action of the Blast Furnace,"' in which reference is made to Mr. Gayley's dry-blast process. A few of Mr. Johnson's conclusions, as summarized in the last pages of his paper, do not appear to me to be in complete accordance with the results obtained at the Isabella furnaces; and I therefore present the following notes which may throw further light on this subject: Mr. Gayley has called attention to the fact that the moisture in the air is an extremely variable and uncertain factor; and

May 1, 1906

By Yang Jun, Qu Mei, Zheng Yao-wu, Chi Li-yuan

Due to the necessity of the prediction of blasting seismic effect around strip mine bench blasting area, the paper provides a method to predict the blasting seismic effect by employing the superposition of seed waveform at different monitoring points. The method assumes that blasting vibration waveform per hole is similar to seed waveform at monitoring point. Therefore seismic wave consists of the superposition of the waves from all of blast holes. Firstly, via sensors multiple seed waveforms can be achieved at different distances from signature hole. Then, by using the given dose and the distance, the vibration waveform of a certain blast hole can be calculated by the corresponding seed waveforms. Finally, the initiation delay time interval per hole is added to the propagation time to the predicting point. The predictive waveform at the whole blasting area can be obtained by superimposing all of the single waveforms. Considering the vibration waveform of a single blast hole changes greatly with the distance, under different distances condition the seed wave employed to superimpose is achieved from the similar distance. The experiments demonstrate that based on the method the predictive vibration waveform and spectrum are basically consistent with monitoring results around near-field blast. Compared with single seed wave method, the superposition method of multiple seed wave is more reliable to predict the duration of blasting vibration, the peak particle velocity, dominant frequency and frequency distribution.

Jan 1, 2015

By George G. Goble

The use of augercast piles has been limited by the engineer's concern for the structural quality of the installed pile. The nature of the pile is such that its final structural continuity is very dependent on the skill of the personnel that do the installation. Thus, NDT methods have been used to verify integrity and when problems are indicated the available solutions are usually quite costly. If information were available during the pile installation so that immediate steps could be taken to correct perceived problems, the concerns of the engineer could be addressed and the system would gain increased reliability. Pile Dynamics, Inc. has developed a quality control system, the Pile Installation Recorder for Augered Cast-in-Place piles (PIR CFA). This system consists of the following devices as shown in Figure 1. 1) The Control Unit powers the sensors, conditions the signals from the sensors, records all measurements, takes input information from the operator, displays the results, and stores the recorded data on a flash card for later permanent storage and processing. During the use of the system all of the results obtained during a test are seen during recording and can be reviewed on the screen again after completion of the installation. The ability to review the measured information makes it unnecessary to print a copy in the field. Since printers often give difficulty in the construction site environment the ability to review the results quickly after completion of the installation is an important capability.

Jan 1, 1997

By C. Nexhip, S. Sun

Critical to understanding and controlling phase mixing and separation in metallurgical processes, is the development of reliable experimental techniques to measure interfacial properties of melt systems. A series of experiments has been carried out to determine the effect of oxygen potential on the surface tension of liquid copper. Using an electromagnetic levitation method, a surface tension-oxygen chemical potential adsorption isotherm was produced for the Cu-O system at T 1400 K. The surface tension results show good agreement with the literature values e.g. within 3 per cent for pure copper. The Belton `ideal' adsorption isotherm was applied, and the following equation derived to best fit the experimental data ? =1251-77.5 1n41+ (2.79x105 . pO1/2)](mN.m Using this equation, the surface tension of copper was calculated/predicted as a function of oxygen potential at 1400 K, and showed excellent agreement with the experimental values. This confirmed that the adsorption behaviour of oxygen in liquid copper is ideal. The saturation coverage of oxygen on the surface of liquid copper was determined to be T0 = 6.65 µmoles.m,-2 corresponding to an area per adsorbed oxygen atom of ao ? 25 Å2. These values agree well with those cited in the literature, and our experimental data cover a very wide range of oxygen potential (10-5 to 10-17 atm). Keywords: levitation melting, surface tension, Cu-O alloys, oxygen potential, adsorption isotherm, surface coverage.

Jan 1, 2004

By R Stefansen

Stockyard operations are governed by the interaction between the different disciplines required to successfully schedule and control the supply chain of raw material through the stockyard in combination with the effectivity of the operation of the stockyard equipment. The system demonstrates a proven technology for implementing a centralised operation of full unmanned stockyard equipment, using a high precision absolute positioning system based on a Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in combination with 3D rangefinders. The system implementation maps the surface profile of the stockyard inventory and allows in combination with proprietary algorithms for full operation of the stockyard machines without on-board operators. The operational impact of delayering the process by moving to a centralised operation is examined, together with the combined effect on the overall safety in the stockyard as a result of a change in reliance on operator skill dependencies. Average performance gains range from 10–20 per cent. The performance of the automation system is related to a consistency and reliability of uniform operation, which has an impact on the life expectancy and the effectiveness of the equipment. The effects of having instantaneous and correct information about the stockyard inventory volume measurement are investigated in relation towards spot price trading in current fast reacting markets.CITATION:Stefansen, R, 2017. Advanced automation for centralised stockyard operations, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 105–110 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By C. D. Litton

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the responses of a prototype smoke detector and a commercially available photoelectric smoke detector to smoke particles generated from various combustion sources. The prototype smoke detector combines optical scattering measurements with ionization chamber measurements in order to reduce/eliminate nuisance alarms due to the presence of airborne dusts or diesel exhaust particles. The commercially available smoke detector is designed for use in harsh environments where airborne dust represents a major problem due both to nuisance alarms and detector contamination. In the experiments, the responses of the two detectors were measured when exposed to smoke particles from the exhaust of a diesel engine and from a variety of fire sources, including wood, coal, styrene butadiene rubber, and No. 2 diesel fuel. For the solid fuels, data were obtained for both smoldering and flaming combustion. This report describes the experiments, their results, and the use of these results as they apply to early-warning fire sensors capable of the rapid and reliable detection of fires in atmospheres that may or may not be contaminated by either airborne dust or the products produced from diesel engines. Subsequent to these laboratory experiments, six smoke detectors were installed in an underground limestone mine for further testing and evaluation. DISCLAIMER: The findings and conclusions in this report have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.

Jan 1, 2009

By M. M. K. McCrank

"PRACTICAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUESIt is important to achieve reliability when sampling heterogeneous materials where there is a difference in composition, and non random distribution of the constituent particles. Throughout the design, construction and installation of sampling systems it must be borne in mind that the sampling point must be capable of:-allowing each particle in the stream an equal opportunity to be sampled.-accepting and collecting as large a volume or mass of material as necessary to satisfy the requirements of particle counting statistics.-establishing a sampling plan so that the sample is representative of the whole to a defined standard of accuracy.Design ConsiderationsFactors that may influence the design of the sample point include:-the mass, or volume flow rate of the material being sampled-the size and shape of the material or flowing stream-the physical condition of the material being sampled (i.e. temperature, wetness, size consist, density).-the chemical composition of the material being sampled -the location of the sample point and the space available for installation, extraction, reduction where necessary, secondary sampling, and return of the sample rejects downstream.-whether the process to be sampled is in an existing plant or one yet to be designed and built.-ease of access for servicing and maintaining the equipment.-whether the sampled material must be collected continuously or intermittently.-whether an existing sampling method is likely to be adequate or whether a new technique has to be developed."

Jan 1, 1989

From March to May of 1963, the Bureau of Mineral Resources carried out an experimental aeromagnetic survey at Cobar, New South Wales, to field test a proton-precession magnetometer installation in the Cessna aircraft VH-GEO. The Cobar area was chosen as considerable information was already held on the Earth's magnetic field there, which was known to provide a range of anomalous areas that are not excessively disturbed.A procedure for survey flying and methods for processing data were developed during the survey. Contour maps of the aeromagnetic results were produced in the field. The experimental survey was successful in outlining magnetic anomalies in detail.INTRODUCTIONSince 1951 the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics (B.M.R.) has carried out an airborne magnetometer exploration programme with DC.3 aircraft carrying fluxgate magnetometer equipment. Recently a proton-precession magnetometer was developed by the Design and Development Group of the B.M.R. for observatory use. One unit modified for airborne use was installed in the Cessna light aircraft, VH-GEO. The Cessna was modified structurally to take the magnetometer, associated bird, and winch gear.The proton-precession magnetometer has many good features.1. It utilises the transistor and associated solid-state devices in its electronics, and hence is light and small.This is the basic feature allowing its installation in a light aircraft. The transistor circuits have a high reliability factor and owing to the card sub-unit...

Jan 1, 1964

By N H. Jansen, H L. Bridgwater

Field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and near infrared (NIR) instruments are proven technologies in the minerals industry. The in-field results of these instruments can add value early in the project life, leading to cost-effective decision-making compared to their equivalent laboratory based techniques. However, in order to add value to a project, it is crucial that the instruments are employed correctly.Orientation studies should be carried out prior to initiating a sampling program to achieve the highest level of quality assurance and control for the results. Hence, an appropriate sampling workflow begins with considering what outcomes are required, including level of precision, accuracy, reliability for elements and minerals of interest, and sampling errors. The workflows proposed include soil sampling and reverse circulation and diamond drilling sampling techniques, and laboratory based techniques. They are practical and flexible workflows using available portable XRF and NIR technologies that can be applied to current sampling and drilling methods.The combined technologies have the ability to create large, integrated geochemical and mineralogical data sets that can provide cost savings for every stage of the mining chain from exploration to prefeasibility, mineral processing and environmental remediation.CITATION:Jansen, N H and Bridgwater, H L, 2017. Proposed workflows for portable X-ray fluorescence and near infrared instruments for soil and drill hole sampling, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 219–228 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By Haigh J. E

An accurate measure of the earth's magnetic field can be made in a few seconds with the portable proton precession magnetometer. Such an instrument increases the applicability of the long successful method of magnetic prospecting for minerals. As an example of the usefulness of the proton magnetometer, a survey over volcanic rocks near Apsley (Tas.) was made.INTRODUCTIONA completely portable magnetometer whose operation is based on the free precession of polarized protons in the earth's magnetic field, is now available on the market at a price competitive with magnetometers based on the classical physical principles. The ease, accuracy, rapidity, and reliability with which measurements of the earth's total magnetic field can be made with the proton precession magnetometer, led to the try-out of the instrument in an actual field problem so as to evaluate fully the capabilities of the instrument. Such evaluation is important, because the history of magnetic prospecting has shown that whenever significantly improved instrumentation has been introduced, prospecting costs have been substantially cut and many areas in which the prospecting costs were formerly considered excessive in relation to probable returns, have become economic mineral prospects. The proton precession magnetometer offers the possibility of opening up new areas for successful magnetic prospecting.AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF MAGNETIC PROSPECTINGWhile an outline of the history of magnetic prospecting is not directly connected with the evaluation of a proton pre...

Jan 1, 1963