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By Paulo Roberto Gomes de Sousa

O trabalho mostra a analise de energia e exergia de uma unidade termoelétrica, esta planta consiste em um ciclo regenerativo. Serão comparados os nivéis de irreversibilidade dos componentes que compõem a unidade. A escolha do ciclo regenerativo com a referência em análise, é devido sua eficiência global. Isso é proporcionado através do aquecimento da água de alimentação da caldeira, com isso, consequentemente ocorre uma diminuição da necessidade de energia imposta na caldeira. A análise realizada também mostra as irreversibilidades da planta através da análise de exergia.

Aug 17, 2017

By Rafael Fernandes Reis

A solidificação do aço no molde é determinante para a qualidade superficial da placa, considerando que os principais defeitos tendem a se formar nos primeiros estágios de formação da pele. Assim, diversos parâmetros do processo que afetam a solidificação no molde devem ser considerados e um deles é a oscilação do molde. A partir de amostras da face estreita de placas obtidas no processo industrial, duas técnicas para avaliar o efeito da oscilação foram desenvolvidas com base em perfilometria a laser e metalografia. Em relação à perfilometria a laser, desenvolveuse um método de análise da profundidade das marcas de oscilação. Foi comprovada a correlação da profundidade média dessas marcas com o tempo de estripamento negativo. A segunda técnica refere-se ao ataque metalográfico à base de ácido pícrico, que se mostrou eficiente para visualização, via microscopia ótica, do gancho na base da marca de oscilação. Bolhas de argônio e partículas de pó fluxante podem ser aprisionadas na região do gancho de oscilação, e eventualmente ocasionar defeitos nos produtos laminados. O uso das técnicas apresentadas nesse estudo forneceu subsídios à tomada de ações visando a diminuição da profundidade do gancho e da marca de oscilação, resultando em melhoria da qualidade superficial das placas produzidas.

Aug 16, 2017

By Dyego Monteiro de Souza

This study compares the wear resistance of specimens lubricated with biofluids or mineral oil. Tribological studies were performed by ball-cratering test. In these tests were used as lubricants epoxidized soybean oil, castor oil and mineral oil. The specimens used were untreated and nitrided AISI 4140, while a steel ball AISI 52100 was used as a counterbody. In order to analyze the results obtained, the worn volume was calculated and the characterization of the crater, after the test, was made using optical microscopy and SEM. Wettability was also measured for the different surface condition and lubricants. As expected both specimens showed a smaller volume worn when lubricated with mineral oil due to inherent properties of this type of lubricant. Among the vegetable oils studied, the castor oil showed a better performance in the lubrication of the specimens untreated while on the nitrided specimen have shown less wear when lubricated with epoxidized soybean oil, indicating a difference in the efficiency of oils, as lubricants, depending on the surface conditions of the mechanical components.

Jul 31, 2018

By Ana Paola Villalva Braga

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as soluções implementadas para modernização e automação do laminador piloto do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo-IPT, importante ferramenta de pesquisa do seu Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais. O IPT, em parceria com o Laboratório de Fenômenos de Superfície da EPUSP, tem trabalhado nas duas últimas décadas com o desenvolvimento de ligas resistentes a desgaste, principalmente para uso em cilindros de trabalho para laminação a quente. Com recursos provenientes de projeto co-financiado pelo BNDES e pela Gerdau, o laminador piloto e o forno de indução para aquecimento de placas foram reformados e modernizados, permitindo que a célula de laminação trabalhe de forma autônoma e que os dados de processo sejam continuamente registrados. Nesse projeto estão sendo conduzidos ensaios de laminação de longa duração para caracterizar e quantificar o dano progressivo imposto aos cilindros pela laminação a quente de placas de aço carbono sob condições controladas de temperatura e grau de deformação e de refrigeração dos cilindros. A modernização do laminador envolveu 3 etapas: reforma e automação do laminador e do forno de aquecimento; montagem do sistema de refrigeração dos cilindros e instrumentação dos cilindros de trabalho.

Jul 30, 2018

By Shengli Wu, Jinming Zhu, Wei Huang, Xinliang Liu

The sinter of high basicity would interact with lump ores or acid pellets in the cohesive zone of blast furnace due to the difference of chemical composition and micro structures. The results of this work showed that the softening-melting properties of lump ores and acid pellet would be obviously improved by the high temperature interaction. However, the high temperature interaction index (INI) would be influenced by many factors, such as chemical composition, porosity, interaction interface and so on. The INI between sinter and porous limonite lump ore (L-2) was much higher than that of dense hematite lump ore (L-1) and acid pellet (P-1). In addition, though the softening and melting properties of L-2 were poorest in respective iron ores, the softening and melting properties of integrated burden B (consist of sinter and L-2) were not worse than other integrated burdens due to the strong high temperature interaction.

Jan 1, 2015

By Hassan Saalman, Mahmoud Mahmoud, Omneya El Hussaini

The Ferruginous sandstone ore was obtained from Ramlet Hemeyir area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt, was found to contain 10% rare earth elements (REE). A representative sample has been subjected to sulfuric acid agitation leaching. About 93% of the REE content was released by mixing the ground sample to -100 mesh with concentrated H2SO4 at solid/liquid (S/L) ratio of 1/2 for 5h at a temperature ranged from 250 to 300o C. The REE was precipitated from the prepared sulfate leach liquor of pH 1.0 by adding 35% oxalic acid at 25o C. The precipitation yielded 98% REE. For selective separation of yttrium, the rare earth cake was leached with 31.5% nitric acid. Next, the aqueous solution was contacted with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) where 98% yttrium extraction was achieved. Stripping was done with hot H2O (80o C). Finally, a precipitation with oxalic acid was done followed by ignition at 950o C. A yield of 95% yttrium oxide was produced.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jilai Xue, Shuming Huang, Zengie Wang

The corrosion behaviors of chrome corundum/magnesia in laterite nickel slag were investigated by static crucible method. The results show that the molten slag can penetrate into chrome corundum or magnesia which are used as lining materials in smelter furnace, and the corrosion can occur at the slag-refractory interface and the inner area of the refractories as well. Both the penetrated amount of slag and the penetration depth of Fe, Si increase with increasing FeO content (10–25 wt%) in slag. Such penetration in magnesia is stronger than that in chrome corundum under the same corrosion conditions, as more pores in magnesia may provide channels for slag penetration and corrosion product transportation. A damage of the refractory linings and short service life of smelter furnace may happen during metallurgical processing slag with high FeO content.

Mar 1, 2017

By Zhengde Pang, Xue-wei Lv, Guibao Qiu, Chenguang Bai, Zhiming Yan

As a result of the consumption and the rising cost of raw materials for ironmaking, steel producers have increased their utilization of low-cost, low-grade raw materials such as high alumina iron ore. The effect of Al2O3 and the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio on the viscosity, surface tension and sulfide capacity of the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2 blast furnace slag system were studied in the present work. At a fixed CaO/SiO2 ratio of 1.20, 9 mass pct MgO, and 1 mass pct TiO2, the viscosity increases with an increase in Al2O3 content at a range of 16–24 mass pct, and decreases when the Al2O3 is higher than 24 mass pct. Increasing Al2O3/SiO2 from 0.47 to 0.92 causes a slight decrease in viscosity of the slags and has an opposite effect when Al 2O3/SiO2 is more than 0.92. The surface tension increases with increasing Al2O3 content at a fixed Al2O3 content and Al2O3/SiO2 at a fixed CaO content. The desulfurizing capacity decreases with increasing of Al2O3 content, while increases with increasing Al2O3/SiO2 at a fixed CaO content.

Mar 1, 2018

By Liguang Zhu, Yihua Han, Qingjun Zhang, Xiaoyan Wu, Pengcheng Xiao

The evolution of chemical composition, size, proportion, and morphology of the Al-Ti-Mg-O inclusions during the steelmaking process of Interstitial Free (IF) steel from the RH to the Continuous Casting (CC) slab were investigated by means of Auto-SEM. Results showed that many of Al2O3 and MgO-Al2O3 type inclusions are modified by TiOx, while most of their shapes are irregular due to the high melting temperature. The composition evolutions and melting characteristics of Al-Ti-Mg-O inclusions under different contents of [Al], [Ti] and [Mg] were estimated by using thermodynamic software Factsage 7.0. Results showed that estimated results are in good agreement with the analysis results of industrial samples. Both the Ti alloying and spontaneous enrichment would make a high Ti concentration environment that was in favor of the TiOx existence. Moreover, more TiOx component can modify MgO-Al2O3 spine inclusion into inclusions with a lower melting temperature.

Mar 1, 2018

By Mingming Zhang, Marcelo W. Andrade

The evolution of microstructure and mineral phases in iron ore sinters have been investigated by scanning electron microscope and QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy). It was found that MgO, basicity and Al2O3 content play an important role in the formation of mineral phases and microstructure in sinter. The low Al2O3 (<2.0 wt%), medium MgO (2.0–2.5 wt%) and high basicity (>3.0) sinter showed higher low temperature degradation index (LTD) due to the presence of silico ferrites of calcium and aluminium (SFCA), and magnetite phase, and lower pore phase as compared to low basicity iron ore sinter.

Mar 1, 2017

By K. Rainer Massarsch

"Part 1 of 2 By K. Rainer Massarsch, Geo Engineering AB, Stockholm, SwedenINTRODUCTIONConstruction activities, such as driving of piles and sheet piles, soil compaction or excavation generate noise and vibrations. In populated areas these can have a negative impact on the environment, disturb inhabitants and, under unfavorable conditions, cause damage to buildings and installations. This condition is aggravated by the growing public awareness of environmental issues and the increasing use of vibration-sensitive electronic equipment and machinery in industry. In many countries, environmental regulations are enforced more stringently and limit or even prohibit the use of impact or vibratory hammers. This development has restricted the use of cost-effective foundation methods, such as driven and vibrated piles and sheet piles.Vibration problems are gaining importance in many European countries and extensive research has been performed during the past decade, especially with respect to traffic vibrations (Massarsch, 2004). Significant progress has been made owing to the availability of high-quality field measurements and an improved theoretical understanding of how vibrations are generated and transmitted through soil layers. These findings can also be applied to vibration problems associated with construction activities. However, this information is not yet appreciated by the geotechnical profession and even less by the construction industry.This paper discusses the effects of ground vibrations on the surrounding soil and on buildings, with particular emphasis on the different mechanisms of damage that may occur. Guidance is given on the elements which should be taken into account in an assessment of risks associated with piling projects. A simplified method is proposed for assessing the risk of settlements or strength loss in soil deposits. Limiting vibration levels are presented, based on the Swedish standard, which can be used to assess the risk of damage to buildings. Aconcept to predict ground vibrations caused by pile driving and the mechanisms which control the propagation of ground vibrations, will be presented in the second part of this paper."

Jan 1, 2004

By James R. Kuipers

Center for Science in Public Participation CSP2 ? Organized in 1997 to provide technical assistance to public interest groups on mining and water quality issues ? 80%of effort devoted to direct support of grassroots groups and tribal governments ? 20% of effort devoted to public-oriented education for public, tribal, state and federal regulators, and for industry ? Board represented by public interest groups, at large citizens, and academia ? Professional staff with experience from mining industry, academia and government ? website: www.csp2.org CSP2 Mission Statement The CENTER for SCIENCE in PUBLIC PARTICIPATION provides training and technical advice to grassroots groups on water pollution and natural resource development issues, especially those related to mining. CSP2 seeks to focus the debate on factual issues, as brought to light by its technical analyses, and whenever possible to seek consensus and win-win solutions. CSP2 also performs policy related work with federal and state regulatory agencies on the implementation of water quality, waste disposal, and mining reclamation regulations.

May 1, 2002

By T. I. Martinovic

A major investigative&apos; program was conducted on the development of an acceptable substitute organic binder for bentonite for the pelletizing of the Iron Ore Company of Canada&apos;s Carol concentrate. The first phase of the program covered an evaluation of several organic binders in laboratory tire balling in order to identify the most promising potential organic binders. Based on the green ball quality obtained, Peridur C-10, Alchem 8C26 and peat moss were selected for full scale pot-grate testwork. The selected binders were tested with various pelletizing mixes (acid, dolomite, limestone and fully fluxed). The pot-grate test results showed that an acceptable pellet quality can be produced with the use of Peridur C-10.

Jan 1, 1989

Agenda ? Introduction ? Inmet?s Operations and Closed Properties ? Inmet?s SECA Philosophy ? Inmet?s SECA Framework ? The Business Case for TSM ? Inmet?s TSM Reporting ? Inmet?s 2004 TSM Performance ? Opportunities for Improvement ? What Have We Learned From The TSM Process So Far? ? Summary Introduction ? Inmet has evolved into a strong TSM supporter ? Inmet is confident that TSM can be successfully and cost effectively implemented by smaller companies ? Inmet?s reporting on economic, environmental and social performance was raised significantly in our 2003 Annual Report ? a signal our commitment to good performance and improvement in these areas ? Our 2004 Annual Report has been further enhanced with the inclusion of our TSM performance

Apr 1, 2005

By L. Adler

Existing classifications of mining and construction equipment have had major deficiencies. They often lack organization, balance, and have remained obscure. Particularly when proceeding to great.er resolution these deficiencies have proven crippling. By adopting "Classes", "Groups" f "Types" and "Kinds" at successive degrees of refinement, a "Taxonomy" is developed based on clear visual differentiation or on a "Morphology??. This symbiotic application, adopted from the Biological Sciences, yields clear, simple and unambiguous results. Supporting this effort are guidelines for easily and credibly sketching equipment which are also distinctive. Numerous illustrative examples are provided. Communications are improved and the engineer obtains a confident feel for the equipment at hand.

Jan 1, 1989

By BLAKE DAWSON WALDRON

I must acknowledge my strategic adviser, Mr Lance Grimstone, who contributed to the development of this paper, and collated the text and figures.

Jan 1, 1994

Carbon injection into metallurgical slag is important in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking for foamy slag practices and in nonferrous slag cleaning operations. The current publication presents kinetic data for coal injection into EAF slag to understand the interaction between injected carbon and metallurgical slag. Coal particles were injected into EAF slag and the kinetics were followed by gas and slag analysis. The results were analyzed, in terms of fundamental rate equations for each possible reaction step, as a function of temperature and slag composition.

Jan 1, 2003

By Wenbing Guo, Mingjie Guo, Hebing Zhang

As resources are depleted in coal mines, isolated support pillars are often mined. Cemented paste backfill has been used to provide support during the mining of these pillars due to its safe and green mining characteristics. However, traditional cemented paste backfill mining has some shortcomings, such as poor adaptability to geological structure, leakage of paste during filling, imperfect roof-contact in partially backfilled areas, and insufficient roof strata support before the backfill reaches its design strength. This paper presents the results of a case study where L-shaped interval cemented paste backfill technology has been safely used to mine an isolated coal panel beneath existing surface structures. This backfilling method has the advantages of preventing paste leakage, improving the backfilled ratio, reducing surface subsidence, and strongly adapting to geological structure. During this field application, the setting pressure of the backfill shield reached 20 MPa, the compressive strength of the backfilling body reached 2.0 MPa, and the backfilled ratio reached 93.7%. Observational ground monitoring showed that roof-to-floor convergence in adjacent roadways ranged from 132 to 167 mm. No obvious fractures or separations in the overlying strata were observed by a borescope. The maximum surface subsidence was 342 mm, the subsidence factor was 0.136, and the damage to surface buildings was within Grade I (slight damage). This case study clearly demonstrates that the L-shaped interval cemented paste backfill method can be safely used to mine the isolated coal panel beneath surface buildings.

Jul 1, 2023

By Black J.

Further discussion at the Mining Institute of Scotland's general meeting held in Edinburgh, 12 February 1916, with D.W. Mowat, president, in the chair, of a paper published in Trans. Inst. Min. Engrs., 1915, vol. L, p.449 included written contributions by Dron R.W., Riddell W., Hamilton J. and Mowat D.W.

Dec 1, 1916

By C. I. Wilmot

FMC&apos;s Paradise Peak Mine was discovered in July 1983. The deposit at discovery contained 11,340 ,000 tonnes (12,500,000 tons) of ore grading 3.71 glt (0.108 oz/ton) Au and 120 glt (3.5 oz/ton) Ag. A feasibility study was completed by Davy McKee in May 1984, with detailed engineering starting in June 1984. Construction of the facility started on January 2, 1985 with plant start-up taking place on April 14, 1986, two and one half months ahead of schedule and more than 10% under budget. This paper describes the status of the operation approximately 1-1/2 years after start-up including revisions and additions to equipment and process.

Jan 1, 1988